Parkinson’s disease (PD) is progressive neurological disorder. Levodopa induced diskinesia and sudden withdrawal of metoclopramide and anticholinergic drugs may precipitate syndromes; in this case deep brain stimulation is done. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is treatment involving the implantation of medical device called brain pacemaker which sends electrical impulses to specific part of brain. Which controls muscle tone coordinates movements. DBS is three types i.e. centromedian stimulation, subthalamic stimulation, anterior stimulation. DBS is reversible. If a cure for Parkinson’s disease is developed, the therapy can be turned off and system can be removed. DBS performed in that case drugs are no longer working well and suffering from their side effects. DBS increases duration and quality of effect.
{"title":"Deep Brain Stimulation : Surgical Treatment For Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"Y. M. Joshi, G. H. Gunjal, P. Kaldhone, V. Kadam","doi":"10.5580/16ba","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/16ba","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s disease (PD) is progressive neurological disorder. Levodopa induced diskinesia and sudden withdrawal of metoclopramide and anticholinergic drugs may precipitate syndromes; in this case deep brain stimulation is done. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is treatment involving the implantation of medical device called brain pacemaker which sends electrical impulses to specific part of brain. Which controls muscle tone coordinates movements. DBS is three types i.e. centromedian stimulation, subthalamic stimulation, anterior stimulation. DBS is reversible. If a cure for Parkinson’s disease is developed, the therapy can be turned off and system can be removed. DBS performed in that case drugs are no longer working well and suffering from their side effects. DBS increases duration and quality of effect.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79342062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women frequently report the occurrence of various symptoms that occur during the phases of the menstrual cycle. The factors affecting this symptomatology are not yet fully understood, but there is reason to believe that one widely consumed drug, caffeine, may impact these symptoms. In the present study, the effects of caffeine withdrawal across the menstrual cycle on several aspects of menstrual symptomatology and cognitive function were assessed in healthy young women. A repeatedmeasures design, examining caffeine intake and withdrawal symtomatology in 48 college age women used daily diaries of caffeine intake, premenstrual symptoms, and caffeine withdrawal effects, and each participant also did a daily LH surge test. In the laboratory, computerized cognitive tasks were administered in order to assess the cognitive effects of caffeine abstinence during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Data analyses focused on withdrawal symptom ratings and performance on the cognitive tests one day during the follicular phase and one day during the luteal phase of the cycle after 24 hours of caffeine abstinence. Caffeine withdrawal significantly impacted self-report symptom ratings during select days of abstinence, as compared with days of non-abstinence, during both follicular and luteal phases. Withdrawal did not, however, impact cognitive performance across the menstrual cycle.
{"title":"Caffeine Abstinence During The Menstrual Cycle:An Evaluation Of Mood, Somatic, Cognitive, And Psychomotor Effects Of Withdrawal","authors":"H. Vo","doi":"10.5580/60c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/60c","url":null,"abstract":"Women frequently report the occurrence of various symptoms that occur during the phases of the menstrual cycle. The factors affecting this symptomatology are not yet fully understood, but there is reason to believe that one widely consumed drug, caffeine, may impact these symptoms. In the present study, the effects of caffeine withdrawal across the menstrual cycle on several aspects of menstrual symptomatology and cognitive function were assessed in healthy young women. A repeatedmeasures design, examining caffeine intake and withdrawal symtomatology in 48 college age women used daily diaries of caffeine intake, premenstrual symptoms, and caffeine withdrawal effects, and each participant also did a daily LH surge test. In the laboratory, computerized cognitive tasks were administered in order to assess the cognitive effects of caffeine abstinence during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Data analyses focused on withdrawal symptom ratings and performance on the cognitive tests one day during the follicular phase and one day during the luteal phase of the cycle after 24 hours of caffeine abstinence. Caffeine withdrawal significantly impacted self-report symptom ratings during select days of abstinence, as compared with days of non-abstinence, during both follicular and luteal phases. Withdrawal did not, however, impact cognitive performance across the menstrual cycle.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77328660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We studied the effects of dietary amino acid L-tryptophan (TRP) as an adjunct to haloperidol administration on the modulation of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and rat brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) functions in relation to schizophrenia. TRP added in the drinking water and haloperidol at doses of 5.0 mg/kg or saline were injected for two weeks twice daily with one week of withdrawal to 36 locally bred male albino Wistar rats. Motor/ Exploratory activities were scored in activity boxes and open field apparatuses. Catalepsy was monitored on an inclined surface. Results revealed significant increases (p<0.01) in locomotor activity and marked reduction in catalepsy in rats orally supplemented with TRP for 3 weeks plus haloperidol administration. Significant (p<0.01) increases were observed in the rat brain TRP and 5-HT metabolism. The findings suggest that amino acids, in particular, TRP can possibly attenuate EPS functions induced by haloperidol and enhanced brain 5-HT metabolism.
