Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43583
D. Bhattarai
The Purpose of this study is to measure the impact of capital adequacy ratio i.e., core capital ratio, supplementary capital ratio, and total capital fund ratio; financial performance i.e., return on assets and return on equity as well as their relationship. It has also focused on effect of capital adequacy ratio on financial performance of commercial banks in Nepal. Descriptive and casual comparative research design has been used in this study. It is based on secondary sources of data. The data were collected from annual audit report of twenty-six commercial banks from fiscal year 2012/13 to 2018/19 out of twenty-seven. Rastriya Banijya Bank has been excluded in this study due to the unavailability of annual audit report. Total number of observations were 182. The mean range, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation analysis, and regression analysis statistical tools were used in this study. This study reveals that the return on equity is highly scattered in comparison to return on equity. Supplementary capital is highly spread in comparison to core capital ratio. There is low degree of positive relationship of return on assets with core capital ratio and supplementary capital ratio. There is low degree of positive relationship of return on equity and supplementary capital however low degree of inverse relationship in between return on equity and core capital. Core capital ratio and total capital fund ratio positively influence on return on assets and return on equity.
{"title":"Capital Adequacy Ratio and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Nepal","authors":"D. Bhattarai","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43583","url":null,"abstract":"The Purpose of this study is to measure the impact of capital adequacy ratio i.e., core capital ratio, supplementary capital ratio, and total capital fund ratio; financial performance i.e., return on assets and return on equity as well as their relationship. It has also focused on effect of capital adequacy ratio on financial performance of commercial banks in Nepal. Descriptive and casual comparative research design has been used in this study. It is based on secondary sources of data. The data were collected from annual audit report of twenty-six commercial banks from fiscal year 2012/13 to 2018/19 out of twenty-seven. Rastriya Banijya Bank has been excluded in this study due to the unavailability of annual audit report. Total number of observations were 182. The mean range, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation analysis, and regression analysis statistical tools were used in this study. This study reveals that the return on equity is highly scattered in comparison to return on equity. Supplementary capital is highly spread in comparison to core capital ratio. There is low degree of positive relationship of return on assets with core capital ratio and supplementary capital ratio. There is low degree of positive relationship of return on equity and supplementary capital however low degree of inverse relationship in between return on equity and core capital. Core capital ratio and total capital fund ratio positively influence on return on assets and return on equity.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77290984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pratibha Sharma, Jeneriya Chaudhary, Rakshya Ghimire, D. Sharma, R. Khadka
Objective: The main objective is to isolate Lactic acid bacteria from traditional fermented food of Kathmandu valley and to study their antimicrobial properties by agar well diffusion method. Methods: A total of 30 samples of 4 different types of traditional fermented food (Gundruk and sinki, Pickles and Dahi) were obtained from Kathmandu valley and processed in Microbiology Laboratory of Padma Kanya Multiple Campus. For identification of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Gram staining, catalase and motile tests were done. In the carbohydrate fermentation test, all isolates were processed for fermentation of glucose, lactose, sucrose and fructose. Bacteriocin was extracted by precipitation method. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity of Lactic acid bacterial (LAB) was done by agar well diffusion method. Results: A total of 21 LAB isolates were identified which were 10 Lactobacillus spp (47.6%), 8 Pediococcus spp (38.0%) and 3 Streptococcus spp (14.3%). The antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin showed inhibitory activity against Shigella spp, Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp but did not show inhibition to Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. For the quality control, the antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin was done on ATCC (25923) Staphylococcus aureus. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin while resistant to nalidixic acid and Co-trimoxazole. Conclusion: The present study showed the bacteriocin produced by LAB from traditional fermented food (Gundruk and Sinki, yogurt and Pickle) showed antimicrobial activity against different bacteria which underline its important role in improving food quality and increasing safety.