Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10345P01
Tsang Wing Ma
As a result of the increasing administrative needs in the early imperial period, the profession of scribes was liberated from being the exclusive reserve of traditional hereditary families and opened to aspirants from non-hereditary families. Based on the excavated legal and administrative texts from Liye, Shuihudi, and Zhangjiashan, this paper explores the complementary nature of the scribes and assistants to understand the opening of the scribal profession. This paper also coins a concept of “administrative literacy,” which suggests that the materiality of written surfaces is a significant factor in understanding the literacy of administrative officials in early imperial China. Du fait des besoins croissants de l’administration aux debuts de l’epoque imperiale, la profession de scribe a cesse d’etre l’apanage des familles qui traditionnellement en avaient l’acces exclusif, et a ete ouverte a des candidats venus d’autres familles. En se fondant sur les documents administratifs et juridiques exhumes a Liye, Shuihudi et Zhangjiashan, cet article explore la nature complementaire des roles de scribe et d’assistant, en vue de comprendre une telle ouverture de la profession de scribe. Ce faisant, il propose le concept de “competence administrative” et suggere que la materialite des supports d’ecriture etait un facteur important pour comprendre les niveaux de competence des fonctionnaires de l’administration aux debuts de l’ere imperiale.
{"title":"Scribes, Assistants, and the Materiality of Administrative Documents in Qin-Early Han China: Excavated Evidence from Liye, Shuihudi, and Zhangjiashan","authors":"Tsang Wing Ma","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10345P01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10345P01","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the increasing administrative needs in the early imperial period, the profession of scribes was liberated from being the exclusive reserve of traditional hereditary families and opened to aspirants from non-hereditary families. Based on the excavated legal and administrative texts from Liye, Shuihudi, and Zhangjiashan, this paper explores the complementary nature of the scribes and assistants to understand the opening of the scribal profession. This paper also coins a concept of “administrative literacy,” which suggests that the materiality of written surfaces is a significant factor in understanding the literacy of administrative officials in early imperial China. Du fait des besoins croissants de l’administration aux debuts de l’epoque imperiale, la profession de scribe a cesse d’etre l’apanage des familles qui traditionnellement en avaient l’acces exclusif, et a ete ouverte a des candidats venus d’autres familles. En se fondant sur les documents administratifs et juridiques exhumes a Liye, Shuihudi et Zhangjiashan, cet article explore la nature complementaire des roles de scribe et d’assistant, en vue de comprendre une telle ouverture de la profession de scribe. Ce faisant, il propose le concept de “competence administrative” et suggere que la materialite des supports d’ecriture etait un facteur important pour comprendre les niveaux de competence des fonctionnaires de l’administration aux debuts de l’ere imperiale.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"1 1","pages":"297-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88539262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10345P12
Georges Favraud
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Confucian Rituals and Chinese Villagers: Ritual Change and Social Transformation in a Southeastern Chinese Community, 1368-1949, written by Yonghua Liu, 2013 Georges Favraud
{"title":"Confucian Rituals and Chinese Villagers: Ritual Change and Social Transformation in a Southeastern Chinese Community, 1368-1949 , written by Yonghua Liu, 2013","authors":"Georges Favraud","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10345P12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10345P12","url":null,"abstract":"HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Confucian Rituals and Chinese Villagers: Ritual Change and Social Transformation in a Southeastern Chinese Community, 1368-1949, written by Yonghua Liu, 2013 Georges Favraud","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"128 1","pages":"502-505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87962619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10345P07
Michèle Pirazzoli-t’Serstevens
{"title":"The People between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200-750 CE , written by Catherine Churchman, 2016","authors":"Michèle Pirazzoli-t’Serstevens","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10345P07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10345P07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"81 3 1","pages":"477-481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88014999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10345P08
Michael Nylan
{"title":"Lectures et usages de la Grande Étude, edited by Anne Cheng, with Damien Morier-Genoud, 2015","authors":"Michael Nylan","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10345P08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10345P08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"385 1","pages":"482-484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84983747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10345P03
Stephen Owen
Buddhism was often a theme in poetry, especially when writing to monks and on Buddhist sites; it was sometimes a deep conviction on the part of individual poets that contributed to the way they represented the world. There was a period, however, from the ninth through early eleventh century, when Chan meditation shaped how poets thought about the very way of writing poetry. The common use of the [Buddhist] “Way” or Chan in parallel with “poetry” in couplets from this period worked through the possible relations: identity, similarity, complementarity, and mutual exclusion. But the presumption was that the composition of poetry was the counterpart of Chan meditation. Such serious reflection on the relation between Chan meditation practice and poetry eventually devolved into Yan Yu’s thirteenth-century comparison of Chan sectarian doctrine with the study of poetry. Le bouddhisme est un theme tres frequent dans la poesie chinoise, en particulier quand le poete ecrit a un moine ou au sujet d’un site bouddhique. Il constitue dans certains cas une conviction profonde qui contribue fortement a forger la representation du monde telle que le poete l’exprime en vers. Il y eut cependant une epoque, entre le ixe et le debut du xie siecle, ou la meditation Chan a faconne la facon meme dont les poetes concevaient l’ecriture poetique. L’usage frequent des termes “Voie” (bouddhique) ou Chan en parallele avec celui de “poesie” dans les couplets de cette epoque couvre la gamme de leurs relations possibles: identite, similarite, complementarite et exclusion mutuelle. L’hypothese commune a ces diverses options etait que l’ecriture poetique etait l’homologue de la meditation Chan. Ces reflexions elaborees sur les rapports entre les pratiques de la meditation Chan et de la poesie ont debouche au xiiie siecle sur la comparaison menee par Yan Yu entre la doctrine Chan et l’etude de la poesie.
