Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10905006
Leigh Jenco
Chen Di’s 1606 masterwork of historical phonology, Investigations of the Ancient Pronunciations of the Mao Odes, has been identified as foundational for Qing dynasty text-critical scholarship, providing systematic evidence for historical sound change via comparative analysis of the Odes’ rhyme schemes. I argue, however, that this research was motivated and shaped by Neo-Confucian xinxue commitments to embodied moral knowledge, typically seen at odds with later Qing approaches. Both Chen and his Taizhou school collaborator Jiao Hong located the moral substance of a text not in the intention of its sagely authors, but rather in the authentic emotional experiences prompted by its historically specific phonological and narrative features. Although recent scholarship has begun to reveal how xinxue fostered philological enquiry to reveal universal sagely truths, less well recognized is how xinxue could also motivate investigation of historical contexts—unsettling the division of moral concerns from the production of textual and historical knowledge.
{"title":"Chen Di’s Investigations of the Ancient Pronunciations of the Mao Odes (Mao Shi guyin kao) and Textual Research in the Late Ming","authors":"Leigh Jenco","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10905006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10905006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Chen Di’s 1606 masterwork of historical phonology, Investigations of the Ancient Pronunciations of the Mao Odes, has been identified as foundational for Qing dynasty text-critical scholarship, providing systematic evidence for historical sound change via comparative analysis of the Odes’ rhyme schemes. I argue, however, that this research was motivated and shaped by Neo-Confucian xinxue commitments to embodied moral knowledge, typically seen at odds with later Qing approaches. Both Chen and his Taizhou school collaborator Jiao Hong located the moral substance of a text not in the intention of its sagely authors, but rather in the authentic emotional experiences prompted by its historically specific phonological and narrative features. Although recent scholarship has begun to reveal how xinxue fostered philological enquiry to reveal universal sagely truths, less well recognized is how xinxue could also motivate investigation of historical contexts—unsettling the division of moral concerns from the production of textual and historical knowledge.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"28 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10905004
Richard J. Sage
One of the common traits ancient speculative Daoist texts share is their aversion to a society based on Confucian morals. The Liezi’s anecdote about Huazi has often been cited as prime example for this attitude and its inherent yearning for a return to the Dao. Remarkably, one of the most radical interpretations of this passage was authored by a high-ranking member of the Northern Song imperial court. Combining references to other classics with Buddhist concepts and terminology to expound a mysticism rooted in the Daoist tradition, Fan Zhixu’s 范致虛 (?–1129) commentary is not only a masterpiece of exegetical literature, but also provides valuable insights into the unique intellectual atmosphere at and around Emperor Huizong’s court. This case study serves as introduction to Fan’s forgotten work and simultaneously to a widely neglected set of sources regarding the religio-political developments during Huizong’s controversial reign.
{"title":"We don’t need no (Confucian) education! A Northern Song Reading of the Liezi","authors":"Richard J. Sage","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10905004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10905004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the common traits ancient speculative Daoist texts share is their aversion to a society based on Confucian morals. The Liezi’s anecdote about Huazi has often been cited as prime example for this attitude and its inherent yearning for a return to the Dao. Remarkably, one of the most radical interpretations of this passage was authored by a high-ranking member of the Northern Song imperial court. Combining references to other classics with Buddhist concepts and terminology to expound a mysticism rooted in the Daoist tradition, Fan Zhixu’s 范致虛 (?–1129) commentary is not only a masterpiece of exegetical literature, but also provides valuable insights into the unique intellectual atmosphere at and around Emperor Huizong’s court. This case study serves as introduction to Fan’s forgotten work and simultaneously to a widely neglected set of sources regarding the religio-political developments during Huizong’s controversial reign.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139009280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10905002
Xiaofei Tian
The turn of the eighth century witnessed, for the first time in Chinese history, a concentration of poems written by exiled courtiers. In an era when mobility was limited by curfews, passes, and vehicular technologies, banishment to faraway places, accomplished by a decreed use of exclusionary post-station horses, ironically became a sanctioned and expedited means of traversing new territories. Through the poetic texts circulated via the highly developed post-station system, the empire’s center in the north became more connected to its distant margins than ever before. This article argues that these poems, characterized by centripetalism and constituting a petitionary genre, contributed to a new way of envisioning the empire as a whole and in its totality, and if we define “court” as a field of dynamic power relations, then these poems are court poetry, whose definition must be expanded to reflect the catholic nature of the term “court” itself.
