The prevalence of obesity continues to increase throughout the world and the burden of obesity and related co morbidities is large. Contemporary consideration has focused on physiology of neuropeptide Y and its role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The data obtained to date with these newly developed tools suggests that neuropeptide Y receptor antagonists, particularly neuropeptide YY5 receptor antagonist, have potentiality to bless the obesity patients worldwide. However, the redundancy of the neurochemical systems regulating energy homeostasis may limit the effect of ablating a single pathway. New leads are under research by major pharmaceutical companies to limit the side effects and explore the area to meet clinical requirement.
{"title":"Contemporary Development In NPYY5 Receptor Antagonist","authors":"Daxesh P. Patel, N. Patel","doi":"10.5580/793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/793","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of obesity continues to increase throughout the world and the burden of obesity and related co morbidities is large. Contemporary consideration has focused on physiology of neuropeptide Y and its role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The data obtained to date with these newly developed tools suggests that neuropeptide Y receptor antagonists, particularly neuropeptide YY5 receptor antagonist, have potentiality to bless the obesity patients worldwide. However, the redundancy of the neurochemical systems regulating energy homeostasis may limit the effect of ablating a single pathway. New leads are under research by major pharmaceutical companies to limit the side effects and explore the area to meet clinical requirement.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86075262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The present paper reports the antianaphylactic, antihistaminic and mast cell stabilization activity of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on various experimental models. Methods: After optimizing the dose the extract was tested for its therapeutic activity using Wistar rats and Duncan Hartley guinea pigs. The antianaphylactic activity was investigated in rats using the active anaphylaxis model. The effect on mast cell stabilization was performed by ex vivo challenge of antigen in sensitized rat intestinal mesenteries. Antihistaminic activity was studied in guinea pigs using histamine-induced bronchospasm where preconvulsive dyspnea was used as an end point following exposure to histamine aerosol. Results: The findings from various studies reveal that the antihistaminic and antianaphylactic activity of extract which is mainly due to its mast cell stabilizing potential, suppression of IgE, and inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators Conclusion: Thus use of Ocimum sanctum leaves proved the strong rationale behind the mentioned therapeutic activities.
{"title":"Pharmacological Basis For Antianaphylactic, Antihistaminic And Mast Cell Stabilization Activity Of Ocimum Sanctum","authors":"G. Sridevi, P. Gopkumar, S. Ashok, C. Shastry","doi":"10.5580/bc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/bc4","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The present paper reports the antianaphylactic, antihistaminic and mast cell stabilization activity of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on various experimental models. Methods: After optimizing the dose the extract was tested for its therapeutic activity using Wistar rats and Duncan Hartley guinea pigs. The antianaphylactic activity was investigated in rats using the active anaphylaxis model. The effect on mast cell stabilization was performed by ex vivo challenge of antigen in sensitized rat intestinal mesenteries. Antihistaminic activity was studied in guinea pigs using histamine-induced bronchospasm where preconvulsive dyspnea was used as an end point following exposure to histamine aerosol. Results: The findings from various studies reveal that the antihistaminic and antianaphylactic activity of extract which is mainly due to its mast cell stabilizing potential, suppression of IgE, and inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators Conclusion: Thus use of Ocimum sanctum leaves proved the strong rationale behind the mentioned therapeutic activities.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75581876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have long been used for the treatment of pain and inflammation owing to their inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase (COX). Ever since NSAIDs have been in use, multiple adverse effects have been noted. Assessment of many of these effects has been complicated due to the discovery of multiple splice variants of the COX gene, greater array of COX and specific COX-2 inhibitor availability. The effect of these drugs on COX cannot be readily explained. This has sparked a new field of investigation on splice variants of COX and effects of COX inhibitors. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of cyclooxygenase in health and disease.
