Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46598
K. Acharya
It is widely accepted fact that rural roads have the most significant role in poverty reduction as they provide physical access to the rural population. Without the physical access, the rural population is being deprived from obtaining different services like health, education, drinking water, etc. In addition, lack of link between the rural areas and the market also creates the constraints on agricultural production and other economic activities. There is the knowledge gap as how the rural people can be benefited from the rural roads and what economic advantages are accessible from it. Thus this study is an attempt to explore how rural road helps in the creation of employment opportunities, reduction of input costs, increase in production and decrease in wastage and provide access to market and helps in poverty reduction. This study reveals that the rural road in the study area has significant impact on poverty reduction. From F-test, T-test, correlation as well as regression statistical analysis, it was concluded that there is significant relation of increase in income, reduction in time to market, occupation, and number of working age family members with the increase in savings. It can be claimed that this study has met its objectives of studying the impacts of rural road in poverty reduction.
{"title":"Effects of Road Construction in Nepal","authors":"K. Acharya","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46598","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely accepted fact that rural roads have the most significant role in poverty reduction as they provide physical access to the rural population. Without the physical access, the rural population is being deprived from obtaining different services like health, education, drinking water, etc. In addition, lack of link between the rural areas and the market also creates the constraints on agricultural production and other economic activities. There is the knowledge gap as how the rural people can be benefited from the rural roads and what economic advantages are accessible from it. Thus this study is an attempt to explore how rural road helps in the creation of employment opportunities, reduction of input costs, increase in production and decrease in wastage and provide access to market and helps in poverty reduction. This study reveals that the rural road in the study area has significant impact on poverty reduction. From F-test, T-test, correlation as well as regression statistical analysis, it was concluded that there is significant relation of increase in income, reduction in time to market, occupation, and number of working age family members with the increase in savings. It can be claimed that this study has met its objectives of studying the impacts of rural road in poverty reduction.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84042805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subash Paudel, Prashanna Adhikari, Sanjay Singh K.C., U. Shrestha, P. K. Shah
Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance pattern and biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from different clinical specimens and to study on association of drug resistance pattern with biofilm formation. Methods: A total of 944 clinical samples from patients attending Sahid Gangalal National Heart Center were processed from September 2019 to March 2020 to identify possible bacterial pathogens following standard microbiological procedures. K. pneumonaie isolates were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Biofilm formation was evaluated by tissue culture plate technique. Results: Of the total 944 samples, 15.47% (146) samples showed bacterial growth, among which 23.97% (35) were K. pneumoniae. Out of 35 K. pneumoniae isolates, 45.71% (16) were multidrug-resistant and 42.86% (15) were extensively drug-resistant. Sixty percent (21) of K. pneumoniae feebly produced biofilm. Significant association was observed between biofilm production and exhibition of multidrug resistance (p value<0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of antibiotics resistant K. pneumoniae in hospital setting is high and alarming. Significant association between drug resistance pattern and biofilm production implicates need of an immediate response to limit growth and spread of drug resistant microbes in clinical settings.