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Fermented Food","authors":"Pratibha Sharma, Jeneriya Chaudhary, Rakshya Ghimire, D. Sharma, R. Khadka","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41199","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The main objective is to isolate Lactic acid bacteria from traditional fermented food of Kathmandu valley and to study their antimicrobial properties by agar well diffusion method.\u0000Methods: A total of 30 samples of 4 different types of traditional fermented food (Gundruk and sinki, Pickles and Dahi) were obtained from Kathmandu valley and processed in Microbiology Laboratory of Padma Kanya Multiple Campus. For identification of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Gram staining, catalase and motile tests were done. In the carbohydrate fermentation test, all isolates were processed for fermentation of glucose, lactose, sucrose and fructose. Bacteriocin was extracted by precipitation method. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity of Lactic acid bacterial (LAB) was done by agar well diffusion method.\u0000Results: A total of 21 LAB isolates were identified which were 10 Lactobacillus spp (47.6%), 8 Pediococcus spp (38.0%) and 3 Streptococcus spp (14.3%). The antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin showed inhibitory activity against Shigella spp, Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp but did not show inhibition to Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. For the quality control, the antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin was done on ATCC (25923) Staphylococcus aureus. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin while resistant to nalidixic acid and Co-trimoxazole.\u0000Conclusion: The present study showed the bacteriocin produced by LAB from traditional fermented food (Gundruk and Sinki, yogurt and Pickle) showed antimicrobial activity against different bacteria which underline its important role in improving food quality and increasing safety.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83044582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43514
D. Dangal, R. Gajurel
The major intend of this study is to investigate the volatility clustering in NEPSE index. To reach the conclusion, 3392 annually observed time series data from 1 June 2006 to 7 April 2021 were obtained from various volume of annual trading report of Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) and website of NEPSE and symmetric Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models––GARCH (1,1), GARCH-M (1,1) and asymmetric GARCH family models––TGARCH (1,1), EGARCH (1,1), and PGARCH (1,1) were employed. The stylized facts confirm that the volatility clustering and leverage effect on the return of NEPSE index are existed. The empirical analysis reveals that the positive correlation between volatility and the expected return of NEPSE index in terms of risk premium and then conditional variance process is persistent. The empirical results also show that the symmetric model is better fitted to full sampled period and asymmetric GARCH family models to before-and after-earthquake sampled period. This study covers the larger dataset which is divided into different episodes with different economic condition of Nepal and thus, it is assumed to be a purely an initial work on Nepalese stock exchange.
{"title":"Volatility of Daily Nepal Stock Exchange (Nepse) Index Return: A Garch Family Models","authors":"D. Dangal, R. Gajurel","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43514","url":null,"abstract":"The major intend of this study is to investigate the volatility clustering in NEPSE index. To reach the conclusion, 3392 annually observed time series data from 1 June 2006 to 7 April 2021 were obtained from various volume of annual trading report of Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) and website of NEPSE and symmetric Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models––GARCH (1,1), GARCH-M (1,1) and asymmetric GARCH family models––TGARCH (1,1), EGARCH (1,1), and PGARCH (1,1) were employed. The stylized facts confirm that the volatility clustering and leverage effect on the return of NEPSE index are existed. The empirical analysis reveals that the positive correlation between volatility and the expected return of NEPSE index in terms of risk premium and then conditional variance process is persistent. The empirical results also show that the symmetric model is better fitted to full sampled period and asymmetric GARCH family models to before-and after-earthquake sampled period. This study covers the larger dataset which is divided into different episodes with different economic condition of Nepal and thus, it is assumed to be a purely an initial work on Nepalese stock exchange.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83083747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46647
कुश्मिला Kushmila आचार्य Acharya