{"title":"Cyclooxygenase isoforms in health and disease","authors":"Asma Saqib, C. Karigar","doi":"10.5580/21fc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/21fc","url":null,"abstract":"Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) have long been used for the treatment of pain and inflammation owing to their inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase (COX). Ever since NSAIDs have been in use, multiple adverse effects have been noted. Assessment of many of these effects has been complicated due to the discovery of multiple splice variants of the COX gene, greater array of COX and specific COX-2 inhibitor availability. The effect of these drugs on COX cannot be readily explained. This has sparked a new field of investigation on splice variants of COX and effects of COX inhibitors. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of cyclooxygenase in health and disease.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84208741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shailesh Malaviya, K. Nandakumar, J. Vaghasiya, Ys Bhalodiya, N. Jivani, N. Sheth, Ravi A. Manek, SP Chauhan
The present study was designed to investigate anti anxiety effects of alcoholic and aqueous root extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum in mice. Mice were treated with the alcoholic or aqueous extract (100 or 300 mg/kg p.o.) 1 hr before subjecting the animals to various anxiety models. Anti anxiety activity was evaluated using elevated plus maze (EPM), light-dark model (LDM) and open field test (OFT). In EPM, treatment with alcoholic and aqueous extracts increased the time spent in open arm and total locomotion time. In light dark model treatment with these extracts showed increase in time spent in light compartment and in Open field test treatment with these extracts increased the time spent in central compartment. These results suggest that alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum possess anti anxiety activity.
{"title":"Anxiolytic activity of root extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum in mice","authors":"Shailesh Malaviya, K. Nandakumar, J. Vaghasiya, Ys Bhalodiya, N. Jivani, N. Sheth, Ravi A. Manek, SP Chauhan","doi":"10.5580/1e23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1e23","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to investigate anti anxiety effects of alcoholic and aqueous root extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum in mice. Mice were treated with the alcoholic or aqueous extract (100 or 300 mg/kg p.o.) 1 hr before subjecting the animals to various anxiety models. Anti anxiety activity was evaluated using elevated plus maze (EPM), light-dark model (LDM) and open field test (OFT). In EPM, treatment with alcoholic and aqueous extracts increased the time spent in open arm and total locomotion time. In light dark model treatment with these extracts showed increase in time spent in light compartment and in Open field test treatment with these extracts increased the time spent in central compartment. These results suggest that alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum possess anti anxiety activity.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84557917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Deshmukh, T. Bhat, N. Bachewar, Anil Joshi, Harshal Rathod
Paliperidone ER is metabolite of risperidone (9-hydroxy-risperidone) formulated as OROS extended release system, which facilitates its once daily use and improves treatment compliance. It is indicated not only in schizophrenia but also in schizoaffective disorder and bipolar mania. Due to lack of interactions of CYP enzymes, minimal or no pharmacological interactions are evident. Due to favorable pharmacodynamic profile i.e. antagonism of 5HT 2A , �± 1 and D2; it has improved positive and negative symptoms (reduction in PANSS score), reduced extra pyramidal side effects and efficacy. Only renal failure patients demand dose reduction. In various therapeutic trials, paliperidone ER has shown better efficacy than placebo and olanzapine, also delays symptoms recurrence of schizophrenia. Paliperidone ER has caused various adverse effects like akathisia, headache, increase serum prolactin level and weight gain but serum lipid, glucose and insulin level remained unaffected. Paliperidone ER has increased the number of annual stable days and more cost effective than other atypical antipsychotics.
{"title":"Paliperidone ER - A novel antipsychotic","authors":"S. Deshmukh, T. Bhat, N. Bachewar, Anil Joshi, Harshal Rathod","doi":"10.5580/1ed0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1ed0","url":null,"abstract":"Paliperidone ER is metabolite of risperidone (9-hydroxy-risperidone) formulated as OROS extended release system, which facilitates its once daily use and improves treatment compliance. It is indicated not only in schizophrenia but also in schizoaffective disorder and bipolar mania. Due to lack of interactions of CYP enzymes, minimal or no pharmacological interactions are evident. Due to favorable pharmacodynamic profile i.e. antagonism of 5HT 2A , �± 1 and D2; it has improved positive and negative symptoms (reduction in PANSS score), reduced extra pyramidal side effects and efficacy. Only renal failure patients demand dose reduction. In various therapeutic trials, paliperidone ER has shown better efficacy than placebo and olanzapine, also delays symptoms recurrence of schizophrenia. Paliperidone ER has caused various adverse effects like akathisia, headache, increase serum prolactin level and weight gain but serum lipid, glucose and insulin level remained unaffected. Paliperidone ER has increased the number of annual stable days and more cost effective than other atypical antipsychotics.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73210114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetes is a disease of the millions and it is projected that a quarter billion people across the globe would be suffering from diabetes mellitus by the year 2025.A major burden of this disease would be shared by developing countries like India and will be having approximately 57 million people suffering from the disease in the near future. Medications for diabetes mellitus need to be taken for the entire life and factors like efficacy, side effects, drug interactions and cost of therapy need to be taken into consideration [1].
