Systematic Entomology最新文献

Blattidae Latreille is widely distributed worldwide and includes a variety of sanitary pests, such as Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus), Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) and Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville). The subfamily composition of Blattidae has undergone significant changes in recent years, and a few long-standing controversies have been resolved. However, the paraphyly of Blattinae Latreille and the polyphyly of Periplaneta Burmeister within the subfamily remain unresolved. We addressed these issues through phylogenetic analyses of the Blattinae based on mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genes (18S and 28S), and morphological analyses of eleven male genital characters. Our study showed that Dorylaea Stål and Nazgultaure Lucanãs are sister taxa and distantly related to Blattinae. Periplaneta s.l. was found to be widely polyphyletic across five or six separate clades, while Mimosilpha Bey-Bienko was embedded within Homalosilpha Stål. Integrating ancestral character state reconstruction (ASR) analyses, morphological character comparisons and our phylogenetic results, we propose five new genera (Unihamus Luo & Wang, gen. nov.; Validiblatta Luo & Wang, gen. nov.; Arcicaulis Luo & Wang, gen. nov.; Tenumembrana Luo & Wang, gen. nov.; Crescispina Luo & Wang, gen. nov.) to revise Periplaneta s.l. We describe two new species (Hobbitoblatta semialata Luo & Wang, sp. nov. and Crescispina qiaoi Luo & Wang, sp. nov.). We treat Mimosilpha as the junior synonym of Homalosilpha. The ASR analyses reveal the evolutionary status of genital characteristics in Blattinae s.s. and suggest that the morphology of sclerites L4C, R1H and R1G can be used as diagnostic characters for genera or subfamilies.

Beetle superfamilies Histeroidea and Hydrophiloidea form a well-supported monophylum with c. 9000 described species, but the relationships among the families remain unresolved, hindering the studies of the early evolution of the group. This study presents the first genomic data for all modern families, including the first genomes for Synteliidae, Sphaeritidae, Georissidae and Epimetopidae. Using datasets of 4215, 1100 and 709 protein-coding genes, we reconstructed the relationships among the families, reconfirmed the Early Triassic split of Hydrophiloidea and Histeroidea, and revealed the Early to Middle Jurassic origin of modern families. All datasets and analytical methods revealed the same topology for Hydrophiloidea. The superfamily consists of two main clades: the helophorid lineage (Georissidae + Helophoridae + Hydrochidae) and the hydrophilid lineage (Epimetopidae + Spercheidae + Hydrophilidae), with Helophoridae + Hydrochidae and Spercheidae + Hydrophilidae as strongly supported clades; the riparian Georissidae and Epimetopidae form early branching clades in each lineage. In Histeroidea, we detected a significant conflict in phylogenetic signal, indicating a more complex and dynamic molecular evolution than in Hydrophiloidea: our analyses reject Synteliidae as sister to Histeridae but are not decisive on whether Synteliidae are sister to Sphaeritidae or to all other Histeroidea. The reconstruction of habitat preferences indicated that ancestral Hydrophiloidea inhabited moist substrates at the sides of lakes or rivers but were not aquatic. Aquatic habitats were colonized twice independently: once by Helophoridae + Hydrochidae and once by an ancestor of Spercheidae + Hydrophilidae. We discuss the evidence for and against this novel Riparian Ancestor Hypothesis in detail.

