B. Aryal, K. Ranabhat, K. Paudel, B. R. Kalauni, S. Shrestha, Data Ram Adhikari, A. Karki, Anil Bhattarai
Objectives: This study aimed to assess knowledge and perception of COVID 19 among frontline health care workers in Nepal. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among frontline healthcare workers involved in managing and treating COVID-19 in Nepal by adapting the questionnaire from the World Health Organization. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 26.0. A chi-square test was used to investigate the association level among variables at 95% level of significance. Results: A total of 285 health professionals participated in this study, among them male (50.5%), and female (49.5%). The mean (± SD) age of participants was 27.21 ± 5.42 years old. Most of the participants got information on COVID-19 from social media (50.5%) and online news/newspapers (40.3%). On the other hand, a significant proportion of Health care workers (HCWs) had poor knowledge about its transmission (n=170, 59.6%) and an incubation period (n=129, 45.3%). Conclusion: There was a significant gap in knowledge and perception, particularly about the transmission and incubation period. A concerned national initiative to respond the pandemic could help better compliance with behavioral guidelines to respond to this public health emergency.
{"title":"Knowledge and Perception of COVID-19 Pandemic during the First Wave: a Cross-Sectional Study among Nepalese Healthcare Workers","authors":"B. Aryal, K. Ranabhat, K. Paudel, B. R. Kalauni, S. Shrestha, Data Ram Adhikari, A. Karki, Anil Bhattarai","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41192","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study aimed to assess knowledge and perception of COVID 19 among frontline health care workers in Nepal.\u0000Methods: A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among frontline healthcare workers involved in managing and treating COVID-19 in Nepal by adapting the questionnaire from the World Health Organization. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 26.0. A chi-square test was used to investigate the association level among variables at 95% level of significance.\u0000Results: A total of 285 health professionals participated in this study, among them male (50.5%), and female (49.5%). The mean (± SD) age of participants was 27.21 ± 5.42 years old. Most of the participants got information on COVID-19 from social media (50.5%) and online news/newspapers (40.3%). On the other hand, a significant proportion of Health care workers (HCWs) had poor knowledge about its transmission (n=170, 59.6%) and an incubation period (n=129, 45.3%).\u0000Conclusion: There was a significant gap in knowledge and perception, particularly about the transmission and incubation period. A concerned national initiative to respond the pandemic could help better compliance with behavioral guidelines to respond to this public health emergency.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90335457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43580
R. Rai
This paper explores and analyzes the miseries, anguish, and hardships experienced by the Gurkhas and their families that are masked by their worldwide name and fame of their bravery in Byron Farwell’s The Gurkhas. The writer presents the bravery, dedication and loyalty exhibited by the Gurkhas in the Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) that attracts the British administration. Despite the defeat of the Gurkhas, the British institution begins to enroll them into their army. Their heroic combat experiences play an important role in the success of Britain’s imperial movement around the world. They fought and got victory in many ways for Britain along with the First (1914-18) and Second (1939-45) World Wars. Moreover, the writer also discusses the discomforts, sufferings and agonies that the Gurkhas and their families went through before, during and after the wars. As this study is based on the qualitative research method, the researcher has consulted library for the related books, journal articles and internet support extensively. Some historians as well as the ex-British Gurkhas, who had been in wars for Britain, also have been consulted for further ideas. The research study is significant because it educates people about various problems faced by the Gurkhas and their families hidden behind the myth of their heroism.