{"title":"The Penumbra of the Great Tang: Poetry from the Margins of the Empire at the Turn of the Eighth Century","authors":"Xiaofei Tian","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10905002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10905002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The turn of the eighth century witnessed, for the first time in Chinese history, a concentration of poems written by exiled courtiers. In an era when mobility was limited by curfews, passes, and vehicular technologies, banishment to faraway places, accomplished by a decreed use of exclusionary post-station horses, ironically became a sanctioned and expedited means of traversing new territories. Through the poetic texts circulated via the highly developed post-station system, the empire’s center in the north became more connected to its distant margins than ever before. This article argues that these poems, characterized by centripetalism and constituting a petitionary genre, contributed to a new way of envisioning the empire as a whole and in its totality, and if we define “court” as a field of dynamic power relations, then these poems are court poetry, whose definition must be expanded to reflect the catholic nature of the term “court” itself.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"22 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10905003
Laurent Van Cutsem
This article explores the textual history and genealogical claims in the Quanzhou Qianfo xinzhu zhuzushi song 泉州千佛新著諸祖師頌 (Or.8210/S.1635), a collection of encomia composed by Wendeng 文僜 (d. 972) that documents the formation of the so-called “southern” Chan lineage and provides a crucial link between the Baolin zhuan 寶林傳 and the Zutang ji 祖堂集. The focus of this paper is on reexamining the potentially layered nature of Wendeng’s work based on the preface by Huiguan 慧觀 (d.u.), internal evidence from the Dunhuang manuscript, and related accounts in Chan records and local gazetteers. In addition, this study investigates the genealogical glosses in S.1635 and suggests that these were probably not authored by Wendeng and therefore cannot be taken as evidence of his understanding of the pedigree of the presumed successors to Huineng 慧能 (638–713).
{"title":"The Quanzhou Qianfo xinzhu zhuzushi song (Or.8210/S.1635): Manuscript, Textual History, and Genealogy","authors":"Laurent Van Cutsem","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10905003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10905003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the textual history and genealogical claims in the Quanzhou Qianfo xinzhu zhuzushi song 泉州千佛新著諸祖師頌 (Or.8210/S.1635), a collection of encomia composed by Wendeng 文僜 (d. 972) that documents the formation of the so-called “southern” Chan lineage and provides a crucial link between the Baolin zhuan 寶林傳 and the Zutang ji 祖堂集. The focus of this paper is on reexamining the potentially layered nature of Wendeng’s work based on the preface by Huiguan 慧觀 (d.u.), internal evidence from the Dunhuang manuscript, and related accounts in Chan records and local gazetteers. In addition, this study investigates the genealogical glosses in S.1635 and suggests that these were probably not authored by Wendeng and therefore cannot be taken as evidence of his understanding of the pedigree of the presumed successors to Huineng 慧能 (638–713).","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10905007
Charles Sanft
{"title":"Books of Fate and Popular Culture in Early China: The Daybook Manuscripts of the Warring States, Qin, and Han , by Donald Harper and Marc Kalinowski (eds.)","authors":"Charles Sanft","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10905007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10905007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10905005
Shoufu Yin
The Qing court produced an extensive history of the Ming empire in the Manchu language, which has survived in manuscript form in the Palace Museum under the title Ming gurun i suduri (History of the Ming State). Based on a close reading of this manuscript and scrutiny of related archival documents, this article elaborates on three observations. First, the Ming gurun i suduri resulted from the earliest stage (1645–1669) of the Qing compilation of the Ming history. With a primary focus on producing a chronicle in Manchu, it exemplifies the mid-seventeenth-century development of Inner Asian historiography. Second, it recounts Ming history by juxtaposing and connecting translated extracts from the Ming shilu 明實錄 (Ming Veritable Records) whenever it exists. This approach that combines compiling and translating, in effect, offers a reassessment of key political events and figures. Third, in light of the Ming gurun i suduri thus contextualized, the 1739 Ming shi 明史 (Ming History) is best seen as a product of a century-long history of negotiation (1645–1739) during which the ideological agenda and intellectual achievements of the early Qing court gradually sank into oblivion.
