Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43617
R. Shrestha
Motivation is the set of forces that make employees willing to behave in an organization. It is a crucial function of management or human resource management. The study’s objectives are to determine employees’ motivating factors as well as to identify employees’ general attitudes towards existing motivational factors. The qualitative research method was used. Primary data were collected adopting focus group discussion, observation, and interviews. Administrative and unranked employees of Padma Kanya Multiple Campus (PKMC) were selected for study by applying the case study method. Thematic analysis of data was applied. The most important motivating factor for both temporary administrative and unranked employees (helpers in office) was job security followed by pay and overtime remuneration. Administrative employees, to great extent, need intrinsic rewards particularly recognition, responsibility, promotion, and fairness whereas unranked permanent employees also, to some extent, were influenced by intrinsic factors such as recognition, equality, fairness. A different motivating factor may apply to different levels of employees in terms of their needs and desires. The general attitude of the research participants regarding motivation seems to be poor. So, both extrinsic and extrinsic factors should be improved.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Employee Motivation: A Case Study of Padma Kanya Multiple Campus in Kathmandu","authors":"R. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43617","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation is the set of forces that make employees willing to behave in an organization. It is a crucial function of management or human resource management. The study’s objectives are to determine employees’ motivating factors as well as to identify employees’ general attitudes towards existing motivational factors. The qualitative research method was used. Primary data were collected adopting focus group discussion, observation, and interviews. Administrative and unranked employees of Padma Kanya Multiple Campus (PKMC) were selected for study by applying the case study method. Thematic analysis of data was applied. The most important motivating factor for both temporary administrative and unranked employees (helpers in office) was job security followed by pay and overtime remuneration. Administrative employees, to great extent, need intrinsic rewards particularly recognition, responsibility, promotion, and fairness whereas unranked permanent employees also, to some extent, were influenced by intrinsic factors such as recognition, equality, fairness. A different motivating factor may apply to different levels of employees in terms of their needs and desires. The general attitude of the research participants regarding motivation seems to be poor. So, both extrinsic and extrinsic factors should be improved.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74935639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46593
R. Chalise, Bhujendra Nepali, G. Thakur, S. Basnet, R. Khanal
Plasma is the ionized state of matter and is of interest as it has found applications in diverse fields. In all practical applications of plasma, it interacts with the material surface via non-neutral region that is formed between bulk plasma and surface known as the sheath, which plays a vital role in overall plasma properties. In this work, the characteristics of electronegative magnetized plasma sheath have been presented employing the kinetic trajectory simulation method based on kinetic theory. It is found that magnetic field and volumetric composition of negatively charged particles have significantly affected the characteristics of electronegative plasma sheath. Although the particle densities deplete towards the wall, the decreasing rate of negative charged particles is steeper than that of positive ions. The magnitude of electric field slowly increases close to the sheath entrance, whereas it sharply increases close to the wall. The positive ion density decreases in both cases when the concentration of negative ion is increased or when the magnetic field is increased. On increasing the magnetic field from 0 to 250 mT, the ion density reaching the wall decreases from 0.331 to 0.305 n ps. The results are similar and agree with similar works following different models and our model provides a satisfactory basis for the study of electronegative plasma sheath.
等离子体是物质的电离状态，在许多领域都有应用，因此引起了人们的兴趣。在等离子体的所有实际应用中，它通过在大块等离子体和表面之间形成的非中性区域(称为鞘层)与材料表面相互作用，这对等离子体的整体性能起着至关重要的作用。本文采用基于动力学理论的动力学轨迹模拟方法，研究了电负性磁化等离子体鞘层的特性。研究发现，磁场和负电荷粒子的体积组成对电负性等离子体鞘层的特性有显著影响。虽然粒子密度向壁面逐渐减少，但负电荷粒子的下降速度比正离子的下降速度要快。电场强度在靠近鞘层入口处缓慢增大，而在靠近鞘壁处急剧增大。当负离子浓度增大或磁场增大时，正离子密度减小。当磁场从0增加到250 mT时，到达壁的离子密度从0.331减小到0.305 n ps，所得结果与采用不同模型的同类研究结果基本一致，为电负性等离子体鞘层的研究提供了满意的依据。
{"title":"Effect of Negative Ion Concentration and Magnetic Field on Electronegative Plasma Sheath","authors":"R. Chalise, Bhujendra Nepali, G. Thakur, S. Basnet, R. Khanal","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46593","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma is the ionized state of matter and is of interest as it has found applications in diverse fields. In all practical applications of plasma, it interacts with the material surface via non-neutral region that is formed between bulk plasma and surface known as the sheath, which plays a vital role in overall plasma properties. In this work, the characteristics of electronegative magnetized plasma sheath have been presented employing the kinetic trajectory simulation method based on kinetic theory. It is found that magnetic field and volumetric composition of negatively charged particles have significantly affected the characteristics of electronegative plasma sheath. Although the particle densities deplete towards the wall, the decreasing rate of negative charged particles is steeper than that of positive ions. The magnitude of electric field slowly increases close to the sheath entrance, whereas it sharply increases close to the wall. The positive ion density decreases in both cases when the concentration of negative ion is increased or when the magnetic field is increased. On increasing the magnetic field from 0 to 250 mT, the ion density reaching the wall decreases from 0.331 to 0.305 n ps. The results are similar and agree with similar works following different models and our model provides a satisfactory basis for the study of electronegative plasma sheath.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87863014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43618
N. Neupane, R. C. Giri
This study aimed to investigate the experiences of teachers of integrated schools in adopting inclusive practices in the classrooms. It was carried out by selecting three integrated schools of two districts, Kathmandu and Kavre, by purposive sampling method. Three teachers from each school were selected by purposive sampling method. The interview guidelines were prepared and got reviewed from a special needs education expert to maintain its reliability, and then administered to the participants. The study found that teachers have been experiencing low self-awareness on teaching students with disabilities. The study also showed a serious lacking in knowledge and skills in teachers and their deviated perceptions towards inclusive practice. Moreover, the study revealed that the school administration can play vital role in developing inclusive culture inside the school and also responsible to provide training to the teachers. Therefore, teachers being the key player in school system, need professional development and exposure to enhance knowledge and skills to handle students with special needs in integrated classrooms.