{"title":"Tryptophan Adjunctive Therapy To Conventional Haloperidol Treatment In Schizophrenia: Effects On Serotonergic Mechanisms In Rat Brain","authors":"F. Batool, D. Haleem","doi":"10.5580/14d2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/14d2","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the effects of dietary amino acid L-tryptophan (TRP) as an adjunct to haloperidol administration on the modulation of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and rat brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) functions in relation to schizophrenia. TRP added in the drinking water and haloperidol at doses of 5.0 mg/kg or saline were injected for two weeks twice daily with one week of withdrawal to 36 locally bred male albino Wistar rats. Motor/ Exploratory activities were scored in activity boxes and open field apparatuses. Catalepsy was monitored on an inclined surface. Results revealed significant increases (p<0.01) in locomotor activity and marked reduction in catalepsy in rats orally supplemented with TRP for 3 weeks plus haloperidol administration. Significant (p<0.01) increases were observed in the rat brain TRP and 5-HT metabolism. The findings suggest that amino acids, in particular, TRP can possibly attenuate EPS functions induced by haloperidol and enhanced brain 5-HT metabolism.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84960157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The treatment of anxiety is one of the leading problems in medicine today. Buspirone, an azpirone derivative and a 5-HT-1A (5hydroxytryptamine-1A) partial agonist, is the first nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic introduced into medicine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It has a strong affinity for the 5-HT-1A receptor and does not appear to interact at the benzodiazepine receptor complex. Buspirone's distinctive mechanism of action helps to avoid pharmacological properties ancillary to the treatment of anxiety and contributes towards an apparently superior safety profile with generally fewer and more tolerable adverse effects than benzodiazepines. This article provides a brief overview on the results of animals and clinical studies in which the potential for buspirone dependence or abuse and the effects of its withdrawal were assessed. The pharmacology of serotonin systems and its role in the management of anxiety, along with the review of the contemporary literature is also discussed.
{"title":"Buspirone And Anxiety Disorders: A Review With Pharmacological And Clinical Perspectives","authors":"F. Batool","doi":"10.5580/2488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2488","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment of anxiety is one of the leading problems in medicine today. Buspirone, an azpirone derivative and a 5-HT-1A (5hydroxytryptamine-1A) partial agonist, is the first nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic introduced into medicine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It has a strong affinity for the 5-HT-1A receptor and does not appear to interact at the benzodiazepine receptor complex. Buspirone's distinctive mechanism of action helps to avoid pharmacological properties ancillary to the treatment of anxiety and contributes towards an apparently superior safety profile with generally fewer and more tolerable adverse effects than benzodiazepines. This article provides a brief overview on the results of animals and clinical studies in which the potential for buspirone dependence or abuse and the effects of its withdrawal were assessed. The pharmacology of serotonin systems and its role in the management of anxiety, along with the review of the contemporary literature is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80330080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, the fact of harmful effect of reactive oxygen species on human health is well-known. The capability of natural defense systems of living organisms against excess production of these species decreases when influenced with negative environmental factors or aging. As a result, different cellular and extracellular components, and especially nucleic acids, are damaged, causing or enhancing a number of degenerative diseases. Therefore, antioxidants that scavenge free radicals are of great value in preventing such “oxidative” pathologies. That is why natural products with antioxidant properties become more and more popular all over the world. Natural phenolic phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables have been receiving increased interest from consumers and researchers for their beneficial health effects on coronary heart diseases and cancers mainly due to their antioxidant activity. 1 As plants produce a lot of antioxidants to control the oxidative stress caused by sunbeams and oxygen, they can represent a source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. Among natural antioxidants, phenolic antioxidants are in the forefront since all the phenolic classes (simple phenolics, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and flavonoids) have the structural requirements of free radical scavengers and antioxidants 2
