Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10901004
S. Moores
This article analyses an innovative reinterpretation of Analects 4/15 by the mid-Qing Confucian scholar Jiao Xun 焦循 (1763–1820), in his Comprehensive Explanation of the Analects (Lunyu tongshi 論語通釋) written in 1803. According to Jiao, the “unifying thread” (yiguan 一貫) of Confucius’ teachings had been misunderstood by generations of scholars, for whom it served as a sort of pre-defined standard against which to disparage differing philosophical perspectives. Jiao condemns such a tendency, arguing that it goes against the original intentions of Confucius and represents a hindrance to the interconnectedness with others that he considers to be the basis of Confucian values. Identifying the “unifying thread” with this very interconnectedness, Jiao argues that it is only by overcoming self-interest that one is able to develop the cognitive and moral capacity to place the other at the center of humanness and consideration.
{"title":"Unifying Empathy over Predetermined Unity: Jiao Xun 焦循 (1763–1820) on the “Unifying Thread” of Confucius’ Teachings","authors":"S. Moores","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10901004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10901004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article analyses an innovative reinterpretation of Analects 4/15 by the mid-Qing Confucian scholar Jiao Xun 焦循 (1763–1820), in his Comprehensive Explanation of the Analects (Lunyu tongshi 論語通釋) written in 1803. According to Jiao, the “unifying thread” (yiguan 一貫) of Confucius’ teachings had been misunderstood by generations of scholars, for whom it served as a sort of pre-defined standard against which to disparage differing philosophical perspectives. Jiao condemns such a tendency, arguing that it goes against the original intentions of Confucius and represents a hindrance to the interconnectedness with others that he considers to be the basis of Confucian values. Identifying the “unifying thread” with this very interconnectedness, Jiao argues that it is only by overcoming self-interest that one is able to develop the cognitive and moral capacity to place the other at the center of humanness and consideration.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73277528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10901001
Xinhui Luo, Y. Pines
The concept of tianming 天命 (Mandate of Heaven/Heaven’s Mandate) is often viewed as a foundational principle of Chinese political culture. However, as paleographic and textual evidence marshalled in our article suggests, during the formative age of this culture—the Eastern Zhou period (eighth through third centuries BCE)—this concept underwent profound changes and lost much of its original appeal. With the de facto collapse of Zhou authority in 771 BCE, tianming became dissociated from the idea of singular and universal rule. Henceforth it could refer to a regional lord’s hegemonic power, or the right to rule one’s state, or just to an opportune moment or individual destiny. The very idea of Heaven as an activist deity that guaranteed political order was questioned by many, further eroding the appeal of tianming. However, the Western Zhou notion of tianming did not perish altogether. It remained “an ideology in reserve,” part of a broad toolkit of political ideas, to be rediscovered and redeployed by Han dynasty imperial ideologues.
{"title":"The Elusive Mandate of Heaven: Changing Views of Tianming 天命 in the Eastern Zhou Period","authors":"Xinhui Luo, Y. Pines","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10901001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10901001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The concept of tianming 天命 (Mandate of Heaven/Heaven’s Mandate) is often viewed as a foundational principle of Chinese political culture. However, as paleographic and textual evidence marshalled in our article suggests, during the formative age of this culture—the Eastern Zhou period (eighth through third centuries BCE)—this concept underwent profound changes and lost much of its original appeal. With the de facto collapse of Zhou authority in 771 BCE, tianming became dissociated from the idea of singular and universal rule. Henceforth it could refer to a regional lord’s hegemonic power, or the right to rule one’s state, or just to an opportune moment or individual destiny. The very idea of Heaven as an activist deity that guaranteed political order was questioned by many, further eroding the appeal of tianming. However, the Western Zhou notion of tianming did not perish altogether. It remained “an ideology in reserve,” part of a broad toolkit of political ideas, to be rediscovered and redeployed by Han dynasty imperial ideologues.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"449 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79687266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10901007
Yulian Wu
{"title":"Where Dragon Veins Meet: The Kangxi Emperor and His Estate at Rehe , by Stephen H. Whiteman","authors":"Yulian Wu","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10901007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10901007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90528675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10701008
P. Smith
{"title":"The Way of the Barbarians: Redrawing Ethnic Boundaries in Tang and Song China, by Shao-yun Yang","authors":"P. Smith","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10701008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10701008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"61 1","pages":"212-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81964900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10701003
Guojun Wang
This article considers representations of Chinese opera authors in the prefatory space of their theatrical works. Despite the longstanding tradition of portraiture and drama production in premodern China, existing materials suggest that pictorial depictions of the authors started to appear in play scripts primarily during the Qing dynasty. How are those images related to theatrical works and their authors? Instead of treating authorship as a type of ownership, this article studies the multifaceted nature of authorial images by examining the depiction of the authors’ hairstyles and clothing alongside other content in the front matter of those plays. Situating the phenomenon within the histories of Chinese drama, clothing, and book culture, this article argues that authors increasingly appeared in late imperial Chinese drama in their social roles, moving from the prefatory space to the drama script proper.