प्रस्तुत लेख आधारभूत तहमा गरिने निरन्तर मूल्याङ्कनको सान्दर्भिकतासँगसम्बन्धित छ । विद्यार्थीहरूमा सुनाइ, बोलाइ, पढाइपछि लेखाइ सिपको विकास गराउनु भाषाशिक्षणको प्रमुख उद्देश्य हो । यी चारवटा सिपहरूको उपयुक्त तरिकाले विकास गराउन भाषिक मूल्याङ्कनको आवश्यकता पर्दछ । गुणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरी लेखिएको यस लेखको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कनका साधनहरू रहेको छ । यस लेखमा विशेषगरी आधारभूत तहमा निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कन गर्दा अपनाइने साधनहरूको सान्दर्भिकतालाई समीक्षात्मक रूपमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । कक्षा कार्यकलाप वा सहभागिता, विद्यार्थी हाजिरी,सिर्जनात्मक कार्य, व्यवहार परिवर्तन, गृहकार्य, हाजिरी जवाफ, छलफल, अन्तक्र्रिया, अवलोकन,एकाइ र त्रैमासिक परीक्षाहरू आदि निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कनका विधि र साधनहरूकोआधारभूत तह (कक्षा छ, सात र आठ) सँग जोडेर यहाँ विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस तहकाविद्यार्थीका निरन्तर मूल्याङ्कनको आवश्यकता, समस्या र त्यसको समाधानका उपायहरूकोपनि यथोचित रूपमा समीक्षात्मक विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । त्यसबाट आधारभूत तहमा निरन्तरविद्यार्थीका साधनहरूको सान्दर्भिकताको अवस्था सकारात्मक रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएकोछ । आधारभूत तहमा भाषा शिक्षण गर्न र यसका बारेमा जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न भएका सम्पूर्ण सरोकारवालाहरूमा यो लेख उपयोगी सावित हुने विश्वास लिइएको छ ।
{"title":"आधारभूत तहको भाषाशिक्षणमा निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कनको सान्दर्भिकता {Continuing student in basic level language learning Relevance of evaluation}","authors":"कुश्मिला Kushmila आचार्य Acharya","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46647","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत लेख आधारभूत तहमा गरिने निरन्तर मूल्याङ्कनको सान्दर्भिकतासँगसम्बन्धित छ । विद्यार्थीहरूमा सुनाइ, बोलाइ, पढाइपछि लेखाइ सिपको विकास गराउनु भाषाशिक्षणको प्रमुख उद्देश्य हो । यी चारवटा सिपहरूको उपयुक्त तरिकाले विकास गराउन भाषिक मूल्याङ्कनको आवश्यकता पर्दछ । गुणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरी लेखिएको यस लेखको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कनका साधनहरू रहेको छ । यस लेखमा विशेषगरी आधारभूत तहमा निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कन गर्दा अपनाइने साधनहरूको सान्दर्भिकतालाई समीक्षात्मक रूपमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । कक्षा कार्यकलाप वा सहभागिता, विद्यार्थी हाजिरी,सिर्जनात्मक कार्य, व्यवहार परिवर्तन, गृहकार्य, हाजिरी जवाफ, छलफल, अन्तक्र्रिया, अवलोकन,एकाइ र त्रैमासिक परीक्षाहरू आदि निरन्तर विद्यार्थी मूल्याङ्कनका विधि र साधनहरूकोआधारभूत तह (कक्षा छ, सात र आठ) सँग जोडेर यहाँ विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस तहकाविद्यार्थीका निरन्तर मूल्याङ्कनको आवश्यकता, समस्या र त्यसको समाधानका उपायहरूकोपनि यथोचित रूपमा समीक्षात्मक विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । त्यसबाट आधारभूत तहमा निरन्तरविद्यार्थीका साधनहरूको सान्दर्भिकताको अवस्था सकारात्मक रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएकोछ । आधारभूत तहमा भाषा शिक्षण गर्न र यसका बारेमा जिज्ञासा उत्पन्न भएका सम्पूर्ण सरोकारवालाहरूमा यो लेख उपयोगी सावित हुने विश्वास लिइएको छ ।","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73049360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46594
D. Khadgi
Elderly is the vulnerable age; and their health status and well-being is an important area of concern which is reflected by Quality of Life (QOL). With the increasing population of the aged in developed as well as developing world, proportion of elderly living in old age homes is also in increasing trend due to migration of children and nuclear family concept. The objective of the study waste assesses the QOL of the elderly people residing in old age homes at Biratnagar with the use of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Cross-sectional descriptive study including the census of the elderly living at selected old age homes was used. Data was collected from the 57 elderly meeting the inclusion criteria through face to face interview by using interview guide. The findings of the study showed that the participants were of age group from 60 and above, and 66.70%of them were female. Among 57 respondents, 42 (76.39%) were married and 15(23.61%) were unmarried. Of those married, nearly half of them (47.61%) had no children. More than 1/3 rd (71.92%) of the respondents were illiterate and nearly half (45.61%) of them were involved in agriculture in the past. As perceived by the elderly themselves, the overall quality of life was found to be good in less than half (42.10%) and overall quality of health score was found to be satisfied in more than half (59.64%) of them. Also, the study has revealed higher score in physical domain and psychological domain which reflects that the components of these domains as physical needs, health needs, religious and spiritual needs, financial needs have been addressed. Thus, it can be concluded that quality of life is perceived good by less than half and quality of health is perceived satisfactory by more than half with higher score in physical and psychological domain. However, they are in need of social support and relationship which can be promoted to some extent by inculcating the content of geriatric care in school curriculum. Also, there should be provision of visit to geriatric centers so that awareness regarding this area could be raised.