{"title":"Antibiogram and Biofilm Development among Klebsiella pneumoniae from Clinical Isolates","authors":"Subash Paudel, Prashanna Adhikari, Sanjay Singh K.C., U. Shrestha, P. K. Shah","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41198","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance pattern and biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from different clinical specimens and to study on association of drug resistance pattern with biofilm formation.\u0000Methods: A total of 944 clinical samples from patients attending Sahid Gangalal National Heart Center were processed from September 2019 to March 2020 to identify possible bacterial pathogens following standard microbiological procedures. K. pneumonaie isolates were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Biofilm formation was evaluated by tissue culture plate technique.\u0000Results: Of the total 944 samples, 15.47% (146) samples showed bacterial growth, among which 23.97% (35) were K. pneumoniae. Out of 35 K. pneumoniae isolates, 45.71% (16) were multidrug-resistant and 42.86% (15) were extensively drug-resistant. Sixty percent (21) of K. pneumoniae feebly produced biofilm. Significant association was observed between biofilm production and exhibition of multidrug resistance (p value<0.05).\u0000Conclusion: Prevalence of antibiotics resistant K. pneumoniae in hospital setting is high and alarming. Significant association between drug resistance pattern and biofilm production implicates need of an immediate response to limit growth and spread of drug resistant microbes in clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74441962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43515
Dr.Khom Raj Kharel, Y. M. Upadhyaya
This study aims to examine how the cottage and small scale industries (CSIs)boosting the national economy of Nepal. As per various studies, CSIs play a great role for empowering Nepalese economy in terms of employment generation, resources mobilization, capital mobilization as well as import substitution of Nepalese foreign trade. The study has explored the contribution of these industries in the diversified areas. Development and promotion of cottage and small industries enhance significant impact on national economy having drastic effects on job creation and resources utilization in Nepal. Descriptive and analytical research design has been applied to analyse the data by using simple statistical tools. The results show that there have been positive influences on employment generation and capital mobilization in Nepalese economy. The study demands that there should be paid more attention toward the development of CSIs for increasing contribution of these industries boosting national economy.
{"title":"Contribution of Cottage and Small Scale Industries for Boosting Nepalese Economy","authors":"Dr.Khom Raj Kharel, Y. M. Upadhyaya","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43515","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine how the cottage and small scale industries (CSIs)boosting the national economy of Nepal. As per various studies, CSIs play a great role for empowering Nepalese economy in terms of employment generation, resources mobilization, capital mobilization as well as import substitution of Nepalese foreign trade. The study has explored the contribution of these industries in the diversified areas. Development and promotion of cottage and small industries enhance significant impact on national economy having drastic effects on job creation and resources utilization in Nepal. Descriptive and analytical research design has been applied to analyse the data by using simple statistical tools. The results show that there have been positive influences on employment generation and capital mobilization in Nepalese economy. The study demands that there should be paid more attention toward the development of CSIs for increasing contribution of these industries boosting national economy.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90652813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43631