{"title":"The Prefatory Self: Images of the Author in Traditional Chinese Drama","authors":"Guojun Wang","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10701003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10701003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article considers representations of Chinese opera authors in the prefatory space of their theatrical works. Despite the longstanding tradition of portraiture and drama production in premodern China, existing materials suggest that pictorial depictions of the authors started to appear in play scripts primarily during the Qing dynasty. How are those images related to theatrical works and their authors? Instead of treating authorship as a type of ownership, this article studies the multifaceted nature of authorial images by examining the depiction of the authors’ hairstyles and clothing alongside other content in the front matter of those plays. Situating the phenomenon within the histories of Chinese drama, clothing, and book culture, this article argues that authors increasingly appeared in late imperial Chinese drama in their social roles, moving from the prefatory space to the drama script proper.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"154 1","pages":"95-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79739121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10701002
Pak-sheung Ng
The disintegration of Tang central authority and the resultant spawning of local strongmen (tuhao 土豪) shaped the socio-political nature of Yang Xingmi’s 楊行密 (852–905) bloc. Generally speaking, blocs founded by tuhao had generally been characterized by provincialism, but Yang Xingmi managed to avoid excessive reliance on a particular geographical origin. How to handle the challenges posed by recalcitrant meritorious officials was also of major concern to Yang Xingmi, and later Xu Wen 徐溫 (862–927), in the process of consolidating their authority. Thanks to a strong central army, rebellions initiated by ambitious meritorious officials were suppressed. In addition to finding methods for subjugating Yang’s recalcitrant meritorious officials, Xu Wen needed to address challenges posed by local strongmen; this article serves as a case study on the methodology of using genealogical records to examine the dynamics instrumental in shaping local history.
{"title":"On Yang Xingmi’s Bloc—With an Emphasis on Socio-political Setting, Subjugation, and Subordination","authors":"Pak-sheung Ng","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10701002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10701002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The disintegration of Tang central authority and the resultant spawning of local strongmen (tuhao 土豪) shaped the socio-political nature of Yang Xingmi’s 楊行密 (852–905) bloc. Generally speaking, blocs founded by tuhao had generally been characterized by provincialism, but Yang Xingmi managed to avoid excessive reliance on a particular geographical origin. How to handle the challenges posed by recalcitrant meritorious officials was also of major concern to Yang Xingmi, and later Xu Wen 徐溫 (862–927), in the process of consolidating their authority. Thanks to a strong central army, rebellions initiated by ambitious meritorious officials were suppressed. In addition to finding methods for subjugating Yang’s recalcitrant meritorious officials, Xu Wen needed to address challenges posed by local strongmen; this article serves as a case study on the methodology of using genealogical records to examine the dynamics instrumental in shaping local history.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"1 1","pages":"40-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79900515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10701005
Paul Fahr
{"title":"On the Meaning of shi 事 in Han Historiography","authors":"Paul Fahr","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10701005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10701005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"38 1","pages":"189-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78980421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10701004
N. Standaert
The publicly available government gazette (often called dibao 邸報) that was published in a variety of formats in imperial China has recently caught new academic interest both in China and in the West. While most of these studies focus on the Peking Gazette (jingbao 京報) in the (late) nineteenth century, information about the gazette for earlier times remains very scarce. To address this gap, the present study focuses on the gazette from the Qianlong period (1736–1795). It uses and describes both Chinese sources, specifically the tizou shijian 題奏事件, and European sources, especially the French translations of gazettes by Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot (1718–1793). A case study of translated reports on the Siku quanshu 四庫全書 sent to Europe shows how the Chinese gazette became part of a remarkable and lively global information network.
{"title":"The Chinese Gazette in European Sources from the Late Qianlong Period: The Case of the Siku Quanshu","authors":"N. Standaert","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10701004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10701004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The publicly available government gazette (often called dibao 邸報) that was published in a variety of formats in imperial China has recently caught new academic interest both in China and in the West. While most of these studies focus on the Peking Gazette (jingbao 京報) in the (late) nineteenth century, information about the gazette for earlier times remains very scarce. To address this gap, the present study focuses on the gazette from the Qianlong period (1736–1795). It uses and describes both Chinese sources, specifically the tizou shijian 題奏事件, and European sources, especially the French translations of gazettes by Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot (1718–1793). A case study of translated reports on the Siku quanshu 四庫全書 sent to Europe shows how the Chinese gazette became part of a remarkable and lively global information network.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"4 1","pages":"133-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87573655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10656p08
F. Constant
{"title":"Conflict, Community, and the State in Late Imperial Sichuan: Making Local Justice, written by Quinn Javers, 2019","authors":"F. Constant","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10656p08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10656p08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"20 1","pages":"726-730"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73896057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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