{"title":"Miseries behind Heroism: A Shadowed Part of the Gurkhas in Farwell’s The Gurkhas","authors":"R. Rai","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43580","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores and analyzes the miseries, anguish, and hardships experienced by the Gurkhas and their families that are masked by their worldwide name and fame of their bravery in Byron Farwell’s The Gurkhas. The writer presents the bravery, dedication and loyalty exhibited by the Gurkhas in the Anglo-Nepal War (1814-16) that attracts the British administration. Despite the defeat of the Gurkhas, the British institution begins to enroll them into their army. Their heroic combat experiences play an important role in the success of Britain’s imperial movement around the world. They fought and got victory in many ways for Britain along with the First (1914-18) and Second (1939-45) World Wars. Moreover, the writer also discusses the discomforts, sufferings and agonies that the Gurkhas and their families went through before, during and after the wars. As this study is based on the qualitative research method, the researcher has consulted library for the related books, journal articles and internet support extensively. Some historians as well as the ex-British Gurkhas, who had been in wars for Britain, also have been consulted for further ideas. The research study is significant because it educates people about various problems faced by the Gurkhas and their families hidden behind the myth of their heroism.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82376585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The study was designed to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of fluoroquinolones among Salmonella enterica. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu. Blood samples were collected from suspected enteric fever patients and cultured in BACTEC standard/10 Aerobic/F culture vials. Isolates obtained from the vials with bacterial growth were identified by standard procedure. Serotyping of the identified isolates Salmonella enterica was done. An antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and results were interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2014) guidelines. Results: Among 404 samples, 17 (4.2%) were positive for Salmonella enterica in which 9 (52.9%) were Salmonella Typhi and 8 (47.1%) were Salmonella Paratyphi A. All the Salmonella isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and ampicillin and showed sensitivity to ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol. No multi-drug resistant isolates were identified in this study. All isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A showed the reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Conclusion: It is concluded that fluoroquinolones cannot be considered as the drug of choice for the treatment of Salmonella infections due to their high level of reduced susceptibility and resistance to fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporin antibiotics like ceftriaxone remains better choice of drugs against fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi.
{"title":"Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones among Salmonella enterica Serovars in Blood Culture","authors":"M. Maharjan, J. Acharya, A. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41196","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The study was designed to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of fluoroquinolones among Salmonella enterica.\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu. Blood samples were collected from suspected enteric fever patients and cultured in BACTEC standard/10 Aerobic/F culture vials. Isolates obtained from the vials with bacterial growth were identified by standard procedure. Serotyping of the identified isolates Salmonella enterica was done. An antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and results were interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2014) guidelines.\u0000Results: Among 404 samples, 17 (4.2%) were positive for Salmonella enterica in which 9 (52.9%) were Salmonella Typhi and 8 (47.1%) were Salmonella Paratyphi A. All the Salmonella isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and ampicillin and showed sensitivity to ceftriaxone and chloramphenicol. No multi-drug resistant isolates were identified in this study. All isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A showed the reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin.\u0000Conclusion: It is concluded that fluoroquinolones cannot be considered as the drug of choice for the treatment of Salmonella infections due to their high level of reduced susceptibility and resistance to fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporin antibiotics like ceftriaxone remains better choice of drugs against fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84612704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dinju Manandhar, B. Subedi, D. Sharma, Kelija Kc, Ashika Shakya, Angela Shrestha
Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine prevalence of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus among dumpsite workers. Methods: Total 60 nasal swab samples were collected. Conventional microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kriby Bauer disc diffusion method. MRSA was confirmed by using Cefoxitin disc. The organism showing resistance against three or more class were considered as MDRSA. Results: The prevalence rate of S. aureus and MRSA was found to be 46.67% (28/60) and 6.67% (4/60) in total population. The nasal carriage rate of S. aureus was found to be higher in age group 28-37 (70.06%, 12/17), gender male (47.5%, 19/40), district Kathmandu (70%, 14/20) and dumpsite workers (50%, 15/30). The isolated S. aureus were resistant to Penicillin (35.7%), Erythromycin (35.7%), Cefoxitin (14.3%) and Oxacillin (10.7%). S. aureus was susceptible (100%) to Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, and Vancomycin. Multidrug resistant S. aureus was not found in community of Kathmandu Valley. Conclusion: The study shows prevalence of MRSA strains of S. aureus in Kathmandu Valley. The occurrence of MRSA indicates development of Community acquired-antibiotic resistant bacteria.