佛教经常是诗歌的主题，尤其是在给僧侣和佛教遗址写信时;有时是诗人个人的一种深刻的信念决定了他们表现世界的方式。然而，从公元9世纪到11世纪初，有一段时期，禅宗冥想影响了诗人对写诗方式的思考。从这一时期开始，在对联中普遍使用“道”或“禅”与“诗”并列，通过可能的关系:同一性、相似性、互补性和互斥性。但假设是，诗歌的创作是禅宗冥想的对应物。这种对禅修与诗歌之间关系的严肃思考，最终演变为严羽在十三世纪对禅宗教义与诗歌研究的比较。 主题店是中国诗人经常光顾的地方，尤其是主题店和主题店。在某些情况下，如果一个人被定罪，他将构成犯罪，这对他的罪行有很大的帮助。我想说的是，在一个时代里，我的诗是独一无二的，我的诗是独一无二的，我的诗是独一无二的，我的诗是独一无二的。使用频繁的术语“Voie”(时尚)、“Chan en parallel”、“poesie”、“couplets”、“cette epoque”、“couvre”、“gamme”、“leurs”关系的可能性:认同、相似、互补、排斥。假设公社有不同的选择，例如，文学，诗学，冥想，禅。他的反思阐述了他的关系、他的实践、他的冥想、他的诗歌、他的诗学、他的诗学、他的诗学、他的诗学、他的诗学、他的诗学、他的诗学、他的诗学、他的诗学。
{"title":"How Did Buddhism Matter in Tang Poetry","authors":"Stephen Owen","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10345P03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10345P03","url":null,"abstract":"Buddhism was often a theme in poetry, especially when writing to monks and on Buddhist sites; it was sometimes a deep conviction on the part of individual poets that contributed to the way they represented the world. There was a period, however, from the ninth through early eleventh century, when Chan meditation shaped how poets thought about the very way of writing poetry. The common use of the [Buddhist] “Way” or Chan in parallel with “poetry” in couplets from this period worked through the possible relations: identity, similarity, complementarity, and mutual exclusion. But the presumption was that the composition of poetry was the counterpart of Chan meditation. Such serious reflection on the relation between Chan meditation practice and poetry eventually devolved into Yan Yu’s thirteenth-century comparison of Chan sectarian doctrine with the study of poetry.\u2029Le bouddhisme est un theme tres frequent dans la poesie chinoise, en particulier quand le poete ecrit a un moine ou au sujet d’un site bouddhique. Il constitue dans certains cas une conviction profonde qui contribue fortement a forger la representation du monde telle que le poete l’exprime en vers. Il y eut cependant une epoque, entre le ixe et le debut du xie siecle, ou la meditation Chan a faconne la facon meme dont les poetes concevaient l’ecriture poetique. L’usage frequent des termes “Voie” (bouddhique) ou Chan en parallele avec celui de “poesie” dans les couplets de cette epoque couvre la gamme de leurs relations possibles: identite, similarite, complementarite et exclusion mutuelle. L’hypothese commune a ces diverses options etait que l’ecriture poetique etait l’homologue de la meditation Chan. Ces reflexions elaborees sur les rapports entre les pratiques de la meditation Chan et de la poesie ont debouche au xiiie siecle sur la comparaison menee par Yan Yu entre la doctrine Chan et l’etude de la poesie.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"17 1","pages":"388-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87154234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10345P05
E. Kajdański
Following the author’s previous work on reconstituting the transmission to Europe, disappearance, and eventual publication under other names of the Polish Jesuit Michael Boym’s manuscript work on Chinese medicine, this article recounts the recent discovery of some of these manuscripts. They are kept at the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow, and were originally part of the Chinese Library of the Elector of Brandenburg, where they were acquired from Dutch officials who had earlier bought them from the Jesuit Philippe Couplet (who had obtained them from Boym’s last companion). The complex story of these manuscripts’ travels documents the keen interest in Chinese medicine among the many competing European powers and institutions in the seventeenth century; it also shows that we should be careful in assessing whether the publication of Boym’s seminal work under other names was willful plagiarism, or a result of contemporary tensions and confusion. Cet article fait suite aux travaux anterieurs de l’auteur sur la transmission en Europe, la disparition puis la publication sous d’autres noms des travaux manuscrits sur la medecine chinoise du