Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2023.012.01.701
Z. Ningsih, Sepriana Puspita Dewi Syaiful, Maria Lucia A.D. Lestari, Diah Mardiana, B. Kamulyan
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is included in the rhizome plant containing curcumin which has various therapeutic properties. However, curcumin has poor bioavailability. The manufacture of nanoemulsion is expected to increase curcumin bioavailability. This study aims to compare 3 methods (wet-ball milling, ultrasonication and microfluidic) and 3 carrier oils (soybean, virgin coconut, and olive oil) in the production of curcumin nanoemulsion. Wet-ball milling reduces particle size through grinding process using milling beads in liquid medium. Microfluidic decreases the particle size via collision of emulsion components in microchannel while ultrasound utilizes sound-wave energy to break down the particle size. Parameters compared were particle size, polydispersity index and entrapment efficiency. Particle size and polydispersity index were observed using Particle Size Analyzer with Dynamic Light Scattering technique while entrapment efficiency was measured based on the curcumin absorbance in UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Our study concludes that microfluidic is the most effective and efficient fabrication method which produces the smallest particle size and polydispersity index compared to ultrasonication and microfluidic. The resulting particle sizes using microfluidic are 154, 140 and 132 nm with polydispersity index of 0.224; 0.200 and 0.208 in soybean, virgin coconut, and olive oil respectively. However, entrapment efficiency is best achieved using wet-ball milling method with the average value of 49±10%. Soybean oil appears to be the most curcumin solubilizing oil compared to olive and virgin coconut oil. Thus, it can be concluded that fabrication methods and carrier oils determine curcumin nanoemulsion properties.
姜黄(Curcuma longa L.)是一种根茎植物，含有姜黄素，具有多种治疗特性。然而，姜黄素的生物利用度很差。纳米乳的制备有望提高姜黄素的生物利用度。本研究旨在比较三种方法(湿球磨、超声和微流控)和三种载体油(大豆、初榨椰子和橄榄油)在姜黄素纳米乳生产中的应用。湿球磨通过在液体介质中使用磨珠的研磨过程来减小颗粒尺寸。微流控通过乳状液成分在微通道内的碰撞减小颗粒尺寸，超声利用声波能量分解颗粒尺寸。比较了粒径、多分散性指数和捕集效率等参数。采用动态光散射技术的粒度分析仪观察其粒径和多分散性指数，利用紫外可见分光光度计在420 nm处测定姜黄素的吸光度来测定其捕集效率。研究结果表明，微流控制备是超声法和微流控制备方法中制备粒径最小、分散性指数最低的制备方法。微流控得到的颗粒粒径分别为154、140和132 nm，多分散指数为0.224;大豆、初榨椰子和橄榄油的含量分别为0.200和0.208。湿球磨法捕集效率最高，平均捕集效率为49±10%。与橄榄油和初榨椰子油相比，大豆油似乎是最能溶解姜黄素的油。由此可见，姜黄素纳米乳的性质是由制备方法和载体油决定的。
{"title":"Comparison of Fabrication Technique and Carrier Oil to Curcumin Nanoemulsion Properties","authors":"Z. Ningsih, Sepriana Puspita Dewi Syaiful, Maria Lucia A.D. Lestari, Diah Mardiana, B. Kamulyan","doi":"10.21776/ub.jpacr.2023.012.01.701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2023.012.01.701","url":null,"abstract":"Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is included in the rhizome plant containing curcumin which has various therapeutic properties. However, curcumin has poor bioavailability. The manufacture of nanoemulsion is expected to increase curcumin bioavailability. This study aims to compare 3 methods (wet-ball milling, ultrasonication and microfluidic) and 3 carrier oils (soybean, virgin coconut, and olive oil) in the production of curcumin nanoemulsion. Wet-ball milling reduces particle size through grinding process using milling beads in liquid medium. Microfluidic decreases the particle size via collision of emulsion components in microchannel while ultrasound utilizes sound-wave energy to break down the particle size. Parameters compared were particle size, polydispersity index and entrapment efficiency. Particle size and polydispersity index were observed using Particle Size Analyzer with Dynamic Light Scattering technique while entrapment efficiency was measured based on the curcumin absorbance in UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Our study concludes that microfluidic is the most effective and efficient fabrication method which produces the smallest particle size and polydispersity index compared to ultrasonication and microfluidic. The resulting particle sizes using microfluidic are 154, 140 and 132 nm with polydispersity index of 0.224; 0.200 and 0.208 in soybean, virgin coconut, and olive oil respectively. However, entrapment efficiency is best achieved using wet-ball milling method with the average value of 49±10%. Soybean oil appears to be the most curcumin solubilizing oil compared to olive and virgin coconut oil. Thus, it can be concluded that fabrication methods and carrier oils determine curcumin nanoemulsion properties.","PeriodicalId":22728,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74044781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-26DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2023.012.001.738