{"title":"Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Dumpsite Workers in Kathmandu Valley","authors":"Dinju Manandhar, B. Subedi, D. Sharma, Kelija Kc, Ashika Shakya, Angela Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41197","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine prevalence of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus among dumpsite workers.\u0000Methods: Total 60 nasal swab samples were collected. Conventional microbiological methods were used to isolate and identify S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kriby Bauer disc diffusion method. MRSA was confirmed by using Cefoxitin disc. The organism showing resistance against three or more class were considered as MDRSA.\u0000Results: The prevalence rate of S. aureus and MRSA was found to be 46.67% (28/60) and 6.67% (4/60) in total population. The nasal carriage rate of S. aureus was found to be higher in age group 28-37 (70.06%, 12/17), gender male (47.5%, 19/40), district Kathmandu (70%, 14/20) and dumpsite workers (50%, 15/30). The isolated S. aureus were resistant to Penicillin (35.7%), Erythromycin (35.7%), Cefoxitin (14.3%) and Oxacillin (10.7%). S. aureus was susceptible (100%) to Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, and Vancomycin. Multidrug resistant S. aureus was not found in community of Kathmandu Valley.\u0000Conclusion: The study shows prevalence of MRSA strains of S. aureus in Kathmandu Valley. The occurrence of MRSA indicates development of Community acquired-antibiotic resistant bacteria.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90242687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43512
Kusum R. Subedi, Sushma Gautam, R. Swar, Charu Arjyal, B. Rijal
Enteric fever is of public health concern globally, more in the developing countries, which has been causing many morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. It is mostly related to poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water. This study aims to study the seasonal variation of enteric fever seen in Kathmandu valley and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolated bacteria. Therefore, blood culture of suspected patients of enteric fever was conducted from April 2018 to April 2020 using standard microbiological techniques; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute -2017 guidelines. During the study, 104 isolates of Salmonella enteric were isolated, of which Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were 77.9%, while Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A and B were 21.1% and 1% respectively. Although enteric fever was prevalent throughout the year, the highest number of cases was during the summer. With the increase in temperature, there was also an increase in the cases. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile recorded high resistance of isolates towards Nalidixic acid (97.1%) and Ciprofloxacin (91.3%) while 96% sensitivity to both Ampicillin and Cefixime. This study revealed the occurrence of enteric fever throughout the year, but a large number of cases (51%) are concentrated in the monsoon. Similarly, the resistance of fluoroquinolones reached an alarming state making them inappropriate for use. Ampicillin and Cefixime can be the drug of choice for empirical therapy of enteric fever.
{"title":"Seasonal Variation of Enteric Fever in Kathmandu Valley and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella Enterica","authors":"Kusum R. Subedi, Sushma Gautam, R. Swar, Charu Arjyal, B. Rijal","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43512","url":null,"abstract":"Enteric fever is of public health concern globally, more in the developing countries, which has been causing many morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. It is mostly related to poor sanitation and contaminated drinking water. This study aims to study the seasonal variation of enteric fever seen in Kathmandu valley and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolated bacteria. Therefore, blood culture of suspected patients of enteric fever was conducted from April 2018 to April 2020 using standard microbiological techniques; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute -2017 guidelines. During the study, 104 isolates of Salmonella enteric were isolated, of which Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were 77.9%, while Salmonella enterica serovars Paratyphi A and B were 21.1% and 1% respectively. Although enteric fever was prevalent throughout the year, the highest number of cases was during the summer. With the increase in temperature, there was also an increase in the cases. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile recorded high resistance of isolates towards Nalidixic acid (97.1%) and Ciprofloxacin (91.3%) while 96% sensitivity to both Ampicillin and Cefixime. This study revealed the occurrence of enteric fever throughout the year, but a large number of cases (51%) are concentrated in the monsoon. Similarly, the resistance of fluoroquinolones reached an alarming state making them inappropriate for use. Ampicillin and Cefixime can be the drug of choice for empirical therapy of enteric fever.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78279317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charu Arjyal, P. Joshi, Divya Nepal, Rachana Kafle, Anuja Panthi, Radhika Thapa, P. Pandey