{"title":"Quality of Life of Elderly Residing at Old Age Homes of Biratnagar Metropolitan City","authors":"D. Khadgi","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46594","url":null,"abstract":"Elderly is the vulnerable age; and their health status and well-being is an important area of concern which is reflected by Quality of Life (QOL). With the increasing population of the aged in developed as well as developing world, proportion of elderly living in old age homes is also in increasing trend due to migration of children and nuclear family concept. The objective of the study waste assesses the QOL of the elderly people residing in old age homes at Biratnagar with the use of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Cross-sectional descriptive study including the census of the elderly living at selected old age homes was used. Data was collected from the 57 elderly meeting the inclusion criteria through face to face interview by using interview guide. The findings of the study showed that the participants were of age group from 60 and above, and 66.70%of them were female. Among 57 respondents, 42 (76.39%) were married and 15(23.61%) were unmarried. Of those married, nearly half of them (47.61%) had no children. More than 1/3 rd (71.92%) of the respondents were illiterate and nearly half (45.61%) of them were involved in agriculture in the past. As perceived by the elderly themselves, the overall quality of life was found to be good in less than half (42.10%) and overall quality of health score was found to be satisfied in more than half (59.64%) of them. Also, the study has revealed higher score in physical domain and psychological domain which reflects that the components of these domains as physical needs, health needs, religious and spiritual needs, financial needs have been addressed. Thus, it can be concluded that quality of life is perceived good by less than half and quality of health is perceived satisfactory by more than half with higher score in physical and psychological domain. However, they are in need of social support and relationship which can be promoted to some extent by inculcating the content of geriatric care in school curriculum. Also, there should be provision of visit to geriatric centers so that awareness regarding this area could be raised.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75285587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabina Chhunju, Tulsi Nayaju, Kabita Bhandari, Khadga Bikram Angbuhang, B. Lekhak, K. Prajapati, U. Shrestha, M. Upreti
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria in lower respiratory tract infections and study the biofilm producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: This study was conducted at B & B Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Lalitpur, Nepal from February to September 2018. The samples were collected from the patients (n=420) with signs and symptoms suggestive of LRTIs. The isolated organisms were identified and antimicrobial sensitivity was performed. Among all the isolates, P. aeruginosa isolates were subjected for biofilm detection by microtitre plate method. Results: Out of 420 specimens, 90 (21.6%) were culture positive. Klebsiella pneumoniae (42.9%) was found to be the predominant organism with higher rate of resistance to antibiotics. A total of 25 isolates of P. aeruginosa were isolated among which 15 (60%) were biofilm producers. Biofilm-producing isolates of P. aeruginosa were found more resistant to the tested antibiotics. Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria were found to be the predominant etiological agents in causing the LRTIs; K. pneumoniae, being the most commonly isolated bacteria. Most P. aeruginosa were capable of producing the biofilm. The biofilm producers were more resistant to the antibiotics. The biofilm may help increase the resistivity nature of the bacteria.