बुद्धराज Buddharaj खनिया Khaniya
प्रस्तुत लेखमा गुरुङ भाषाको वाक्य संरचनालाई नेपाली भाषासँग तुलना गरेर तिनमापाइने समानता र भिन्नताहरू केलाइएको छ । यो अनुसन्धान लेख गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानकोस्थलगत एवम् पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययनमा आधारित छ । यसमा प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक दुबैस्रोतको उपयोग गरी तथ्य सङ्कलन गरिएको थियो जस अनुसार लमजुङ जिल्लाका गुरुङमातृभाषीहरूबाट प्राथमिक तथ्य र गुरुङ र नेपाली भाषाका व्याकरण एवम् सम्बन्धितलेख रचनाहरूबाट द्वितीयक तथ्यहरू सङ्कलन गरिएको थियो । यसरी सङ्कलन गरिएकातथ्यहरूलाई तुलनात्मक तथा व्यतिरेकी विश्लेषणको सैद्धान्तिक आधारमा वर्णनात्मक विधिअनुसार व्याख्या विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अध्ययनबाट एउटा उद्देश्य र एउटा विधेयद्वारा बनेकागुरुङ र नेपाली भाषाका सरल वाक्यको निर्माण भएको पाइन्छ जसले एउटा मात्र धारणा दिएकोछ । त्यस्तै नेपाली र गुरुङ भाषामा एर, ई–सी, दै–दै, नु, ने–ब, न, दा–र जस्ता प्रत्यय लागेरबनेका असमापिका क्रियाहरू प्रयोग भएर जटिल बाक्य बनेको देखिन्छ । त्यसैगरी नेपाली रगुरुङ भाषामा र–दे, पनि–ए, तर–धब्ये, अन्यथा–नत्र बिस्याँ, त्यसैले–छतसी, चाहिँ–च्येँ, न–न,कि कि–उ उ जस्ता संयोकजले दुइटा स्वतन्त्र वाक्यलाई जोडेर संयुक्त वाक्य बनेको पाइन्छ ।त्यस्तै नेपाली र गुरुङ भाषामा एउटा स्वतन्त्र उपवाक्य र अर्को आश्रित उपवाक्यलाई भन्नेकुरा–बिब ताँ, भनाइमा–बिबर, भने–बिन्याँ, किनभने–तलेबिस्याँ, कि–उ, भनेर–बिसी, जसलेत्यसले–खबइ चल, जुन त्यही–ख्येब चए, जे त्यो–तो च, जस्तो त्यस्तो–खैली छैली, जसरीत्यसरी–खले छले, जहाँ जहाँ त्यहाँ त्यहाँ–खन खन चरे चरे जस्ता सापेक्ष संयोजकले जोडेरमिश्र वाक्य बनेको देखिन्छ ।
{"title":"वाक्यका आधारमा गुरुङ र नेपाली भाषाको तुलना {Comparison of Gurung and Nepali Language on the basis of Sentences}","authors":"बुद्धराज Buddharaj खनिया Khaniya","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43631","url":null,"abstract":"प्रस्तुत लेखमा गुरुङ भाषाको वाक्य संरचनालाई नेपाली भाषासँग तुलना गरेर तिनमापाइने समानता र भिन्नताहरू केलाइएको छ । यो अनुसन्धान लेख गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानकोस्थलगत एवम् पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययनमा आधारित छ । यसमा प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक दुबैस्रोतको उपयोग गरी तथ्य सङ्कलन गरिएको थियो जस अनुसार लमजुङ जिल्लाका गुरुङमातृभाषीहरूबाट प्राथमिक तथ्य र गुरुङ र नेपाली भाषाका व्याकरण एवम् सम्बन्धितलेख रचनाहरूबाट द्वितीयक तथ्यहरू सङ्कलन गरिएको थियो । यसरी सङ्कलन गरिएकातथ्यहरूलाई तुलनात्मक तथा व्यतिरेकी विश्लेषणको सैद्धान्तिक आधारमा वर्णनात्मक विधिअनुसार व्याख्या विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अध्ययनबाट एउटा उद्देश्य र एउटा विधेयद्वारा बनेकागुरुङ र नेपाली भाषाका सरल वाक्यको निर्माण भएको पाइन्छ जसले एउटा मात्र धारणा दिएकोछ । त्यस्तै नेपाली र गुरुङ भाषामा एर, ई–सी, दै–दै, नु, ने–ब, न, दा–र जस्ता प्रत्यय लागेरबनेका असमापिका क्रियाहरू प्रयोग भएर जटिल बाक्य बनेको देखिन्छ । त्यसैगरी नेपाली रगुरुङ भाषामा र–दे, पनि–ए, तर–धब्ये, अन्यथा–नत्र बिस्याँ, त्यसैले–छतसी, चाहिँ–च्येँ, न–न,कि कि–उ उ जस्ता संयोकजले दुइटा स्वतन्त्र वाक्यलाई जोडेर संयुक्त वाक्य बनेको पाइन्छ ।त्यस्तै नेपाली र गुरुङ भाषामा एउटा स्वतन्त्र उपवाक्य र अर्को आश्रित उपवाक्यलाई भन्नेकुरा–बिब ताँ, भनाइमा–बिबर, भने–बिन्याँ, किनभने–तलेबिस्याँ, कि–उ, भनेर–बिसी, जसलेत्यसले–खबइ चल, जुन त्यही–ख्येब चए, जे त्यो–तो च, जस्तो त्यस्तो–खैली छैली, जसरीत्यसरी–खले छले, जहाँ जहाँ त्यहाँ त्यहाँ–खन खन चरे चरे जस्ता सापेक्ष संयोजकले जोडेरमिश्र वाक्य बनेको देखिन्छ ।","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72856274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43630
राजेन्द्र Rajendra खनाल Khanal