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine the extent of staphylococcal contamination in various environmental sites and to characterize the isolates by antibiotic susceptibility. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and 123 samples were collected from 9 different sites around Kathmandu valley. Isolation of S. aureus was done through cultural and biochemical analysis. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test was employed to test the susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics. Results: A total of 25 S. aureus (20.33%) were isolated; among which 12 isolates exhibited methicillin resistance i.e. 48% (MRSA) and 13 isolates were methicillin susceptible, 52% (MSSA). Similarly, 53 Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) were isolated; among which 17(32.07%) were resistant to methicillin. The antibiotic resistance patterns of MRSA were reported as: erythromycin(n=2;16.6%.), clindamycin (n=2;16.6%), cotrimoxazole (n=2;16.6%), ciprofloxacin (n=2;16.6%) and gentamicin (n = 1;8.3%). MRCoNS showed high resistance to erythromycin (n=6; 35.2%), followed by co-trimoxazole (n=4; 23.5%), novobiocin (n=4; 23.5%) and ciprofloxacin (n=3; 17.6%). All MRSA and MRCoNS isolates were susceptible to linezolid and clindamycin. Conclusion: This study reports relatively high prevalence of MRSA on environmental surfaces, pre-dominating in areas having heavy crowds. There may be a likely connection between humans and the environment to share MRSA and MSSA.
{"title":"Prevalence of Staphylococci in Environmental Surfaces and Characterization of Isolates by Antibiotic Susceptibility","authors":"Charu Arjyal, P. Joshi, Divya Nepal, Rachana Kafle, Anuja Panthi, Radhika Thapa, P. Pandey","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41188","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine the extent of staphylococcal contamination in various environmental sites and to characterize the isolates by antibiotic susceptibility.\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and 123 samples were collected from 9 different sites around Kathmandu valley. Isolation of S. aureus was done through cultural and biochemical analysis. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test was employed to test the susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics.\u0000Results: A total of 25 S. aureus (20.33%) were isolated; among which 12 isolates exhibited methicillin resistance i.e. 48% (MRSA) and 13 isolates were methicillin susceptible, 52% (MSSA). Similarly, 53 Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) were isolated; among which 17(32.07%) were resistant to methicillin. The antibiotic resistance patterns of MRSA were reported as: erythromycin(n=2;16.6%.), clindamycin (n=2;16.6%), cotrimoxazole (n=2;16.6%), ciprofloxacin (n=2;16.6%) and gentamicin (n = 1;8.3%). MRCoNS showed high resistance to erythromycin (n=6; 35.2%), followed by co-trimoxazole (n=4; 23.5%), novobiocin (n=4; 23.5%) and ciprofloxacin (n=3; 17.6%). All MRSA and MRCoNS isolates were susceptible to linezolid and clindamycin.\u0000Conclusion: This study reports relatively high prevalence of MRSA on environmental surfaces, pre-dominating in areas having heavy crowds. There may be a likely connection between humans and the environment to share MRSA and MSSA.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79165246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To identify the predominant pathogenic aeromycoflora present in dense areas of Kathmandu, and perform their antifungal susceptibility test. Methods: Aeromycoflora were isolated by the Gravity Plate method and identified by observing colony morphology and microscopic methods. For pathogenic mycoflora, MIC test was carried out following “Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi; Approved Standard. NCCLS document M38-A”. The antifungal agents used were Cotrimazole, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole and Terbinafine available at pharmaceutical companies of Nepal during study period. Results: Penicillium spp (43.8%) was found to be the most predominant aeromycoflora followed by Cladosporium spp (35.5%), and pathogenic Aspergillus species (21.4%). Among Aspergillus species, Aspergillus niger (71.7%) was predominant, followed by A. flavus (17.1%) and A. fumigatus (11.1%). A. fumigatus and A. flavus were found to be most sensitive towards Itraconazole (MIC range – <0.0625 - 1μg/ml) while A. niger to Ketoconazole (MIC- 0.0625 - >32μg/ml). Conclusion: The finding of this study helped to identify the potent antifungal drugs available against the pathogenic aeromycoflora.