{"title":"Biofilm Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections","authors":"Sabina Chhunju, Tulsi Nayaju, Kabita Bhandari, Khadga Bikram Angbuhang, B. Lekhak, K. Prajapati, U. Shrestha, M. Upreti","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41191","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Gram-negative bacteria in lower respiratory tract infections and study the biofilm producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. \u0000Methods: This study was conducted at B & B Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Lalitpur, Nepal from February to September 2018. The samples were collected from the patients (n=420) with signs and symptoms suggestive of LRTIs. The isolated organisms were identified and antimicrobial sensitivity was performed. Among all the isolates, P. aeruginosa isolates were subjected for biofilm detection by microtitre plate method.\u0000Results: Out of 420 specimens, 90 (21.6%) were culture positive. Klebsiella pneumoniae (42.9%) was found to be the predominant organism with higher rate of resistance to antibiotics. A total of 25 isolates of P. aeruginosa were isolated among which 15 (60%) were biofilm producers. Biofilm-producing isolates of P. aeruginosa were found more resistant to the tested antibiotics.\u0000Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria were found to be the predominant etiological agents in causing the LRTIs; K. pneumoniae, being the most commonly isolated bacteria. Most P. aeruginosa were capable of producing the biofilm. The biofilm producers were more resistant to the antibiotics. The biofilm may help increase the resistivity nature of the bacteria.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87128519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: To determine anti-biofilm effect of fresh garlic extract (FGE) on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm production and the relationship between methicillin resistance and biofilm production intensity. Methods: Clinical S. aureus isolates were identified methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) by cefoxitin disc diffusion method. The anti-biofilm effects of FGE on S. aureus biofilm biomass determination was done using crystal violet assay. Results: Among 71 S. aureus isolates, MRSA were 37 (52.1%). Among biofilm producers, comparison of biofilm biomass (absorbance at 492 nm) showed no significant differences in biofilm formation ability between MRSA and MSSA (p=0.325). Use of 10% FGE decreased biofilm production in MRSA and MSSA by 40.4% (p<0.001) and 48.1% (p<0.001) respectively. Detachment assay using sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that control group biofilm biomass was decreased by 41.2%, while test group was decreased by 61.7% (p<0.001). Conclusion: Garlic extracts has potency as an anti-biofilm agent and could be developed and used to manage different S. aureus biofilm related infections.
{"title":"Determination of Inhibitory Effects of Allium sativum Extract on Biofilm Production by Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates","authors":"Ashim Rai, Meha Raj Banjara","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41200","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To determine anti-biofilm effect of fresh garlic extract (FGE) on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm production and the relationship between methicillin resistance and biofilm production intensity.\u0000Methods: Clinical S. aureus isolates were identified methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) by cefoxitin disc diffusion method. The anti-biofilm effects of FGE on S. aureus biofilm biomass determination was done using crystal violet assay.\u0000Results: Among 71 S. aureus isolates, MRSA were 37 (52.1%). Among biofilm producers, comparison of biofilm biomass (absorbance at 492 nm) showed no significant differences in biofilm formation ability between MRSA and MSSA (p=0.325). Use of 10% FGE decreased biofilm production in MRSA and MSSA by 40.4% (p<0.001) and 48.1% (p<0.001) respectively. Detachment assay using sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that control group biofilm biomass was decreased by 41.2%, while test group was decreased by 61.7% (p<0.001).\u0000Conclusion: Garlic extracts has potency as an anti-biofilm agent and could be developed and used to manage different S. aureus biofilm related infections.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79419148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43629
परशुराम प्रसाद Parashuram Prasad पौडेल: Poudel