jesuite polonais Michael Boym. Il relate la decouverte recente d’une partie de ces manuscrits dans la bibliotheque Jagiellonienne a Cracovie, et montre qu’ils viennent de l’ancienne bibliotheque chinoise du Grand Electeur de Brandebourg, ou ils ont ete originellement acquis aupres d’officiers hollandais qui les avaient achetes aupres du jesuite Philippe Couplet, qui lui-meme les avait obtenus du dernier compagnon de Boym a la mort de celui-ci. L’histoire complexe des voyages de ces manuscrits met en lumiere le fort interet pour la medecine chinoise de la part des diverses puissances et institutions europeennes du 17e siecle, alors en vive concurrence ; elle nous engage aussi a la prudence quant aux jugements que l’on peut porter sur la publication des travaux pionniers de Boym sous d’autres noms, qui doit autant aux tensions et confusions politiques du temps qu’a un plagiat intentionnel.
继作者之前对波兰耶稣会士迈克尔·博伊姆(Michael Boym)的中医手稿传播到欧洲、消失并最终以其他名义出版的工作进行重建之后，本文叙述了最近发现的一些手稿。它们保存在克拉科夫的雅盖隆图书馆，最初是勃兰登堡选帝侯中文图书馆的一部分，在那里它们是从荷兰官员那里获得的，这些官员早些时候从耶稣会士菲利普·库普特(他从博伊姆的最后一个同伴那里得到了它们)那里购买了它们。这些手稿旅行的复杂故事记录了17世纪许多相互竞争的欧洲大国和机构对中医的浓厚兴趣;它还表明，我们应该谨慎评估，以其他名字发表博伊姆的开创性作品是故意抄袭，还是当代紧张局势和混乱的结果。文章《欧洲医学传播的作者文集》、《波兰医学的作者文集》、《波兰医学的作者文集》、《波兰医学的作者文集》等。我将介绍最近的一件事，那就是为克拉科维的雅盖隆尼图书馆的手稿提供支持;为布兰德堡的大选派的中国古代图书馆提供支持;为荷兰官员提供支持;为菲利普·库涅特的耶稣教堂提供支持;为博伊姆的大学提供支持;为celui-ci提供支持。L 'histoire complex des voyages de des手稿met en lumiere le forternet pour la medicine de la part des不同的出版物和机构，欧洲和17世纪，许多人甚至活跃的会议;elle常识也参与了审慎定量辅助jugements波特的我们可以在洛杉矶发表des减速pionniers de Boym真空其他提名,doit autant辅助紧张等混乱政治du瞿临时工萨那联合国plagiat intentionnel。
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Pub Date : 2017-08-28DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10313P08
Jean-Pierre Drège
{"title":"A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture. (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 4, China, vol. 31.), edited by Antje Richter","authors":"Jean-Pierre Drège","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10313P08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10313P08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"20 1","pages":"279-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87243505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-28DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10313P10
Mark R. E. Meulenbeld
{"title":"Oedipal God: The Chinese Nezha and his Indian Origins, written by Meir Shahar","authors":"Mark R. E. Meulenbeld","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10313P10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10313P10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"27 1","pages":"291-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83381533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-28DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10313P01
K. Li
After annexing his opponent states, the Qin First Emperor in 221 bce issued an edict to regulate the measurement system of lengths, volumes, and weights throughout the empire. This edict was inscribed on a great number of metal objects to be used as prototypes or standards for the measurement system. How the molds for the weights and crucibles of metal were prepared are essential questions regarding the production of these standards. By examining the weights and tracing the history of their industrial production, this article focuses on studying their material features, which enable us to understand the operation of the Qin foundries that produced them and their relationships with the government. It is hypothesized that the weights were produced at multiple local workshops rather than in a centrally administered factory, but that the foundries’ production methods were determined by the government’s political agenda to communicate its regulation policy to its subordinates. In addition, the study explores the Qin industrial organization and how the maintenance and large-scale distribution of the standardized weights reflected the policy implementation of the Qin empire. Apres avoir annexe