Cucujiformia forms a substantial part of beetle diversity; however, relationships within this group remain unsettled. We used large-scale phylogenomic data to investigate early splits of the Tenebrionoid clade, focusing on the phylogenetic positions of Lymexylidae and Ripiphoridae. In concert with previous phylogenetic studies, we recovered Lymexyloidea as sister to Tenebrionoidea, and the clade Ripiphoridae + Mordellidae as sister to the remaining Tenebrionoidea. Based on their morphology and deep divergence, we designate the ‘mordelloid clade’ for Ripiphoridae and Mordellidae. Lymexyloidea contained two major clades: Lymexylidae, with subfamilies Lymexylinae and Atractocerinae, and Hylecoetidae sensu novo, with Hylecoetinae and Melittommatinae. Contrary to previous molecular studies, we found Ripiphoridae to be monophyletic, with Ptilophorinae or Ripidiinae as sister to all remaining clades. Additionally, we studied the morphology and phylogeny of fossil tenebrionoids, establishing the following new families: †Wuhuidae fam. nov., †Bellimordellidae fam. nov., and †Mirimordellidae fam. nov. Furthermore, †Praemordellidae stat. nov. (originally a subfamily of Mordellidae) were elevated to family rank, and †Yakutiinae subfam. nov. were proposed as a subfamily of Mordellidae. †Angimordella Bao et al. was transferred from Mordellinae to †Apotomourinae, and †Primaevomordellida Bao et al. from Reynoldsiellini to Mordellini. The newly proposed classification is summarized and discussed, with family-level identification keys provided for Lymexyloidea and the taxa in the ‘mordelloid clade’. New nomenclatural changes include the synonymies of Mordella bimaculata Fabricius syn. nov. with Mordella tricuspidata Goeze (now in Macrosiagon Hentz) and Trigonodera Dejean syn. nov. with Pelecotoides Laporte, and the earlier authorship of Ctenidia Laporte (1833, not 1840).

We present the first global molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the family Eurytomidae, a group of chalcidoid wasps with diverse biology, with a representative sampling (197 ingroups and 11 outgroups) that covers all described subfamilies and 70% of the known genera. Analyses of 962 Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) with concatenation (IQ-TREE) and multispecies coalescent approaches (ASTRAL) resulted in highly supported topologies in recovering the monophyly of Eurytomidae and its four subfamilies. The taxonomy of Eurytomidae, and in particular the large subfamily Eurytominae, needs major revisions as most large genera are recovered as para- or polyphyletic, and the erection of multiple new genera is required in the future to accommodate these taxa. Here, we synonymize the genera Cathilaria (C. certa, C. globiventris, C. opuntiae and C. rigidae) and the monotypic Aiolomorphus rhopaloides within Tetramesa syn. nov., Parabruchophagus (P. kazakhstanicus, P. nikolskaji, P. rasnitsyni, P. saxatilis and P. tauricus) and Exeurytoma (E. anatolica, E. caraganae and E. kebanensis) within Bruchophagus syn. nov. We also provide 137 DNA barcode COI fragments extracted from the UCE contigs to aid in future identifications of Eurytomidae using this popular genetic marker. Eurytomidae most likely originated in South America with an estimated crown age of 83.37 Ma. Ancestral state reconstruction indicates that secondary phytophagy has evolved at least seven times within the subfamily Eurytominae, showcasing the evolutionary flexibility of these vastly understudied wasps.

Based on a phylogenomic analysis, we here update the higher classification of the rove beetle subfamily Staphylininae, an insect mega-lineage comprising over 9000 described species. All established or newly proposed higher taxa are statistically robust and biogeographically plausible monophyla identified by morphological characters, many of which are putative synapomorphies. Novel molecular and morphological evidence corroborate the previously challenged broad concept of Staphylininae, and the newly proposed division of Staphylinini into the tribes Staphylinini stat. rev. and Tanygnathinini stat. rev. Our fossil-calibrated dating of the phylogeny revealed consistent temporal congruence between major cladogenetic events and plate tectonics throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras; for example, the divergence of Tanygnathinini stat. rev. from Staphylinini stat. rev. is contemporaneous with the break-up of Pangea, and the first divergence within Tanygnathinini stat. rev. coincides with the separation of South America and Africa. Similarly manifold evidence, including the evaluated performance of the alternative statistical phylogenetic models, supports all proposed new subtribes: Ctenandropina subtrib. nov. and Nitidocolpina subtrib. nov. within Tanygnathinini; Descarpentriesiellina subtrib. nov. and Valdiviodina subtrib. nov. within Staphylinini. Keys, diagnoses and descriptions are provided for all involved higher taxa in the extensive taxonomic part.