Retno Indriatie, W. Warsito, M. Masruri
Staphylococcus aureus causes many severe diseases, such as meningitis, lung infection, and hematogenous osteomyelitis. The prolonged use of antibiotic drugs leads to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), decreasing their effectiveness against S. aureus. Therefore, novel drugs isolated from natural products have been the focus of many researchers to solve that problem. The essential oils isolated from Vitex trifolia leaf have many pharmacological activities, including antibacterial and antifungal activities. In this research, essential oil was isolated by distillation, followed by GC-MS analysis. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was conducted using a disc diffusion test (KirbyBauer) and by molecular docking study. The essential oil yield from distillation was 0.13%, containing major compounds such as sabinene, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, αterpineol, limonene, and caryophyllene. The essential oil gave intermediate inhibition against S. aureus with a 6.91 ± 0.03 mm inhibition zone in 20 mg/mL of the sample. Using molecular docking study, caryophyllene and α-terpineol were the key compounds for inhibiting the active site of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, sortase A, and dihydrofolate reductase that are responsible for the S. aureus growth and development
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Legundi Leaf (Vitex trifolia) Essential Oil Using In-Vitro and In-Silico Methods","authors":"Retno Indriatie, W. Warsito, M. Masruri","doi":"10.21776/ub.jpacr.2023.012.001.738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2023.012.001.738","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus causes many severe diseases, such as meningitis, lung infection, and hematogenous osteomyelitis. The prolonged use of antibiotic drugs leads to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), decreasing their effectiveness against S. aureus. Therefore, novel drugs isolated from natural products have been the focus of many researchers to solve that problem. The essential oils isolated from Vitex trifolia leaf have many pharmacological activities, including antibacterial and antifungal activities. In this research, essential oil was isolated by distillation, followed by GC-MS analysis. The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was conducted using a disc diffusion test (KirbyBauer) and by molecular docking study. The essential oil yield from distillation was 0.13%, containing major compounds such as sabinene, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, αterpineol, limonene, and caryophyllene. The essential oil gave intermediate inhibition against S. aureus with a 6.91 ± 0.03 mm inhibition zone in 20 mg/mL of the sample. Using molecular docking study, caryophyllene and α-terpineol were the key compounds for inhibiting the active site of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, sortase A, and dihydrofolate reductase that are responsible for the S. aureus growth and development","PeriodicalId":22728,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85174926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.697
Dyah Suci Perwitasari, Nur Aini Fauziyah, Pardi Sampe Tola
This paper aimed to process phosphate from laundry waste to be struvite crystal by precipitation and crystallization methods. In general, phosphates are difficult to remove by conventional treatment technologies. Therefore, precipitation and crystallization methods can be an alternative choice for phosphate recovery. Precipitation and crystallization methods by adding KOH can serve to remove dissolved phosphate content in wastewater, as well as convert it into a solid form that can be reused as industrial raw materials. The research variables used were stirring temperature (25, 30, and 35 C) and stirring speed (100, 125, 150, and 200 rpm). By using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX), the analysis showed that the highest percentage of phosphate removal was at a stirring speed of 100 rpm at 30°C, which was 47.5%. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was also carried out on several samples and it was confirmed that the dominant crystal phase formed was a struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) for all samples, and secondary phase magnesium phosphate hydrate (Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O was found in a stirring speed of 100 rpm at 30°C. The morphology of the struvite crystals formed resembles irregular flakes by using SEM.