les Etats qui s’opposaient encore a lui, le premier empereur des Qin promulgua en 221 avant notre ere un edit qui fixait les systemes de mesure pour les longueurs, volumes et poids dans tout l’empire. Cet edit fut grave sur un grand nombre d’objets metalliques devant servir de prototypes ou d’etalon. L’une des questions essentielles que pose la production de ces poids-etalons est la facon dont etaient prepares les moules pour faconner les poids et les creusets ou etait fondu le metal. En examinant les poids-etalons qui ont subsiste et en retracant l’histoire de leur production industrielle, cet article concentre l’attention sur leur materialite, ce qui nous permet de comprendre le fonctionnement des fonderies des Qin qui les ont produites, et leurs rapports avec le gouvernement. Il avance l’hypothese que les poids furent produits dans de nombreux ateliers locaux plutot que dans une fonderie centrale administree par l’Etat, mais que les methodes de production mises en œuvre par ces ateliers etaient determinees par le gouvernement, qui avait pour objectif de faire systematiquement connaitre et appliquer ses reglementations a ses subordonnes. De plus, cet article explore l’organisation industrielle des Qin et la facon dont l’entretien et la distribution a grande echelle des poids standardises refletent plus largement les methodes de mise en œuvre des politiques decidees par l’Etat imperial des Qin.
在吞并了他的对手国家之后，秦始皇于公元前221年颁布了一项法令，规定了整个帝国的长度、体积和重量的测量系统。这个诏书被刻在大量的金属物体上，作为测量系统的原型或标准。如何准备金属砝码和坩埚的模具是制作这些标准的关键问题。本文通过考察其重量和追溯其工业生产的历史，重点研究其材料特征，使我们能够了解生产它们的秦代铸造厂的运作以及它们与政府的关系。据推测，这些重量是在多个地方车间生产的，而不是在一个中央管理的工厂生产的，但铸造厂的生产方法是由政府的政治议程决定的，以向其下属传达其监管政策。此外，研究还探讨了秦国的产业组织，以及标准化权重的维持和大规模分布如何反映秦国的政策执行。“Apres avoir annexe les Etats quis ' opposent encore a lui”，“le premier emperor des Qin”颁布“avant notre - ere unedit qui fixit”，“les systemes de measure pour les longuurs”，“volumes et poids dans tout l 'empire”。我们编辑了一份关于“物体”、“金属”、“液体”和“原型”的文件。L 'une des questions essentielles que pose a production de des poids- etons est la facon / tetainent / tetainent / tetainent / tetainent / tetainent / tetainent / teteme / teteme / teteme / teteme同时考察了各种类型的金属制品，包括金属制品、金属制品、金属制品、金属制品、金属制品、金属制品、金属制品、金属制品、金属制品、金属制品、金属制品等。我将提出一种假设，即对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设，对现有产品进行假设。此外，本文还探讨了秦国“组织工业”与“企业”与“分布”、“大梯队”与“标准”、“反映”与“大梯队”、“方法”与“政治决定”与“秦国帝国”的关系。
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Pub Date : 2017-08-28DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10313P05
Zinan Yan
Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799, r. 1735-1795) published his imperial poetry collections at regular intervals during his reign. This article reconstructs the gradual process of routinization of these activities through a close reading of the collections’ prefaces and postscripts. Understanding this process helps us to understand the subtlety of the intra-court communications between Qianlong and his officials, which contextualizes how Qianlong’s intent was delivered, received, and actualized in courtly practice. This routinization process also had a certain influence upon Qianlong and his successors, and suggests a possible reason behind Qianlong’s large poetry production. L’empereur Qianlong (1711-1799, r. 1735-1795) a publie regulierement au cours de son regne des collections de ses poemes. Se fondant sur une etude des prefaces et postfaces de ces collections, cet article reconstruit le processus qui a mene progressivement a etablir des procedures routinieres en vue de telles publications. Ce processus nous permet de mieux saisir la complexite des communications au sein de la Cour entre Qianlong et ses hauts fonctionnaires, et de contextualiser les manieres dont les projets de l’empereur etaient exprimes, compris et mis en œuvre au sein de la Cour. Une telle routinisation a en retour influence les pratiques de Qianlong et de ses successeurs, et suggere une raison credible pour la grande abondance de la production poetique de Qianlong.
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