清朝宫廷用满语编写了一部内容广泛的明朝帝国史，以《明国史》（Ming gurun i suduri）为题，以手稿形式保存在故宫博物院。基于对该手稿的细读和对相关档案文件的研究，本文阐述了三点看法。首先，《明史》产生于清朝编纂明史的最早阶段（1645-1669 年）。该书以满文编年为主，是 17 世纪中期内亚史学发展的典范。其次，该书通过并列和连接《明实录》的翻译摘录来叙述明史。这种编译结合的方法实际上是对主要政治事件和人物的重新评估。第三，从《明实录》的背景来看，1739 年的《明史》最好被视为长达一个世纪的谈判历史（1645-1739 年）的产物，在此期间，清初宫廷的意识形态议程和思想成就逐渐被遗忘。
{"title":"The Early Qing Compilation of the Ming History in Manchu: The Contexts, Contents, and Significance of the Ming gurun i suduri","authors":"Shoufu Yin","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10905005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10905005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Qing court produced an extensive history of the Ming empire in the Manchu language, which has survived in manuscript form in the Palace Museum under the title Ming gurun i suduri (History of the Ming State). Based on a close reading of this manuscript and scrutiny of related archival documents, this article elaborates on three observations. First, the Ming gurun i suduri resulted from the earliest stage (1645–1669) of the Qing compilation of the Ming history. With a primary focus on producing a chronicle in Manchu, it exemplifies the mid-seventeenth-century development of Inner Asian historiography. Second, it recounts Ming history by juxtaposing and connecting translated extracts from the Ming shilu 明實錄 (Ming Veritable Records) whenever it exists. This approach that combines compiling and translating, in effect, offers a reassessment of key political events and figures. Third, in light of the Ming gurun i suduri thus contextualized, the 1739 Ming shi 明史 (Ming History) is best seen as a product of a century-long history of negotiation (1645–1739) during which the ideological agenda and intellectual achievements of the early Qing court gradually sank into oblivion.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"3 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139006765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10905001
Luke Waring
Recent scholarship has advanced our understanding of the Han dynasty’s most important textual repositories, including the distinctions between libraries and archives and the roles they played in early manuscript culture. There is no comprehensive survey in English, however, of the main facilities where different manuscripts were stored in the two Han capitals, Chang’an and Luoyang. This article seeks answers to key questions: Where were these facilities located? Who worked there and how was one appointed? What kinds of activities took place in them? I confirm the findings of scholars who have shown that there is scant evidence for editing or scholastic activity in the main textual repositories before late Western Han, and that even after Emperor Cheng’s reign, textual production, curation, and instruction were distributed between multiple centers that were often in competition with one another.