{"title":"Antioxidant Potential of galls of Quercus infectoria","authors":"S. Umachigi, K. Jayaveera, K. Ashok, G. Kumar","doi":"10.5580/cd7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/cd7","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the fact of harmful effect of reactive oxygen species on human health is well-known. The capability of natural defense systems of living organisms against excess production of these species decreases when influenced with negative environmental factors or aging. As a result, different cellular and extracellular components, and especially nucleic acids, are damaged, causing or enhancing a number of degenerative diseases. Therefore, antioxidants that scavenge free radicals are of great value in preventing such “oxidative” pathologies. That is why natural products with antioxidant properties become more and more popular all over the world. Natural phenolic phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables have been receiving increased interest from consumers and researchers for their beneficial health effects on coronary heart diseases and cancers mainly due to their antioxidant activity. 1 As plants produce a lot of antioxidants to control the oxidative stress caused by sunbeams and oxygen, they can represent a source of new compounds with antioxidant activity. Among natural antioxidants, phenolic antioxidants are in the forefront since all the phenolic classes (simple phenolics, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and flavonoids) have the structural requirements of free radical scavengers and antioxidants 2","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76900854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cyproterone acetate (CPA) is not only a genotoxic agent but also a tumor initiating agent. It is used in oral contraceptives formulations and also in the treatment various sexual and metabolic disorders. Apigenin, a well known antioxidant and have number of properties that are beneficial in someway to humans. In this context, the antigenotoxic effect of apigenin was studied against the genotoxic doses of CPA using chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and cell cycle kinetics as parameters. The treatment of 20 and 30 M of CPA was given separately along with apigenin at the doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 M of culture medium. A clear dose dependent decrease in the genotoxic damage of CPA was observed, suggesting a protective role of apigenin during CPA therapy. The results of the present study suggest that the apigenin can modulate the genotoxicity of CPA on human lymphocytes in vitro.
{"title":"Antigenotoxic effect of apigenin on chromosomal damage induced by cyproterone acetate in human lymphocytes","authors":"Y. Siddique, M. Afzal","doi":"10.5580/242e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/242e","url":null,"abstract":"Cyproterone acetate (CPA) is not only a genotoxic agent but also a tumor initiating agent. It is used in oral contraceptives formulations and also in the treatment various sexual and metabolic disorders. Apigenin, a well known antioxidant and have number of properties that are beneficial in someway to humans. In this context, the antigenotoxic effect of apigenin was studied against the genotoxic doses of CPA using chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and cell cycle kinetics as parameters. The treatment of 20 and 30 M of CPA was given separately along with apigenin at the doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 M of culture medium. A clear dose dependent decrease in the genotoxic damage of CPA was observed, suggesting a protective role of apigenin during CPA therapy. The results of the present study suggest that the apigenin can modulate the genotoxicity of CPA on human lymphocytes in vitro.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72649405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Chanda, Amitava Ghosh, Tutun Mitra, J. P. Mohanty, N. Bhuyan, Ganesh Pawankar
Aegle marmelos (Linn) family rutaceae is highly reputed ayurvedic medicinal tree commonly known as the bale fruit tree, is medium sized tress growing throughout the deciduas forest of India of altitude 1200 meter. It is found whole over India, from sub-Himalayan forest, Bengal, central and south India .All the parts of the tree viz, root, leaf, trunk, fruit, are used in traditional system of medicine: root parts are used in dysentery (pravahika), dyspepsia (agnimandya), chronic diarrhea with mal absorption (graham roga). The dried roots are used in the disorder of nervous system (vatavadhjy), oedema (uotha), vomiting (chardi), and rheumatism (amavata). Various phytochemical and biological evaluations have been reported in this literature for the importance of the Aegle marmelos.