Rhus gall aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae: Fordini) are obligate parasites that only use Rhus species (Anacardiaceae) as their primary host plants, and each aphid species feeds specifically on one or two sister Rhus species. Both aphids and Rhus hosts exhibit the same disjunct distribution pattern between East Asia and eastern North America. We assembled complete mitochondrial genomes and universal single-copy nuclear genes for Rhus gall aphids using a genome skimming method and estimated their phylogeny from each dataset. Results strongly supported the monophyly of the Rhus gall aphids Fordini and two genera, Floraphis and Melaphis. However, the relationships among genera were inconsistent between the different datasets. We also estimated the relationships of Rhus host plants from published chloroplast genomes. The chloroplast phylogeny strongly supported Rhus monophyly and relationships among Rhus species. Dating analyses suggest that the most recent common ancestor of Rhus gall aphids was much older than that of their host plants. However, the divergence times and relationships among some Rhus gall aphid species, particularly those with more recent divergence times, were consistent with the ages and relationships of their corresponding primary host plants. This may suggest that Rhus gall aphids established an initial association with stem-group ancestors of Anacardiaceae and acquired extant Rhus hosts as they evolved or through host switching from another plant group. Divergence time estimates implied that the separation of North America and Eurasia from the Laurasia supercontinent and the subsequent disappearance of the Bering Land Bridge, respectively, have played an important role in the divergence of the eastern North American Melaphis and the East Asian lineage. Our results provide new insights into the coevolution of insects and host plants.

The repeated and convergent evolution of opaque wings and other unique characteristics makes defining the tribes of Cicadidae challenging. Cicadas of Gaeanini, almost endemic to Asia and known as ‘butterfly cicadas’ but more resembling moths, exhibit striking phenotypes with opaque wings and vivid colours. This study presents the first comprehensive phylogeny of Gaeanini based on molecular data of cicadas and genomic data from their obligate endosymbiont Candidatus Karelsulcia muelleri (hereafter Karelsulcia). Phylogenetic results do not support the monophyly of Gaeanini, with Becquartinina place. nov. nesting within Leptopsaltriini. Consequently, Becquartinina place. nov. is transferred from Gaeanini to Leptopsaltriini, and Gaeanini is redefined with the establishment of three new subtribes: Vittagaeanina subtr. nov., Callogaeanina subtr. nov., and Taonina subtr. nov. Additionally, several species are synonymized, and Balinta nigera sp. nov. is erected. The phylogeny of Karelsulcia generally mirrors the host phylogeny, supporting the redefinition of Gaeanini. Gaeanini likely originated in South China and northeastern Indochina during the Early Miocene and diversified in the Early to Mid-Miocene. Miocene climatic changes, the rise of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and the formation of Hainan Island, together with the repeated emergence of Qiongzhou Strait, played significant roles in the diversification of Gaeanini. The colourful wing patterns in Gaeanini may serve as automimicry with moths or other related insects, protecting them against predators. This study improves our understanding of the diversification, vicariance, and evolution of this unique cicada tribe and serves as an example for future studies on other taxa of Cicadidae with opaque wings.

Within swallowtail butterflies, the type species Papilio machaon Linnaeus has fostered many studies leading to a complex taxonomy. With >40 subspecies formally recognized in the Palaearctic and recently simplified to 14 subspecies, there is still a need to address the taxonomic delineation within this complex. A previous phylogenomic analysis including Holarctic subspecies has revealed that Palaearctic P. machaon formed several monophyletic groups, leading to treat P. saharae Oberthür as a subspecies and the Nearctic P. machaon as a separate species (P. bairdii Edwards). Here, we aim at testing the taxonomic boundaries and relationships in the Western Palaearctic using whole-genome data of taxa from the Mediterranean region, which include first draft genomes of P. hospiton Géné (41× coverage depth) and P. saharae (51× coverage depth). We refined the species boundary of P. machaon and confirmed the species status of P. saharae. We assessed subspecies limits of Mediterranean P. machaon and P. saharae through Bayesian multispecies coalescent inferences and population genomic analyses, indicating that a taxonomic simplification is needed, with the exclusion of P. machaon from North Africa (P. saharae mauretanica Verity, comb. nov.) and the synonymy of subspecies (P. saharae neosaharae Tarrier, syn. nov.). We revealed heterogeneous levels of heterozygosity between island and continental lineages that warrant further taxonomic actions. We also found evidence of low gene flow between Corsican P. machaon and P. hospiton, endemic to Corsica (and Sardinia). We discuss how the speciation and phylogeographic patterns are in line with past climatic and geological changes of the Mediterranean Basin.