{"title":"Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Pathogenic Aeromycoflora Isolated from Kathmandu","authors":"M. Shakya, A. Shrestha, Gita Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41201","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To identify the predominant pathogenic aeromycoflora present in dense areas of Kathmandu, and perform their antifungal susceptibility test.\u0000Methods: Aeromycoflora were isolated by the Gravity Plate method and identified by observing colony morphology and microscopic methods. For pathogenic mycoflora, MIC test was carried out following “Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi; Approved Standard. NCCLS document M38-A”. The antifungal agents used were Cotrimazole, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole and Terbinafine available at pharmaceutical companies of Nepal during study period.\u0000Results: Penicillium spp (43.8%) was found to be the most predominant aeromycoflora followed by Cladosporium spp (35.5%), and pathogenic Aspergillus species (21.4%). Among Aspergillus species, Aspergillus niger (71.7%) was predominant, followed by A. flavus (17.1%) and A. fumigatus (11.1%). A. fumigatus and A. flavus were found to be most sensitive towards Itraconazole (MIC range – <0.0625 - 1μg/ml) while A. niger to Ketoconazole (MIC- 0.0625 - >32μg/ml).\u0000Conclusion: The finding of this study helped to identify the potent antifungal drugs available against the pathogenic aeromycoflora.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75499262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punam Ghimire, Sujata Khand, Bhawana Chaulagain, Ahish Siwakoti, D. Dhakal, U. Shrestha
Objectives: The study was aimed to identify potential bacterial pathogens from the panipuri samples collected from different vendors of Bhaktapur district and determine their antibiogram patterns. Methods: Altogether 120 (40 puri, 40 stuffing and 40 pani) samples of panipuri were collected from different vendors of Bhaktapur district in a cold chain and were transported to the microbiology laboratory. Puri and stuffing were then pre-enriched, enriched and cultured while pani samples were processed using the MPN method. All the isolates were identified following standard microbiological procedure and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing following CLSI guidelines. Results: The result revealed contamination of 77.5% stuffing, 67.5% puri and 52.5% pani samples with pathogenic bacteria. Among bacterial pathogens, the highest number was Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. 100% of S. aureus were found to be resistant to ampicillin and novobiocin. Similarly, 94.1% of E. coli were resistant to ampicillin followed by ciprofloxacin (64.7%). A very few isolates of Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Vibrio spp were resistant to tetracycline. The highest number of multidrug-resistant bacteria were S. aureus, followed by Klebsiella spp and E. coli. Conclusion: The study showed that the panipuri samples from street vendors were found to be highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria which might affect consumers’ health. Thus, to prevent any food-borne illness in the future, frequent evaluation and regulation of the quality of such foods should be carried out.