{"title":"Synthesis of Struvite Crystal (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) from Laundry Waste to Consider its Potential as a Plant Fertilizer: Stirring and Processing Temperature Effect","authors":"Dyah Suci Perwitasari, Nur Aini Fauziyah, Pardi Sampe Tola","doi":"10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.697","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aimed to process phosphate from laundry waste to be struvite crystal by precipitation and crystallization methods. In general, phosphates are difficult to remove by conventional treatment technologies. Therefore, precipitation and crystallization methods can be an alternative choice for phosphate recovery. Precipitation and crystallization methods by adding KOH can serve to remove dissolved phosphate content in wastewater, as well as convert it into a solid form that can be reused as industrial raw materials. The research variables used were stirring temperature (25, 30, and 35 C) and stirring speed (100, 125, 150, and 200 rpm). By using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX), the analysis showed that the highest percentage of phosphate removal was at a stirring speed of 100 rpm at 30°C, which was 47.5%. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was also carried out on several samples and it was confirmed that the dominant crystal phase formed was a struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) for all samples, and secondary phase magnesium phosphate hydrate (Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O was found in a stirring speed of 100 rpm at 30°C. The morphology of the struvite crystals formed resembles irregular flakes by using SEM.","PeriodicalId":22728,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74322891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.677
Ani Mulyasuryani, Rachmat Triandi, Zainul Abidin
A tube type mini electrode has been made to detect paracetamol levels in herbal medicine, the electrode is made of a glass tube with a diameter of 0.7 cm, a length of 3 cm. As the membrane is a mixture of chitosan, activated carbon from rice husk, and cetyl trimethyl ammonium (CTA)-paracetamol. The internal solution is a standard solution of 0.01 M paracetamol in a solution of phosphoric acid pH 2. The average sensitivity of the paracetamol sensor is (22.60 ± 0.01) mV/decade in a linear concentration range of 10-6 – 5x10-3 M, with an average recovery of (90.6 ± 0.5) %. Paracetamol sensor electrodes can be applied to samples of herbal medicine on the market, with an average error of (9.4 ± 0.1) %.
{"title":"Mini Electrode Based on Chitosan-Activated Carbon Membrane for Detection of Paracetamol in Herbal Medicine","authors":"Ani Mulyasuryani, Rachmat Triandi, Zainul Abidin","doi":"10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.677","url":null,"abstract":"A tube type mini electrode has been made to detect paracetamol levels in herbal medicine, the electrode is made of a glass tube with a diameter of 0.7 cm, a length of 3 cm. As the membrane is a mixture of chitosan, activated carbon from rice husk, and cetyl trimethyl ammonium (CTA)-paracetamol. The internal solution is a standard solution of 0.01 M paracetamol in a solution of phosphoric acid pH 2. The average sensitivity of the paracetamol sensor is (22.60 ± 0.01) mV/decade in a linear concentration range of 10-6 – 5x10-3 M, with an average recovery of (90.6 ± 0.5) %. Paracetamol sensor electrodes can be applied to samples of herbal medicine on the market, with an average error of (9.4 ± 0.1) %.","PeriodicalId":22728,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81007788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.656
T. Putri, M. Ali Zulfikar, D. Wahyuningrum, Iwan Syahjoko Saputra
MIPs was synthesized through microwave assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) method by using methyl methacrylate (MMA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) as porogen solvent, and (HA) as template. The MIPs was successfully synthesized according to the characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and UV spectrophotometer. FTIR shows the other functional groups peaks in the FTIR spectra of NIPs and MIPs after leaching were appeared at the wavelength of 2955 cm-1 corresponded to stretching vibration of C-H of 1459 cm-1 and 1160.06 cm-1 corresponded to the vibration bands of CH3 and O-CH3. EDS shows the MIPs after leaching have the elemental compositions of C, O, and Si with a mass of 78.34, 21.43, and 0.23%. UV spectrum shows the MIPs and NIPs have absorbance values of 0.36 nm and 0.44 nm.