{"title":"Prescription pattern study in type 2 diabetes mellitus in an Indian referral hospital","authors":"A. Hasamnis, S. Patil","doi":"10.5580/1ffe","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1ffe","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is a disease of the millions and it is projected that a quarter billion people across the globe would be suffering from diabetes mellitus by the year 2025.A major burden of this disease would be shared by developing countries like India and will be having approximately 57 million people suffering from the disease in the near future. Medications for diabetes mellitus need to be taken for the entire life and factors like efficacy, side effects, drug interactions and cost of therapy need to be taken into consideration [1].","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72864687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present study cassia fistula (Caesalpinaceae) bark was extracted with water. The extracts were vacuum dried to yield Aqueous Extract (AQET). The extracts were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg dose level. The biochemical parameters observed in serum were total bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels and total protein. Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and total protein levels in liver were also evaluated. Histopathological study on the liver tissue was also performed. The extracts exhibited dose dependant reduction in total bilirubin, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, AST, ALT and increase in total protein (serum and liver) levels. The extract treated groups shows mild hepatatocytic damage compared to the CCl4 treated group. CONCLUSION: Cassia fistulal attenuates the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4.
{"title":"Hepatoprotective Activity of Cassia fistula Linn. Bark Extracts against Carbon Tetra Chloride Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats","authors":"G. Parthasarathy, V. Prasanth","doi":"10.5580/28f1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/28f1","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study cassia fistula (Caesalpinaceae) bark was extracted with water. The extracts were vacuum dried to yield Aqueous Extract (AQET). The extracts were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg dose level. The biochemical parameters observed in serum were total bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels and total protein. Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and total protein levels in liver were also evaluated. Histopathological study on the liver tissue was also performed. The extracts exhibited dose dependant reduction in total bilirubin, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, AST, ALT and increase in total protein (serum and liver) levels. The extract treated groups shows mild hepatatocytic damage compared to the CCl4 treated group. CONCLUSION: Cassia fistulal attenuates the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81474548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Meenatchisundaram, R. Selvakumaran, G. Parameswari, A. Michael
The Chicken egg yolk antibodies generated against Bentonite and Adjuvant (FCA) coated Echis carinatus venom was evaluated for their anti-venom potential. Antibodies are extracted from immunized chicken egg yolk by the method described by Polson et al.(1980) and further purified by DEAE cellulose ion exchange column chromatography, which gave pure (180 - 200KDa) specific antibodies against venom. Inhibition of lethal, edema, procoagulant, and phospholipase A2 activities of Echis carinatus venom was determined. We found that 1.27mg of IgY (generated against FCA coated venom) and 1.33mg of IgY (generated against Bentonite coated venom) was able to completely neutralize the lethal activity (2LD 50) of Echis carinatus venom. Both chicken egg yolk antibodies effectively inhibited procoagulant activity and partially inhibited the Edema forming activity. IgY generated using Adjuvant (FCA) coated venoms showed very high anti-phospholipase A2 activity. In general, the results demonstrated the effectiveness of chicken egg yolk antibodies raised against adjuvant and bentonite coated venoms in neutralizing various pharamacological effects of Echis carinatusvenom.Keywords: Venoms, FCA, Bentonite, Chicken antibodies (IgY), PLA 2