{"title":"Phytochemical and pharmacological activity of Aegle marmelos as a potential medicinal plant: An overview","authors":"R. Chanda, Amitava Ghosh, Tutun Mitra, J. P. Mohanty, N. Bhuyan, Ganesh Pawankar","doi":"10.5580/bd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/bd","url":null,"abstract":"Aegle marmelos (Linn) family rutaceae is highly reputed ayurvedic medicinal tree commonly known as the bale fruit tree, is medium sized tress growing throughout the deciduas forest of India of altitude 1200 meter. It is found whole over India, from sub-Himalayan forest, Bengal, central and south India .All the parts of the tree viz, root, leaf, trunk, fruit, are used in traditional system of medicine: root parts are used in dysentery (pravahika), dyspepsia (agnimandya), chronic diarrhea with mal absorption (graham roga). The dried roots are used in the disorder of nervous system (vatavadhjy), oedema (uotha), vomiting (chardi), and rheumatism (amavata). Various phytochemical and biological evaluations have been reported in this literature for the importance of the Aegle marmelos.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81185334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The L-lysine fermentation by Corneybacterium glutamicium was investigated in this study. The objective was to improve the process performance by manipulating cellular environment conditions. The main factor under consideration was dissolved oxygen concentrations in the fermentation broth. To implement effective process control, a process model was developed based on combined kinetic study and material balances. The process dynamics at the dissolved oxygen tensions (DOTs) of 5%, 10% and 20% was analyzed. The results showed that inhibition of high oxygen level could occur during the early growth phase and depressive effect of low oxygen availability was confined to the rest of the process, suggesting that different fermentation stages required different DOTs. Batch experiments were conducted with 5% DOT for the rest of fermentation. The final L-Lysine concentration reached 52.7g/L compared with 40g/L The low DOT settings required much less energy for agitation and aeration.
{"title":"Dissolved Oxygen concentration analysis of L-Lysine Fermentation Production by Corynebacterium glutamicum","authors":"D. Rao, S. A. Razak, B. Praveena, A. Swamy","doi":"10.5580/19f0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/19f0","url":null,"abstract":"The L-lysine fermentation by Corneybacterium glutamicium was investigated in this study. The objective was to improve the process performance by manipulating cellular environment conditions. The main factor under consideration was dissolved oxygen concentrations in the fermentation broth. To implement effective process control, a process model was developed based on combined kinetic study and material balances. The process dynamics at the dissolved oxygen tensions (DOTs) of 5%, 10% and 20% was analyzed. The results showed that inhibition of high oxygen level could occur during the early growth phase and depressive effect of low oxygen availability was confined to the rest of the process, suggesting that different fermentation stages required different DOTs. Batch experiments were conducted with 5% DOT for the rest of fermentation. The final L-Lysine concentration reached 52.7g/L compared with 40g/L The low DOT settings required much less energy for agitation and aeration.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87885848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Altaf Ali, N. Rao, Md. Shalam, T. Gouda, J. Babu, S. Shantakumar
In the traditional system of Indian medicine C.bonducella is widely used for its antipyretic, antiperiodic, anticonvulsant and antiparalytic activities. The present study was aimed to explore the anxiolytic activities of seed extract of C.bonducella in experimental animals, mice and rats. In Stair-case model, all the three doses i-e low, medium and high 400, 600 and 800mg/kg of PECB had showed a significant and dose dependent Anxiolytic activity by increasing the number of steps climbed, without any significant effect on rearings by all these three doses. Similarly in EPM model medium and high doses, but not the low dose of PECB had significantly enhanced both number of entries and time spent in open arms and decreased in number of entries and time spent in closed arms. In Hole- board model, medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly enhanced the number, latency and the duration of head dipping but not the rearings. However in LDT model high doses 800mg/kg of PECB had significantly exhibited anxiolytic activity by increasing time spent, number of crossings in light compartment and decreased the time spent in dark compartment and decreased the number of rearings in both light and dark compartments. In OFT models, medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly enhanced total locomotion, central locomotion, number of grooming but the immobility time has drastically reduced. All doses of PECB have not exerted any significant effect with rearing, defecation and urination. Moreover in Mirror-chamber model of anxiety, both medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly reduced the time latency to enter in to the mirror chamber and increased the number of entries and time spent in the chamber. Thus the result recorded with above experimental models confirms the anxiolytic activity of PECB.