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) Using Humic Acid","authors":"T. Putri, M. Ali Zulfikar, D. Wahyuningrum, Iwan Syahjoko Saputra","doi":"10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.656","url":null,"abstract":"MIPs was synthesized through microwave assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) method by using methyl methacrylate (MMA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) as porogen solvent, and (HA) as template. The MIPs was successfully synthesized according to the characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and UV spectrophotometer. FTIR shows the other functional groups peaks in the FTIR spectra of NIPs and MIPs after leaching were appeared at the wavelength of 2955 cm-1 corresponded to stretching vibration of C-H of 1459 cm-1 and 1160.06 cm-1 corresponded to the vibration bands of CH3 and O-CH3. EDS shows the MIPs after leaching have the elemental compositions of C, O, and Si with a mass of 78.34, 21.43, and 0.23%. UV spectrum shows the MIPs and NIPs have absorbance values of 0.36 nm and 0.44 nm.","PeriodicalId":22728,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89640538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.644
Nur Ikhtiarini, M. Masruri, Siti Mariyah Ulfa, W. Widodo
Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate and nanocellulose acetate have been carried out. Cellulose was isolated from sengon wood powder waste using 6% NaOH solution and bleached with NaOCl. The cellulose was hydrolyzed with 60% formic acid to obtain nanocellulose. Cellulose and nanocellulose were then modified with acetic anhydride. The synthesized products were characterized by FTIR to identify organic functional groups, powder XRD to measure crystallinity, and SEM to observe surface morphology. Solubility tests in several types of solvents were also performed. The degree of substitution (DS) of cellulose acetate and nanocellulose acetate was carried out based on Indonesia’s SNI 0444:2009 method. The DS calculation show that the cellulose acetate and nanocellulose have DS of 2.9 and 2.1, respectively.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate and Nanocellulose Acetate from Sengon Agroindustrial Waste (Paraserianthes falcataria)","authors":"Nur Ikhtiarini, M. Masruri, Siti Mariyah Ulfa, W. Widodo","doi":"10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.644","url":null,"abstract":"Synthesis and characterization of cellulose acetate and nanocellulose acetate have been carried out. Cellulose was isolated from sengon wood powder waste using 6% NaOH solution and bleached with NaOCl. The cellulose was hydrolyzed with 60% formic acid to obtain nanocellulose. Cellulose and nanocellulose were then modified with acetic anhydride. The synthesized products were characterized by FTIR to identify organic functional groups, powder XRD to measure crystallinity, and SEM to observe surface morphology. Solubility tests in several types of solvents were also performed. The degree of substitution (DS) of cellulose acetate and nanocellulose acetate was carried out based on Indonesia’s SNI 0444:2009 method. The DS calculation show that the cellulose acetate and nanocellulose have DS of 2.9 and 2.1, respectively.","PeriodicalId":22728,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78186966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.691
S. Hadi, Agung D. Syakti, Didik S. Agustawijaya, Wahyu D. Silviani, Karel Pramono, R. Anungstri, J. Waworuntu
Batu Hijau mine is one of the mining areas in Indonesia that have been operated for 20 years. The main concentrate product in Batu Hijau contains the primary minerals copper (Cu) and gold (Au). However, the mine is not only processing the fresh mined ore but also store the low-grade ore in the stockpile. Therefore, this study compares the Cu recovery in different ore stockpile processing on and changes in the concentration of dissolved Cu in the tailings that potentially contaminated the environment. Chemical analysis of solid and dissolved Cu uses standard methods by strictly carrying out quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures to ensure the resulting data has high validity. The results showed that there is a slight increase in Cu’s solubility in liquid fraction of tailings and the recovery decrease when ores were processed from stockpiles. However, the recovery reduction is anticipated by flotation with controlled potential sulphidisation (CPS) using sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS). Besides, the CPS also ensure that only small amount of dissolved Cu that dumped in the tailings. Hence, the dissolved Cu concentration can be monitories to reduce the possible impact on the environment.