{"title":"From Stone Canal to Orchid Terrace: Libraries and Archives in the Two Han Capitals","authors":"Luke Waring","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10905001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10905001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recent scholarship has advanced our understanding of the Han dynasty’s most important textual repositories, including the distinctions between libraries and archives and the roles they played in early manuscript culture. There is no comprehensive survey in English, however, of the main facilities where different manuscripts were stored in the two Han capitals, Chang’an and Luoyang. This article seeks answers to key questions: Where were these facilities located? Who worked there and how was one appointed? What kinds of activities took place in them? I confirm the findings of scholars who have shown that there is scant evidence for editing or scholastic activity in the main textual repositories before late Western Han, and that even after Emperor Cheng’s reign, textual production, curation, and instruction were distributed between multiple centers that were often in competition with one another.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"42 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10903004
Sangyop Lee
Abstract This paper is the first in-depth study of Shi Sengwei’s 釋僧衛 (fl. late fourth and early fifth centuries) “ Shizhu jing hanzhu xu” 十住經含注序. By situating Sengwei’s text in the proper intellectual-historical context and proposing crucial emendations in its surviving recensions, I analyze its ontological and psychological claims that advance a unique metaphysical theory that explains the emergence of sense objects and individual minds as the result of the interaction between “one reality” ( yifa 一法) and “one mind” ( yixin 一心). I then identify philosophical and phraseological influences of Huiyuan’s 慧遠 (334–416) theory of the imperishability of the soul ( shen bumie 神不滅) on Sengwei’s thought, and furthermore argue that Sengwei’s “one mind” was the source of the theory of the “one mind” in the Dasheng qi xin lun 大乘起信論.
{"title":"Empty Reality, Luminous Mind: The Metaphysics of “One Reality” and “One Mind” in Shi Sengwei’s “Shizhu jing hanzhu xu”","authors":"Sangyop Lee","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10903004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10903004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is the first in-depth study of Shi Sengwei’s 釋僧衛 (fl. late fourth and early fifth centuries) “ Shizhu jing hanzhu xu” 十住經含注序. By situating Sengwei’s text in the proper intellectual-historical context and proposing crucial emendations in its surviving recensions, I analyze its ontological and psychological claims that advance a unique metaphysical theory that explains the emergence of sense objects and individual minds as the result of the interaction between “one reality” ( yifa 一法) and “one mind” ( yixin 一心). I then identify philosophical and phraseological influences of Huiyuan’s 慧遠 (334–416) theory of the imperishability of the soul ( shen bumie 神不滅) on Sengwei’s thought, and furthermore argue that Sengwei’s “one mind” was the source of the theory of the “one mind” in the Dasheng qi xin lun 大乘起信論.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135097762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10903003
Fei Huang
Abstract Despite the long-standing interest in hot springs in China, this subject has remained understudied. This article explores how the most famous hot springs in China, the Huaqing Hot Springs 華清池 at Mount Li 驪山, were selectively reused and negotiated by different social groups from the tenth to the nineteenth century. It retraces the historical process of reconstructions at the Huaqing Hot Springs by local officials, religious practitioners, literati, and local inhabitants after the Huaqing palaces were abandoned by the Tang central court. In the post-Tang life of the Huaqing Hot Springs, the long-term co-existence of activities between various social classes and across the gender divide are deeply rooted in the local everyday usage of the hot springs. This article reveals multiple transformations within continuity in reimaging and reconstructing the hot springs landscape in Chinese history.
{"title":"Bathing through Time and Landscape: Everyday Encounters and Reconstructions at Huaqing Hot Springs (1000–1900)","authors":"Fei Huang","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10903003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10903003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite the long-standing interest in hot springs in China, this subject has remained understudied. This article explores how the most famous hot springs in China, the Huaqing Hot Springs 華清池 at Mount Li 驪山, were selectively reused and negotiated by different social groups from the tenth to the nineteenth century. It retraces the historical process of reconstructions at the Huaqing Hot Springs by local officials, religious practitioners, literati, and local inhabitants after the Huaqing palaces were abandoned by the Tang central court. In the post-Tang life of the Huaqing Hot Springs, the long-term co-existence of activities between various social classes and across the gender divide are deeply rooted in the local everyday usage of the hot springs. This article reveals multiple transformations within continuity in reimaging and reconstructing the hot springs landscape in Chinese history.","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135097787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1163/15685322-10903006
Richard G. Wang
{"title":"Heavenly Masters: Two Thousand Years of the Daoist State , by Vincent Goossaert","authors":"Richard G. Wang","doi":"10.1163/15685322-10903006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10903006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23193,"journal":{"name":"T'oung Pao","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135097795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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