{"title":"Microbial Quality Analysis of Panipuri Samples Collected from Different Parts of Bhaktapur","authors":"Punam Ghimire, Sujata Khand, Bhawana Chaulagain, Ahish Siwakoti, D. Dhakal, U. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41204","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The study was aimed to identify potential bacterial pathogens from the panipuri samples collected from different vendors of Bhaktapur district and determine their antibiogram patterns.\u0000Methods: Altogether 120 (40 puri, 40 stuffing and 40 pani) samples of panipuri were collected from different vendors of Bhaktapur district in a cold chain and were transported to the microbiology laboratory. Puri and stuffing were then pre-enriched, enriched and cultured while pani samples were processed using the MPN method. All the isolates were identified following standard microbiological procedure and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing following CLSI guidelines.\u0000Results: The result revealed contamination of 77.5% stuffing, 67.5% puri and 52.5% pani samples with pathogenic bacteria. Among bacterial pathogens, the highest number was Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. 100% of S. aureus were found to be resistant to ampicillin and novobiocin. Similarly, 94.1% of E. coli were resistant to ampicillin followed by ciprofloxacin (64.7%). A very few isolates of Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Vibrio spp were resistant to tetracycline. The highest number of multidrug-resistant bacteria were S. aureus, followed by Klebsiella spp and E. coli. \u0000Conclusion: The study showed that the panipuri samples from street vendors were found to be highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria which might affect consumers’ health. Thus, to prevent any food-borne illness in the future, frequent evaluation and regulation of the quality of such foods should be carried out.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90556969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43509
Ishwor Laudari, N. R. Phulara, M. Gautam, J. Bhattarai
Assessment of the corrosion condition of different types of eighty steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) structures of Pokhara Valley (Nepal) was carried out in the present study using a half-cell potential measurement (HCPM) method without destruction of specimens. It is concluded from the experimental results that the SRC structures found at dried places in Pokhara areas showed a low percentage(i.e., < 10%) of corrosion risk, while the fencing pillars used for decoration as well as boundary purposes, and the sewer pipes at damp places found under the high percentage (i.e., > 90%) of corrosion risk. The SRC infrastructures, which have rough and cracked surfaces with high humid surrounding environments, are at high risk of corrosion. The SRC columns of the buildings in Pokhara Valley are at a slightly higher corrosion risk than the SRC roof structures.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46648
वेदराज Vedraj ज्ञवाली Gyawali
अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्ध अथवा देशहरूका बिचको सम्बन्धमा विदेश नीति र त्यसकोव्यवहारिक पक्ष कुटनीतिको महत्वपूर्ण महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रहेको हुन्छ । कुटनीतिका दुई आयाम कडाशक्ति र नरमशक्ति मध्ये यो लेख मूलतः नरमशक्ति कुटनीति तथा त्यसको नेपाली सन्दर्भमा केन्द्रित छ । धर्म, संस्कृति, कला, शिक्षा आदि नरमशक्ति अन्तर्गत पर्ने हुनाले नेपालको विदेश सम्बन्धमा बौद्ध धर्मसंस्कृतिको उपादेशयता, महत्वबारे बौद्ध साहित्यको विश्लेषणका आधारमा यो तयार पारिएको हो । नेपालको कुटनीतिमा कडाशक्ति भन्दा नरम शक्तिको महत्व धेरै रहेको हुनाले नेपालको नरमशक्ति मध्ये बौद्धधर्मदर्शन, बौद्धसंस्कृति र सर्बोपरी रूपमा बुद्ध तथा बुद्धको जन्मस्थान लुम्बिनीलाई प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । यो लेख मूलतः अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धबारे बुद्धका विचार, पञ्चशील र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्ध, बुद्ध र नेपालको नरमशक्ति कुटनीति उपशीर्षकमा विभक्त रहेको छ । Foreign policy and its practical aspects play an important role in international relations or relations between countries. Of the two dimensions of diplomacy, hard power and soft power, this article basically focuses on soft power diplomacy and its Nepali context. As religion, culture, art, education, etc. fall under the soft power, it has been prepared on the basis of the analysis of Buddhist literature on the doctrine and importance of Buddhist culture in Nepal's foreign relations. Since soft power is more important than hard power in Nepal's diplomacy, Lumbini, the birthplace of Buddha and Buddha, can be used as one of the soft power of Nepal in Buddhist philosophy, Buddhist culture and above all. This article is basically divided into sub-headings of Buddha's views on international relations, Panchsheel and international relations, Buddha and Nepal's soft diplomacy.
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