यस लेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य सीमान्तीयको अग्रभूमीकरण गरिएका समसामयिक नेपालीकविताको विश्लेषण गर्नु रहेको छ । यस लेखमा समसामयिक समयका प्रतिनिधि कवितासङ्ग्रहकाकवितामा विषयवस्तु तथा वैचारिक पक्षसहित सीमान्तीय समुदाय तथा वर्गलाई प्राधान्य दिएकाकविता निक्र्योल गरी उदाहरणसहित विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यो लेख वर्णनात्मक विधिमाआधारित छ । प्रस्तुत लेखलाई आगमनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रक्रियाको उपयोग गरी सन्दर्भपरकउदाहरणबाट तथ्यपरक बनाइएको छ । यस लेखमा पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन प्रक्रियाबाट तथ्यसङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा सीमान्तीय पक्षमा केन्द्रित रही तिनको सशक्तीकरणगरिएका उत्तरवर्ती समयका कविता प्राथमिक स्रोतीय सामग्री बनेका छन् । यस अध्ययनबाटनेपाली समाजले परम्परादेखि नै मूलतः जातीय तथा लैङ्गिक आधारमा विभेद गरी सामाजिक,सांस्कृतिक, धार्मिक, राजनीतिक, आर्थिक आदि क्षेत्रमा विभेद गर्दै पहुँचमा पुग्न नदिई सीमान्तीयबनाइएको विषय एवम् विचार उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली कवितामा अभिव्यक्त भएको पाइएको छ ।प्रस्तुत अध्ययनबाट उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली कवितामा सीमान्तीयको अवस्था उद्घाटन गर्दै त्यस्तासमुदायलाई मूल धारमा ल्याउन सक्नुपर्ने, विवेकसम्मत तवरबाट सहभाव व्यक्त गर्नुपर्ने र सबैक्षेत्रमा प्राधान्य दिनुपर्ने विचारसहित सीमान्तीय वर्ग तथा समुदायको अग्रभूमीकरण गरिएकोनिष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ । { The main purpose of this article is contemporary Nepalis who have been foremost in the frontier Poetry is to be analyzed. This article or section needs sources or references that appear in credible, third-party publications In the poem, priority has been given to the marginalized communities and classes including the thematic and ideological aspects The poem has been analyzed with examples. This article describes the methods based. This article or section needs sources or references that appear in credible, third-party publications Made factual from the example. In this article, facts have been collected from the library study process. In this study, focusing on the marginal side, his empowered poems of later times have become the primary source material. From this study, it has been found that Nepali society has traditionally discriminated on the basis of ethnicity and gender and has been marginalized in the social, cultural, religious, political, economic and other spheres without access to it. From the present study, it has been concluded that the marginalized class and community has been brought to the forefront by inaugurating the status of marginalized in the later Nepali poetry.}
{"title":"समसामयिक नेपाली कवितामा सीमान्तीयको सशक्तीकरण {Empowerment of the frontier in contemporary Nepali poetry}","authors":"राजेन्द्र Rajendra खनाल Khanal","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43630","url":null,"abstract":"यस लेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य सीमान्तीयको अग्रभूमीकरण गरिएका समसामयिक नेपालीकविताको विश्लेषण गर्नु रहेको छ । यस लेखमा समसामयिक समयका प्रतिनिधि कवितासङ्ग्रहकाकवितामा विषयवस्तु तथा वैचारिक पक्षसहित सीमान्तीय समुदाय तथा वर्गलाई प्राधान्य दिएकाकविता निक्र्योल गरी उदाहरणसहित विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यो लेख वर्णनात्मक विधिमाआधारित छ । प्रस्तुत लेखलाई आगमनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रक्रियाको उपयोग गरी सन्दर्भपरकउदाहरणबाट तथ्यपरक बनाइएको छ । यस लेखमा पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन प्रक्रियाबाट तथ्यसङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा सीमान्तीय पक्षमा केन्द्रित रही तिनको सशक्तीकरणगरिएका उत्तरवर्ती समयका कविता प्राथमिक स्रोतीय सामग्री बनेका छन् । यस अध्ययनबाटनेपाली समाजले परम्परादेखि नै मूलतः जातीय तथा लैङ्गिक आधारमा विभेद गरी सामाजिक,सांस्कृतिक, धार्मिक, राजनीतिक, आर्थिक आदि क्षेत्रमा विभेद गर्दै पहुँचमा पुग्न नदिई सीमान्तीयबनाइएको विषय एवम् विचार उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली कवितामा अभिव्यक्त भएको पाइएको छ ।