Batu Hijau矿是印尼开采了20年的矿区之一。Batu Hijau的主要精矿产品含有原生矿物铜(Cu)和金(Au)。然而，该矿除了对新开采的矿石进行加工外，还将低品位矿石储存在库存中。因此，本研究比较了不同矿石堆存工艺对铜的回收率和对环境有潜在污染的尾矿中溶解铜浓度的变化。固体和溶解Cu的化学分析采用标准的方法，严格执行质量保证和质量控制(QA/QC)程序，确保结果数据具有较高的有效性。结果表明:在尾矿液段中，铜的溶解度略有升高，回收率有所降低;然而，通过使用氢硫化钠(NaHS)进行控制电位硫化(CPS)浮选，预计回收率会降低。此外，CPS还保证了只有少量的溶解铜被倾倒在尾矿中。因此，溶解的铜浓度可以作为监测，以减少可能对环境的影响。
{"title":"Study of Cu Recovery Comparison of Fresh, Stockpiled, and Mixed Ores Processing in Batu Hijau Mine – Sumbawa Island, Indonesia","authors":"S. Hadi, Agung D. Syakti, Didik S. Agustawijaya, Wahyu D. Silviani, Karel Pramono, R. Anungstri, J. Waworuntu","doi":"10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.691","url":null,"abstract":"Batu Hijau mine is one of the mining areas in Indonesia that have been operated for 20 years. The main concentrate product in Batu Hijau contains the primary minerals copper (Cu) and gold (Au). However, the mine is not only processing the fresh mined ore but also store the low-grade ore in the stockpile. Therefore, this study compares the Cu recovery in different ore stockpile processing on and changes in the concentration of dissolved Cu in the tailings that potentially contaminated the environment. Chemical analysis of solid and dissolved Cu uses standard methods by strictly carrying out quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures to ensure the resulting data has high validity. The results showed that there is a slight increase in Cu’s solubility in liquid fraction of tailings and the recovery decrease when ores were processed from stockpiles. However, the recovery reduction is anticipated by flotation with controlled potential sulphidisation (CPS) using sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS). Besides, the CPS also ensure that only small amount of dissolved Cu that dumped in the tailings. Hence, the dissolved Cu concentration can be monitories to reduce the possible impact on the environment.","PeriodicalId":22728,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88948209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.703
A. Prasetyo, Andy Nur Muhammad Guntur, Suci Noerfaiqotul Himmah, N. Aini, Usman Ali Rouf, A. Aziz
Bi4Ti3O12 is a tri-layer Aurivillius member compound that was reported to have good photocatalytic properties. Metal element doping and morphological particle tuning are strategies to increase photocatalyst activity. In this research, the compound micro sheets Bi4Ti3O12 and Bi4Ti2.95V0.05O12 were synthesized using molten NaCl/KCl salt. The diffractogram shows that the Bi4Ti3O12 sample was successfully synthesized, however, there are still found impurities at the Bi4Ti2.95V0.05O12 sample. Micrographs showed that the morphology particle samples is. The results of UV-Vis DRS spectra calculation show that both samples have a band gap energy of ~2.97 eV.
{"title":"Synthesis of Microsheets Bi4Ti3O12 and Bi4Ti2.95V0.05O12 via Molten NaCl-KCl Salt Method","authors":"A. Prasetyo, Andy Nur Muhammad Guntur, Suci Noerfaiqotul Himmah, N. Aini, Usman Ali Rouf, A. Aziz","doi":"10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.703","url":null,"abstract":"Bi4Ti3O12 is a tri-layer Aurivillius member compound that was reported to have good photocatalytic properties. Metal element doping and morphological particle tuning are strategies to increase photocatalyst activity. In this research, the compound micro sheets Bi4Ti3O12 and Bi4Ti2.95V0.05O12 were synthesized using molten NaCl/KCl salt. The diffractogram shows that the Bi4Ti3O12 sample was successfully synthesized, however, there are still found impurities at the Bi4Ti2.95V0.05O12 sample. Micrographs showed that the morphology particle samples is. The results of UV-Vis DRS spectra calculation show that both samples have a band gap energy of ~2.97 eV.","PeriodicalId":22728,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76944596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.03.657
Maria Dayanti Mellanie, Tisna Harmawan, P. Wahyuningsih
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is the most produced waste among other types of waste, which is around 60% in every 100% processing of fresh fruit bunches containing heavy metals, namely ferrous metal (Fe). Montmorillonite (MMT) is one of the best adsorbents used to reduce the concentration of Fe in POME. In addition, this mineral (MMT) also has a high cation fertilization capacity so that the space between layers of MMT is able to accommodate large amounts of cations and make MMT a unique material. In this review, the assurance of the mass variety of the MMT as adsorbent and the variety of the contact time on the adsorption capacity of Fe metal in POME was resolved utilizing a Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and surface morphology analysis of MMT before and after adsorption using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Based on the results of AAS analysis, the greater the mass of the adsorbent, the higher the amount of Fe adsorbed from the POME. Moreover, the longer the contact time between MMT and Fe, the higher the amount of Fe in the palm oil mill effluent adsorbed on the adsorbent surface. The best adsorption conditions occurred at an adsorbent mass of 8.5 g MMT in 50 mL adsorbate and a contact time of 5 hours with an adsorption capacity of 0.0383 mg/g. The results of the SEM showed the presence of empty spaces in the MMT before adsorption, in which after adsorption white granules occupies the empty spaces evenly on the surface of the MMT. The granules indicate the presence of Fe metals in the POME samples which are adsorbed on the MMT surface.