वाद्यवादनमा तबलावादन सङ्गीतक्षेत्रको अभिन्न अङ्ग रही आएको छ । ताल विनासङ्गीतका अन्य क्षेत्रहरू गायन, सुरवादन तथा नृत्य अधुरो मानिन्छ । पूर्वीय सङ्गीतको क्षेत्रमा तालसम्बन्धी साङ्गीतिक प्रस्तुतिको मुख्य माध्यमको रूपमा तबला वादनलाई प्रमुख प्राथमिकतादिइँदै आइरहेको पाइन्छ । परम्परागत रूपबाट तबलामा विभिन्न घरानाका वादन शैलीहरूलाईआजको स्थितिसम्म ल्याउनको लागि पुरूष तबला वादकहरू झैँ महिला तबला वादकहरूकोपनि भूमिका रहेको छ । ती प्रत्यक्ष अप्रत्यक्ष भूमिकाले यथार्थपरक परिवेशलाई उजागर गरेकाछन् र आजको स्थितिमा ल्याएका छन् । आधा आकाश ढाकेर रहेका यस सृष्टिका अभिन्न अङ्गतथा सृष्टि र सृजनामा अपरिहार्य एवं अनिवार्य भूमिका वहन गर्दै आइरहेका नारी शक्तिकोसङ्गीत जगत्को तबला वादनको क्षेत्रमा पनि उत्तिकै सशक्त भूमिका देखिन्छ आफ्नो तन, मनर धनको बलिदान गर्दै आइरहेका नारीका प्रशस्त उदाहरणहरू यथार्थमा यत्रतत्र भेटिएकातथ्यहरूलाई जानकारीमा ल्याउनु यसको मुख्य ध्येय रहेको छ । {The music industry. Without rhythm Other areas of music such as singing, melody and dance are considered incomplete. Rhythm in the field of Eastern music Tabla playing as the main medium of related musical presentation is a major priority It is being given. Traditionally the tabla has been played by different families Female tabla players like male tabla players to bring it to today's situation There is also a role. These direct and indirect roles have exposed the realistic environment Are and have brought to today's situation. An integral part of this creation covering half the sky And the power of women who have been playing an indispensable and indispensable role in creation and creation Your body and mind play an equally powerful role in the field of tabla playing in the world of music And there are plenty of examples of women sacrificing money Its main goal is to bring the facts to light.}
{"title":"नेपालमा नारी तबलावादक र चुनौतीहरू {Women tabla players and challenges in Nepal}","authors":"परशुराम प्रसाद Parashuram Prasad पौडेल: Poudel","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43629","url":null,"abstract":"वाद्यवादनमा तबलावादन सङ्गीतक्षेत्रको अभिन्न अङ्ग रही आएको छ । ताल विनासङ्गीतका अन्य क्षेत्रहरू गायन, सुरवादन तथा नृत्य अधुरो मानिन्छ । पूर्वीय सङ्गीतको क्षेत्रमा तालसम्बन्धी साङ्गीतिक प्रस्तुतिको मुख्य माध्यमको रूपमा तबला वादनलाई प्रमुख प्राथमिकतादिइँदै आइरहेको पाइन्छ । परम्परागत रूपबाट तबलामा विभिन्न घरानाका वादन शैलीहरूलाईआजको स्थितिसम्म ल्याउनको लागि पुरूष तबला वादकहरू झैँ महिला तबला वादकहरूकोपनि भूमिका रहेको छ । ती प्रत्यक्ष अप्रत्यक्ष भूमिकाले यथार्थपरक परिवेशलाई उजागर गरेकाछन् र आजको स्थितिमा ल्याएका छन् । आधा आकाश ढाकेर रहेका यस सृष्टिका अभिन्न अङ्गतथा सृष्टि र सृजनामा अपरिहार्य एवं अनिवार्य भूमिका वहन गर्दै आइरहेका नारी शक्तिकोसङ्गीत जगत्को तबला वादनको क्षेत्रमा पनि उत्तिकै सशक्त भूमिका देखिन्छ आफ्नो तन, मनर धनको बलिदान गर्दै आइरहेका नारीका प्रशस्त उदाहरणहरू यथार्थमा यत्रतत्र भेटिएकातथ्यहरूलाई जानकारीमा ल्याउनु यसको मुख्य ध्येय रहेको छ । \u0000{The music industry. Without rhythm Other areas of music such as singing, melody and dance are considered incomplete. Rhythm in the field of Eastern music Tabla playing as the main medium of related musical presentation is a major priority It is being given. Traditionally the tabla has been played by different families Female tabla players like male tabla players to bring it to today's situation There is also a role. These direct and indirect roles have exposed the realistic environment Are and have brought to today's situation. An integral part of this creation covering half the sky And the power of women who have been playing an indispensable and indispensable role in creation and creation Your body and mind play an equally powerful role in the field of tabla playing in the world of music And there are plenty of examples of women sacrificing money Its main goal is to bring the facts to light.}","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83893580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Chaturwedi, Shivani L Goyal, Poonam Yadav, Anuradha Sharma, R. Chaudhary
Objective: Antibiotic toxicity and multi drug resistant pathogens are the two greatest challenges that today's medical world has been facing. As a consequence of the haphazard use of antimicrobials, the spread of antimicrobial resistance is now a global issue. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial activity of some common spices. Methods: During the study period Five commonly used spices were collected from local market of Lagankhel, Lalitpur. The antimicrobial activity of selected naturally grown spices was done against two gram positive and three gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The extracts of the spices were obtained by using absolute ethanol (99.9%) to carry out the antibacterial susceptibility assay using agar well diffusion method. Results: The result of agar well diffusion method showed Clove and Cinnamon were found to possess relatively higher antimicrobial activities by preventing the growth of all 5 tested bacteria. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to spices than Gram negative bacteria. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that extract of spices can be alternative to synthetic drugs to control infectious diseases.