प्रस्तुत अध्ययनबाट उत्तरवर्ती नेपाली कवितामा सीमान्तीयको अवस्था उद्घाटन गर्दै त्यस्तासमुदायलाई मूल धारमा ल्याउन सक्नुपर्ने, विवेकसम्मत तवरबाट सहभाव व्यक्त गर्नुपर्ने र सबैक्षेत्रमा प्राधान्य दिनुपर्ने विचारसहित सीमान्तीय वर्ग तथा समुदायको अग्रभूमीकरण गरिएकोनिष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ । { The main purpose of this article is contemporary Nepalis who have been foremost in the frontier Poetry is to be analyzed. This article or section needs sources or references that appear in credible, third-party publications In the poem, priority has been given to the marginalized communities and classes including the thematic and ideological aspects The poem has been analyzed with examples. This article describes the methods based. This article or section needs sources or references that appear in credible, third-party publications Made factual from the example. In this article, facts have been collected from the library study process. In this study, focusing on the marginal side, his empowered poems of later times have become the primary source material. From this study, it has been found that Nepali society has traditionally discriminated on the basis of ethnicity and gender and has been marginalized in the social, cultural, religious, political, economic and other spheres without access to it. From the present study, it has been concluded that the marginalized class and community has been brought to the forefront by inaugurating the status of marginalized in the later Nepali poetry.}","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78505026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shirshak Lamsal, S. Adhikari, B. R. Raghubanshi, Sanjeep Sapkota, K. Rijal, P. Ghimire, Meha Raj Banjara
Objective: Increasing antifungal resistance and biofilm formation among Candida species is an intimidating public health concern, especially at the hospital settings. In light of this, the current study was designed to assess the biofilm-forming ability of clinically isolated Candida albicans and determine their antifungal susceptibility against both the planktonic and sessile forms. Methods: A total of 58 Candida isolates from different clinical samples received at the Microbiology laboratory of KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal in between April to October 2018 were included in the study. Isolation and identification of C. albicans was done following standard microbiological procedures that comprised of microscopic observations along with germ tube formation and biochemical tests. Besides qualitative investigation of biofilm by tube method, it was also investigated quantitatively by crystal violet staining method and metabolic activity of the biofilm was assayed by tetrazolium (XTT) salt reduction method. Antifungal susceptibility pattern against common antifungal drugs was determined as planktonic and sessile Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) by broth micro-dilution method. Results: Out of 58 Candida recovered from the total samples, 21(36.2%) were identified as C. albicans. The vaginal swabs showed a higher prevalence (57.14%, 4/7) of C. albicans whereas none were recovered from the wound swabs. Qualitative study of biofilm formation showed that 4 (19.1%) Candida albicans were strong biofilm producers, 11 (52.3%) isolates were moderate and 6 (28.6%) produced weak or none biofilms, whereas a majority (85.7%) of the isolates gave biofilm positive test in microtiter plate assay. The metabolic activity of the biofilm revealed that the average absorbance following the metabolic reduction of tetrazolium salt was 0.577. Interestingly, both the methods used for assessing biofilm productions correlated well (r=0.569, p=0.007). Most of the isolates were susceptible to Fluconazole (80.9%) at MIC 0.12 μg/mL, Amphotericin B (76.19 %) at MIC 0.25 μg/mL and Clotrimazole (80.9%) at MIC 0.25 μg/mL. In addition, sessile forms of C. albicans was found to have 2 to 8 fold increases in MIC compared to the planktonic cells. Conclusion: High prevalence of C. albicans in vaginal swabs may implicate that the women are more prone to vaginosis. The sessile forms are more resistant to antifungal agents and proper administration of antifungal targeting the biofilms should be prioritized only with susceptibility result interpretations.