The striped emeralds (Somatochlora Selys) are a Holarctic group of medium-sized metallic green dragonflies that mainly inhabit bogs and seepages, alpine streams, lakes, channels and lowland brooks. With 42 species they are the most diverse genus within Corduliidae (Odonata: Anisoptera). Systematic, taxonomic and biogeographic resolution within Somatochlora remains unclear, with numerous hypotheses of relatedness based on wing veins, male claspers (epiproct and paraprocts) and nymphs. Furthermore, Somatochlora borisi was recently described as a new genus (Corduliochlora) based on 17 morphological characters, but its position with respect to Somatochlora is unclear. We present a phylogenetic reconstruction of Somatochlora using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) sequences of 40/42 Somatochlora species (including Corduliochlora borisi). Our data recover the monophyly of Somatochlora, with C. borisi recovered as sister to the remaining Somatochlora. We also recover three highly supported clades and one of mixed support; this lack of resolution is most likely due to incomplete lineage sorting, third-codon position saturation based on iterative analyses run on variations of our dataset and hybridization. Furthermore, we constructed a dataset for all species based on 20 morphological characters from the literature which were used to evaluate phylogenetic groups recovered with molecular data; the data support the validity of Corduliochlora as a genus distinct from Somatochlora. Finally, divergence time estimation and biogeographic analysis indicate Somatochlora originated in the Western North Hemisphere during the Miocene, with three dispersal events to the Eastern North Hemisphere (11, 7 and 5 Ma, respectively) across the Beringian Land Bridge.

Fungus weevils (family Anthribidae) are morphologically and ecologically diverse, with highly varied feeding habits, mainly mycetophagy but also phytophagy, palynophagy and entomophagy. The phylogeny of the family is virtually unexplored, its evolutionary history obscure; thus, the existing classification is controversial and likely artificial. We generated the first multi-gene higher-level phylogeny estimate of Anthribidae using DNA data from 400 nuclear genes obtained via anchored hybrid enrichment from 40 species representing 17 tribes plus genera incertae sedis. As in previous studies, the family Anthribidae was consistently recovered as the sister group of Nemonychidae. We recovered two main clades in Anthribidae as sister groups with strong statistical support, viz. a monophyletic subfamily Urodontinae and the traditionally recognized Anthribinae, which was rendered paraphyletic by the subfamily Choraginae. Paraphyly and polyphyly among tribes of Anthribinae indicate that current tribal concepts—all based on morphology and without phylogenetic analysis—are artificial. Based on our results, we subsume the subfamily Choraginae into Anthribinae and place its six current tribes (Apolectini, Araecerini, Choragini, Cisanthribini, Valenfriesiini and Xenorchestini) in an expanded subfamily Anthribinae. We also transfer three genera currently treated as Anthribinae incertae sedis to three generally recognized tribes, namely Pleosporius Holloway to Sintorini, Xylanthribus Kuschel to Proscoporhinini and Anthribidus Fåhraeus to Platystomini. The phylogenetic positions of Urodontinae and Trigonorhinini suggest that phytophagy is the ancestral feeding mode of Anthribidae, with a few taxa of Anthribinae having secondarily evolved plant-feeding from mycetophagy, the predominant feeding habit of the subfamily. Overall, our results provide the first molecular phylogenetic context for research on Anthribidae and a first step towards reconstructing a natural tribal classification of the Anthribinae. Our study highlights the need for a phylogenetic approach, sampling of type genera and deeper taxon sampling to identify natural tribal-level groupings.