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Some Common Spices","authors":"S. Chaturwedi, Shivani L Goyal, Poonam Yadav, Anuradha Sharma, R. Chaudhary","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41190","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Antibiotic toxicity and multi drug resistant pathogens are the two greatest challenges that today's medical world has been facing. As a consequence of the haphazard use of antimicrobials, the spread of antimicrobial resistance is now a global issue. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial activity of some common spices.\u0000Methods: During the study period Five commonly used spices were collected from local market of Lagankhel, Lalitpur. The antimicrobial activity of selected naturally grown spices was done against two gram positive and three gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The extracts of the spices were obtained by using absolute ethanol (99.9%) to carry out the antibacterial susceptibility assay using agar well diffusion method.\u0000Results: The result of agar well diffusion method showed Clove and Cinnamon were found to possess relatively higher antimicrobial activities by preventing the growth of all 5 tested bacteria. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to spices than Gram negative bacteria.\u0000Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that extract of spices can be alternative to synthetic drugs to control infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85490654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People in Nepal speak different languages. English is taught as a compulsory subject up to bachelor level. Writing skill in compulsory English occupies 40% weightage in class XI syllabus. This research was conducted with the main purposes of analysing the writing tasks and writing serves various purposes in a person’s everyday life. Its role is vital for upgrading students and job placement. It has been prescribed in English textbooks for higher secondary level across four subject streams and finding out the English teaching learning processes in the development of writing skills. The study had been delimited to the Kathmandu Valley. The sample comprised Class XI students. Mixed methods were utilized for gathering data such as questionnaire for students, test, students’ interview, teachers’ opinionnaire, teachers’ interview and class observation. All the higher secondary school teachers of English of the sample schools and 25 students of four streams were the respondents. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 and the t-test. The nature of exercises related to writing in textbooks of Class XI is almost similar, sequential and aims at developing creative writing. Science students performed the best of all on the test followed by Management, Arts and Education students. Almost all the informants expressed that writing grammatically correct sentences is of top most importance. Most of the teachers used process methodology in teaching writing. All informants interviewed expressed writing as a vital skill but it lacks separate classes.
{"title":"A Study of Written English in Nepal","authors":"R. Singh","doi":"10.3126/TUJ.V35I2.36199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/TUJ.V35I2.36199","url":null,"abstract":"People in Nepal speak different languages. English is taught as a compulsory subject up to bachelor level. Writing skill in compulsory English occupies 40% weightage in class XI syllabus. This research was conducted with the main purposes of analysing the writing tasks and writing serves various purposes in a person’s everyday life. Its role is vital for upgrading students and job placement. It has been prescribed in English textbooks for higher secondary level across four subject streams and finding out the English teaching learning processes in the development of writing skills. The study had been delimited to the Kathmandu Valley. The sample comprised Class XI students. Mixed methods were utilized for gathering data such as questionnaire for students, test, students’ interview, teachers’ opinionnaire, teachers’ interview and class observation. All the higher secondary school teachers of English of the sample schools and 25 students of four streams were the respondents. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 and the t-test. The nature of exercises related to writing in textbooks of Class XI is almost similar, sequential and aims at developing creative writing. Science students performed the best of all on the test followed by Management, Arts and Education students. Almost all the informants expressed that writing grammatically correct sentences is of top most importance. Most of the teachers used process methodology in teaching writing. All informants interviewed expressed writing as a vital skill but it lacks separate classes.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74755918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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