{"title":"Antifungal Susceptibility and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens","authors":"Shirshak Lamsal, S. Adhikari, B. R. Raghubanshi, Sanjeep Sapkota, K. Rijal, P. Ghimire, Meha Raj Banjara","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41195","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Increasing antifungal resistance and biofilm formation among Candida species is an intimidating public health concern, especially at the hospital settings. In light of this, the current study was designed to assess the biofilm-forming ability of clinically isolated Candida albicans and determine their antifungal susceptibility against both the planktonic and sessile forms.\u0000Methods: A total of 58 Candida isolates from different clinical samples received at the Microbiology laboratory of KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal in between April to October 2018 were included in the study. Isolation and identification of C. albicans was done following standard microbiological procedures that comprised of microscopic observations along with germ tube formation and biochemical tests. Besides qualitative investigation of biofilm by tube method, it was also investigated quantitatively by crystal violet staining method and metabolic activity of the biofilm was assayed by tetrazolium (XTT) salt reduction method. Antifungal susceptibility pattern against common antifungal drugs was determined as planktonic and sessile Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) by broth micro-dilution method.\u0000Results: Out of 58 Candida recovered from the total samples, 21(36.2%) were identified as C. albicans. The vaginal swabs showed a higher prevalence (57.14%, 4/7) of C. albicans whereas none were recovered from the wound swabs. Qualitative study of biofilm formation showed that 4 (19.1%) Candida albicans were strong biofilm producers, 11 (52.3%) isolates were moderate and 6 (28.6%) produced weak or none biofilms, whereas a majority (85.7%) of the isolates gave biofilm positive test in microtiter plate assay. The metabolic activity of the biofilm revealed that the average absorbance following the metabolic reduction of tetrazolium salt was 0.577. Interestingly, both the methods used for assessing biofilm productions correlated well (r=0.569, p=0.007). Most of the isolates were susceptible to Fluconazole (80.9%) at MIC 0.12 μg/mL, Amphotericin B (76.19 %) at MIC 0.25 μg/mL and Clotrimazole (80.9%) at MIC 0.25 μg/mL. In addition, sessile forms of C. albicans was found to have 2 to 8 fold increases in MIC compared to the planktonic cells.\u0000Conclusion: High prevalence of C. albicans in vaginal swabs may implicate that the women are more prone to vaginosis. The sessile forms are more resistant to antifungal agents and proper administration of antifungal targeting the biofilms should be prioritized only with susceptibility result interpretations.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81566435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Candida carriage among tobacco users and smokers along with in vitro evaluation of phospholipase and hemolysin activity of Candida albicans. Methods: A laboratory based cross-sectional study was carried out in Dharan Sub-Metropolitan city, Eastern Nepal from June 2018 to November 2018. During the study 150 oral rinse samples were obtained from smokers (50), smokeless tobacco consumers (50) and non-tobacco users (50) as control group. The participants were provided 10 ml of normal saline and were asked to oral rinse for 1 minute. Oral rinse was collected in a sterile screw capped container and was transported to microbiology laboratory by maintaining the cold chain. The oral rinse sample was inoculated onto the Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and was incubated at 37°C for 3-4 days. The number of colonies of Candida was counted and C. albicans were identified by cultural characteristics, staining, germ tube test and chlamydospore formation test. Results: The prevalence of Candida carriage was reported to be 22 (44%) in smoker group, 26 (52%) among smokeless tobacco users and 13 (26%) among control groups. The prevalence of Candida carriage was found to be significantly higher in the study group associated with tobacco chewers (P=0.008). However, the Candida carriage among smoker’s group was not found to be statistically significant (P=0.059). Isolation of Candida albicans was higher among smokeless tobacco users 15 (30%), smokers 5 (10%) and non-users 6 (12%). Conclusion: Colonization and carriage of Candida in the oral cavity of smokers and tobacco chewers were found to be higher than in controls. In addition, individuals with poor oral hygiene increase the risk of Candida colonization and infection under host debilitated condition.