棕榈油厂废水(POME)是其他类型废物中产生最多的废物，在每100%加工含有重金属(即黑色金属(Fe))的新鲜水果串中，约有60%的废物。蒙脱土(MMT)是降低POME中铁浓度的最佳吸附剂之一。此外，这种矿物(MMT)还具有很高的阳离子施肥能力，因此MMT层之间的空间能够容纳大量的阳离子，使MMT成为一种独特的材料。本文利用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了MMT吸附前后的表面形貌，分析了MMT作为吸附剂的质量变化和接触时间的变化对POME中Fe金属吸附量的影响。原子吸收光谱分析结果表明，吸附剂质量越大，POME吸附铁的量越大。此外，MMT与Fe接触时间越长，吸附在吸附剂表面的棕榈油废液中铁的含量越高。最佳吸附条件为吸附剂质量为8.5 g MMT / 50 mL，接触时间为5 h，吸附量为0.0383 mg/g。SEM结果表明，吸附前MMT表面存在空隙，吸附后白色颗粒均匀占据MMT表面的空隙。颗粒表明POME样品中存在铁金属，这些铁金属被吸附在MMT表面。
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Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.21776/ub.jpacr.2022.011.02.672
K. Ratnayani, Ni Wayan Wisaniyasa, Ni Putu Wiwik Oktayuni
Germination can activate the degradation of storage protein in legumes releasing peptides and free amino acids for seed growth. These compounds have many benefits in many fields, especially in food and health. This study aimed to determine the effect of solvent type and germination time on the level of free amino acids (FAA) and the level of peptides (MW < 10 kDa) of germinated pigeon pea extract. The extraction of free amino acids and the dissolved protein from germinated pigeon pea flour was carried out using two kinds of solvents, namely water, and 0.1 N HCl. The variation of germination times of pigeon pea seeds was carried out at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 hours. The level of FAA was determined spectrophotometrically using the ninhydrin method after the deproteination step, while the level of peptides was determined spectrophotometrically using the biuret method. The results showed that using 0.1 N HCl as a solvent produced a higher level of FAA and peptides in the extract than using water. The increase of germination time can increase the level of FAA with the peak achieved in 36 hours. The increase of germination time can increase the level of peptides with the peak of peptides level achieved on 84 hours of germination. These results showed that seed germination is a potential method for producing free amino acids and peptides which accumulate at a specific time
发芽能激活豆科植物贮藏蛋白的降解，释放多肽和游离氨基酸，促进种子生长。这些化合物在许多领域都有很多好处，特别是在食品和健康方面。本试验旨在研究不同溶剂类型和萌发时间对发芽鸽豆提取物游离氨基酸(FAA)和肽(MW < 10 kDa)水平的影响。采用水和0.1 N HCl两种溶剂对发芽鸽豆粉中的游离氨基酸和溶解蛋白进行了提取。分别在12、24、36、48、60、72、84和96 h对鸽豆种子的萌发时间进行了测定。脱蛋白后用茚三酮分光光度法测定FAA水平，双缩脲分光光度法测定多肽水平。结果表明，以0.1 N HCl为溶剂，提取液中氨基酸和肽的含量高于水。随着萌发时间的延长，种子中FAA含量增加，在36 h达到峰值。随着萌发时间的增加，多肽含量也会增加，在萌发84 h时多肽含量达到峰值。这些结果表明，种子萌发是一种潜在的产生游离氨基酸和肽的方法，这些游离氨基酸和肽在特定时间积累
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