{"title":"Comparison of Antivenom potential of chicken Egg yolk Antibodies Generated against Bentonite and Adjuvant coated Echis carinatus venom","authors":"S. Meenatchisundaram, R. Selvakumaran, G. Parameswari, A. Michael","doi":"10.5580/1244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1244","url":null,"abstract":"The Chicken egg yolk antibodies generated against Bentonite and Adjuvant (FCA) coated Echis carinatus venom was evaluated for their anti-venom potential. Antibodies are extracted from immunized chicken egg yolk by the method described by Polson et al.(1980) and further purified by DEAE cellulose ion exchange column chromatography, which gave pure (180 - 200KDa) specific antibodies against venom. Inhibition of lethal, edema, procoagulant, and phospholipase A2 activities of Echis carinatus venom was determined. We found that 1.27mg of IgY (generated against FCA coated venom) and 1.33mg of IgY (generated against Bentonite coated venom) was able to completely neutralize the lethal activity (2LD 50) of Echis carinatus venom. Both chicken egg yolk antibodies effectively inhibited procoagulant activity and partially inhibited the Edema forming activity. IgY generated using Adjuvant (FCA) coated venoms showed very high anti-phospholipase A2 activity. In general, the results demonstrated the effectiveness of chicken egg yolk antibodies raised against adjuvant and bentonite coated venoms in neutralizing various pharamacological effects of Echis carinatusvenom.Keywords: Venoms, FCA, Bentonite, Chicken antibodies (IgY), PLA 2","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80973717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of present study is to assess the immunostimulatory activity of H. indicum, using different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. The immunostimulatory potential of the test compound was investigated by in vitro phagocytic index and lymphocyte viability tests using interferon α-2b, a standard immunostimulant drug. Other tests such as carbon clearance, antibody titer and delayed type hypersensitivity were studied in mice using levimasole as the standard drug.The dried leaves extract (200mg/ml) significantly increased the in vitro phagocytic index and lymphocyte viability in all assays. They also showed a significant increase in antibody titer, carbon clearance and delayed type hypersensitivity in mice. To concludeH. indicum exhibited a dose-dependent immunostimulant effect, which could be attributed to the alkaloid content or due to the combination with other component(s).
{"title":"Stimulation of Immune Function Activity of the Extract of Heliotropium Indicum Leaves","authors":"M. Shenoy, C. Shastry, K. Sridevi, P. Gopkumar","doi":"10.5580/3af","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/3af","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of present study is to assess the immunostimulatory activity of H. indicum, using different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. The immunostimulatory potential of the test compound was investigated by in vitro phagocytic index and lymphocyte viability tests using interferon α-2b, a standard immunostimulant drug. Other tests such as carbon clearance, antibody titer and delayed type hypersensitivity were studied in mice using levimasole as the standard drug.The dried leaves extract (200mg/ml) significantly increased the in vitro phagocytic index and lymphocyte viability in all assays. They also showed a significant increase in antibody titer, carbon clearance and delayed type hypersensitivity in mice. To concludeH. indicum exhibited a dose-dependent immunostimulant effect, which could be attributed to the alkaloid content or due to the combination with other component(s).","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83235344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Phosphodiesterase inhibitors have been used for the treatment of non-malignant conditions like asthma, pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction etc, but the recent research suggests that they have great therapeutic value in the adjunctive therapy of Cancer. This article reviews the various substances elevating the intracellular cyclic AMP levels such as cAMP analogues and Phosphodiesterases inhibitors to induce apoptosis selectively in a variety of cancer cell lines with out affecting the normal cells. Their usefulness in the adjunctive therapy of cancer is explained.
{"title":"Phosphodiesterase as a novel target in Cancer Chemotherapy","authors":"G. Sandeep, S. Bhasker, Y. Ranganath","doi":"10.5580/2c8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2c8","url":null,"abstract":"The Phosphodiesterase inhibitors have been used for the treatment of non-malignant conditions like asthma, pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction etc, but the recent research suggests that they have great therapeutic value in the adjunctive therapy of Cancer. This article reviews the various substances elevating the intracellular cyclic AMP levels such as cAMP analogues and Phosphodiesterases inhibitors to induce apoptosis selectively in a variety of cancer cell lines with out affecting the normal cells. Their usefulness in the adjunctive therapy of cancer is explained.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87289043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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