{"title":"Prevalence of Candida Carriage and in Vitro Evaluation of Phospholipase and Haemolysin Activity of Oral Candida albicans among Tobacco Users and Smokers in Dharan, Nepal","authors":"B. Shrestha, J. Shakya, H. Khanal","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41203","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Candida carriage among tobacco users and smokers along with in vitro evaluation of phospholipase and hemolysin activity of Candida albicans. \u0000Methods: A laboratory based cross-sectional study was carried out in Dharan Sub-Metropolitan city, Eastern Nepal from June 2018 to November 2018. During the study 150 oral rinse samples were obtained from smokers (50), smokeless tobacco consumers (50) and non-tobacco users (50) as control group. The participants were provided 10 ml of normal saline and were asked to oral rinse for 1 minute. Oral rinse was collected in a sterile screw capped container and was transported to microbiology laboratory by maintaining the cold chain. The oral rinse sample was inoculated onto the Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and was incubated at 37°C for 3-4 days. The number of colonies of Candida was counted and C. albicans were identified by cultural characteristics, staining, germ tube test and chlamydospore formation test.\u0000Results: The prevalence of Candida carriage was reported to be 22 (44%) in smoker group, 26 (52%) among smokeless tobacco users and 13 (26%) among control groups. The prevalence of Candida carriage was found to be significantly higher in the study group associated with tobacco chewers (P=0.008). However, the Candida carriage among smoker’s group was not found to be statistically significant (P=0.059). Isolation of Candida albicans was higher among smokeless tobacco users 15 (30%), smokers 5 (10%) and non-users 6 (12%).\u0000Conclusion: Colonization and carriage of Candida in the oral cavity of smokers and tobacco chewers were found to be higher than in controls. In addition, individuals with poor oral hygiene increase the risk of Candida colonization and infection under host debilitated condition.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85429361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46641
Basundhara Dhungel, Kul Prasad Lamichhane
This article, Factors Affecting Investment Decision in Nepal, has focused on the macroeconomics factors (gross domestic product, interest rate, and government expenditure) affecting the investment decision during 1975/762017/18. Based on time-series dataata macro level, this study employed Engel Grangerco integration test, as well as error correction model, investigated the short-and long-run causal relationship between gross investment and the factors influencing the investment decision of the investors, and found a statistically significant relationship between gross investment and macroeconomic variables. Furthermore, the coefficient of error correction term (-0.90) implied around a 90percent conversion to the equilibrium, showing a steady, long-run relationship between regress and regressors.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Investment Decision in Nepal","authors":"Basundhara Dhungel, Kul Prasad Lamichhane","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46641","url":null,"abstract":"This article, Factors Affecting Investment Decision in Nepal, has focused on the macroeconomics factors (gross domestic product, interest rate, and government expenditure) affecting the investment decision during 1975/762017/18. Based on time-series dataata macro level, this study employed Engel Grangerco integration test, as well as error correction model, investigated the short-and long-run causal relationship between gross investment and the factors influencing the investment decision of the investors, and found a statistically significant relationship between gross investment and macroeconomic variables. Furthermore, the coefficient of error correction term (-0.90) implied around a 90percent conversion to the equilibrium, showing a steady, long-run relationship between regress and regressors.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79702596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46601
K. Lamichhane
The unmet need for contraception continues to be high among married female youth in Nepal even though the accessibility of contraceptive methods and people's consciousness has been enhanced significantly. This study intends to identify the trends of unmet need for contraception for 15 years and its determinants. Because the trends of unmet need for contraception and its influencing factors among female youth are not exclusively studied in Nepal. The main data sources for the study are Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016. The sample sizes from the NDHSs are 2,573 in 2,001; 2,389 in2006; 2,552 in 2011; and 2,287 in 2016. Logistic regression analysis is applied to examine the factors that affect the unmet needs. During 15 years, the unmet need for contraception has decreased marginally in Nepal but is quite high (32%) among married female youth especially adolescents. There is only a nominal percentage (2.1) point decline from 34.1 in 2001 to 32.2 percent in 2016. Socio demographic factors such as married female youth's age, age of cohabitation, total living children, spousal separation, youths’ education, their husbands’ occupation, and wealth status are the evident determinants of the unmet need for contraception among female youth in Nepal. The nation’s family planning program has to be made to communicate effectively the needs of various specific groups: youth couples who are living together, educated, Muslims, poor, and living in rural areas where unmet need is high.