{"title":"Anxiolytic Activity Of Seed Extract Of Caesalpinia Bonducella (Roxb) In Laboratory Animals","authors":"Altaf Ali, N. Rao, Md. Shalam, T. Gouda, J. Babu, S. Shantakumar","doi":"10.5580/2438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2438","url":null,"abstract":"In the traditional system of Indian medicine C.bonducella is widely used for its antipyretic, antiperiodic, anticonvulsant and antiparalytic activities. The present study was aimed to explore the anxiolytic activities of seed extract of C.bonducella in experimental animals, mice and rats. In Stair-case model, all the three doses i-e low, medium and high 400, 600 and 800mg/kg of PECB had showed a significant and dose dependent Anxiolytic activity by increasing the number of steps climbed, without any significant effect on rearings by all these three doses. Similarly in EPM model medium and high doses, but not the low dose of PECB had significantly enhanced both number of entries and time spent in open arms and decreased in number of entries and time spent in closed arms. In Hole- board model, medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly enhanced the number, latency and the duration of head dipping but not the rearings. However in LDT model high doses 800mg/kg of PECB had significantly exhibited anxiolytic activity by increasing time spent, number of crossings in light compartment and decreased the time spent in dark compartment and decreased the number of rearings in both light and dark compartments. In OFT models, medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly enhanced total locomotion, central locomotion, number of grooming but the immobility time has drastically reduced. All doses of PECB have not exerted any significant effect with rearing, defecation and urination. Moreover in Mirror-chamber model of anxiety, both medium and high doses 600 and 800mg/kg but not the low dose 400mg/kg of PECB had significantly reduced the time latency to enter in to the mirror chamber and increased the number of entries and time spent in the chamber. Thus the result recorded with above experimental models confirms the anxiolytic activity of PECB.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83909591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To determine the effects of plant extract, nicotine and caffeine on the activities of the liver metabolizing-enzyme induced by pentobarbitone. Materials and Method: Seven groups of mice were pretreated with high doses of sample extracts (0.4 mg/g body weight sample extract, but nicotine at 0.1 mg/g body weight) and one control group was pretreated with saline. On day 5, pentobarbitone (0.005 ml of 8 mg/ml) was administered and the sleeping time was determined. The test was repeated but at low doses (0.1 mg/g body weight sample extract, but nicotine at 0.05mg/g body weight). Results: At high doses, bitter gourd, 'tempeh', nicotine, caffeine, nicotine+bitter gourd, nicotine+'tempeh' and nicotine+caffeine induced the activities of liver metabolizing enzyme significantly compared to control. At low doses, bitter gourd, nicotine, caffeine, nicotine+bitter gourd, nicotine+'tempeh' and nicotine+caffeine induced the enzyme but 'tempeh' did not. Conclusion: The findings suggest that bitter gourd, nicotine and caffeine act as enzyme inducers, but 'tempeh' only demonstrate this ability at high dose.
{"title":"The effect of pretreatment with plant extract, nicotine and caffeine on sleeping time induced by pentobarbitone in mice","authors":"N. Robson., A. M. Mustafa","doi":"10.5580/138b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/138b","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the effects of plant extract, nicotine and caffeine on the activities of the liver metabolizing-enzyme induced by pentobarbitone. Materials and Method: Seven groups of mice were pretreated with high doses of sample extracts (0.4 mg/g body weight sample extract, but nicotine at 0.1 mg/g body weight) and one control group was pretreated with saline. On day 5, pentobarbitone (0.005 ml of 8 mg/ml) was administered and the sleeping time was determined. The test was repeated but at low doses (0.1 mg/g body weight sample extract, but nicotine at 0.05mg/g body weight). Results: At high doses, bitter gourd, 'tempeh', nicotine, caffeine, nicotine+bitter gourd, nicotine+'tempeh' and nicotine+caffeine induced the activities of liver metabolizing enzyme significantly compared to control. At low doses, bitter gourd, nicotine, caffeine, nicotine+bitter gourd, nicotine+'tempeh' and nicotine+caffeine induced the enzyme but 'tempeh' did not. Conclusion: The findings suggest that bitter gourd, nicotine and caffeine act as enzyme inducers, but 'tempeh' only demonstrate this ability at high dose.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91531332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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