{"title":"Trends and Determinants of Unmet Need For Contraception among Married Female Youth in Nepal","authors":"K. Lamichhane","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46601","url":null,"abstract":"The unmet need for contraception continues to be high among married female youth in Nepal even though the accessibility of contraceptive methods and people's consciousness has been enhanced significantly. This study intends to identify the trends of unmet need for contraception for 15 years and its determinants. Because the trends of unmet need for contraception and its influencing factors among female youth are not exclusively studied in Nepal. The main data sources for the study are Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016. The sample sizes from the NDHSs are 2,573 in 2,001; 2,389 in2006; 2,552 in 2011; and 2,287 in 2016. Logistic regression analysis is applied to examine the factors that affect the unmet needs. During 15 years, the unmet need for contraception has decreased marginally in Nepal but is quite high (32%) among married female youth especially adolescents. There is only a nominal percentage (2.1) point decline from 34.1 in 2001 to 32.2 percent in 2016. Socio demographic factors such as married female youth's age, age of cohabitation, total living children, spousal separation, youths’ education, their husbands’ occupation, and wealth status are the evident determinants of the unmet need for contraception among female youth in Nepal. The nation’s family planning program has to be made to communicate effectively the needs of various specific groups: youth couples who are living together, educated, Muslims, poor, and living in rural areas where unmet need is high.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83239959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify microorganisms of food packaging papers of Kathmandu valley and determine antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates. Methods: A total of 34 food packaging paper samples were collected aseptically from hotels, bakeries and sweet shops (considered as closed shop) and open street vendors and were transported to microbiology laboratory of Golden Gate International College for processing. The isolates were identified by standard microbiological procedures and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. The rate of Extended Spectrum Beta- lactamase (ESBL) producing and multiple drug resistant (MDR) isolates were also determined. Results: All 34 samples yielded microbial growth with average microbial count of 4.145×105 CFU/g. Among 103 microbial isolates, 78 were bacteria, 15 molds and 10 yeasts. The predominant bacterial and mold isolates were Bacillus spp (43.59%) and Cladosporium spp (46.67%) respectively. Ciprofloxacin (42/43) and Amikacin (42/43) were the most effective and ampicillin (39/43) was most resistant antibiotics for Gram negative bacteria. A total of 9.30% Gram negative isolates were identified as ESBL producing and MDR strains. Conclusion: This result indicates that potential pathogens are found in food packaging papers which can be threat to health of consumers as they may act as a source of food borne infection.
{"title":"Microbiological Study of Food Packaging Paper of Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Anupa Budhathoki, Deepa Pudasaini, Geeta Gurung, Mukesh Neupane","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41189","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify microorganisms of food packaging papers of Kathmandu valley and determine antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates.\u0000Methods: A total of 34 food packaging paper samples were collected aseptically from hotels, bakeries and sweet shops (considered as closed shop) and open street vendors and were transported to microbiology laboratory of Golden Gate International College for processing. The isolates were identified by standard microbiological procedures and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. The rate of Extended Spectrum Beta- lactamase (ESBL) producing and multiple drug resistant (MDR) isolates were also determined.\u0000Results: All 34 samples yielded microbial growth with average microbial count of 4.145×105 CFU/g. Among 103 microbial isolates, 78 were bacteria, 15 molds and 10 yeasts. The predominant bacterial and mold isolates were Bacillus spp (43.59%) and Cladosporium spp (46.67%) respectively. Ciprofloxacin (42/43) and Amikacin (42/43) were the most effective and ampicillin (39/43) was most resistant antibiotics for Gram negative bacteria. A total of 9.30% Gram negative isolates were identified as ESBL producing and MDR strains.\u0000Conclusion: This result indicates that potential pathogens are found in food packaging papers which can be threat to health of consumers as they may act as a source of food borne infection.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86015931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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