{"title":"School Teachers’ Experiences in Adopting Inclusive Practices in Integrated Classrooms of Nepal","authors":"N. Neupane, R. C. Giri","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43618","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the experiences of teachers of integrated schools in adopting inclusive practices in the classrooms. It was carried out by selecting three integrated schools of two districts, Kathmandu and Kavre, by purposive sampling method. Three teachers from each school were selected by purposive sampling method. The interview guidelines were prepared and got reviewed from a special needs education expert to maintain its reliability, and then administered to the participants. The study found that teachers have been experiencing low self-awareness on teaching students with disabilities. The study also showed a serious lacking in knowledge and skills in teachers and their deviated perceptions towards inclusive practice. Moreover, the study revealed that the school administration can play vital role in developing inclusive culture inside the school and also responsible to provide training to the teachers. Therefore, teachers being the key player in school system, need professional development and exposure to enhance knowledge and skills to handle students with special needs in integrated classrooms.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83487578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46596
S. Gautam, P. K. Mandal, Namita Yangden, Munawatee Rai
Biomedical wastes (BMWs) are the waste generated within the hospital. The increasing number of hospitals in the public and private sectors has made a significant generation of hospital waste. Improper waste management has a direct impact on human health and the environment. The objective of this study is to identify the knowledge on biomedical waste management among nurses in a hospital at Biratnagar. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working in Neuro Cardio and Multispecialty Hospital. The nonprobability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 101 nurses using a semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive analysis was done by using mean and standard deviation and in inferential analysis chi-square test was used to find the association between level of knowledge and selected demographic variables. The findings showed that among 101 respondents, the majority (88.1%) had a moderate level of knowledge and there were no associations between nurse’s level of knowledge on biomedical waste management and selected demographic variables. It is recommended that continuing education and time to time training classes should be conducted by hospital authorities so that knowledge among nurses on biomedical waste management can be increased.
生物医学废物(BMWs)是医院内产生的废物。公立和私营部门的医院数量不断增加，产生了大量的医院废物。不当的废物管理对人类健康和环境有直接影响。本研究的目的是确定比拉特纳格尔一家医院护士对生物医学废物管理的了解情况。本研究对在心神经及多专科医院工作的护士进行了一项描述性横断面研究。采用非概率有目的抽样方法，采用半结构化自填问卷对101名护士进行问卷调查。数据输入和分析在SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science)第20版中完成。描述性分析采用均数和标准差进行，在推理分析中采用卡方检验来发现知识水平与所选人口学变量之间的关系。调查结果显示，101名受访护士中，大多数(88.1%)具有中等水平的生物医学废物管理知识，护士的生物医学废物管理知识水平与选定的人口统计学变量之间没有相关性。建议医院当局开展继续教育和不定期培训班，以提高护士对生物医学废物管理的认识。
{"title":"Knowledge on Biomedical Waste Management among Nurses Working in a Hospital of Biratnagar","authors":"S. Gautam, P. K. Mandal, Namita Yangden, Munawatee Rai","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46596","url":null,"abstract":"Biomedical wastes (BMWs) are the waste generated within the hospital. The increasing number of hospitals in the public and private sectors has made a significant generation of hospital waste. Improper waste management has a direct impact on human health and the environment. The objective of this study is to identify the knowledge on biomedical waste management among nurses in a hospital at Biratnagar. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working in Neuro Cardio and Multispecialty Hospital. The nonprobability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 101 nurses using a semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive analysis was done by using mean and standard deviation and in inferential analysis chi-square test was used to find the association between level of knowledge and selected demographic variables. The findings showed that among 101 respondents, the majority (88.1%) had a moderate level of knowledge and there were no associations between nurse’s level of knowledge on biomedical waste management and selected demographic variables. It is recommended that continuing education and time to time training classes should be conducted by hospital authorities so that knowledge among nurses on biomedical waste management can be increased.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78191701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43582
Y. Sharma
Traditional Nepali paintings are religious since they are based on Hindu and Buddhist myths. Manuscript illuminations and paubhas, the examples of religious paintings, have magical and mystical contents. Characters of myths have been portrayed and mythical stories have been narrated in visual form. There are a series of changes from traditional Nepali paintings to contemporary works. In painting, secular elements are introduced through didactic visual narratives from Hitopadesha manuscript. The moral lessons are taught through animal fables. Early paubhas are fully religious but later paubhas include portraits of the donors or the persons who asked to paint the picture at the bottom of the painting. The main part of the painting is religious but the portraits are secular. In later paubhas, the figures of the donors become larger and take equal space in the painting. Gradually, the portrait became bigger than the religious figure at the end of the Malla period. From the beginning of the Shaha period, portraits existed independently. During the Rana rule, the art of portrait painting reaches the climax since the Ranas loved the image of themselves and their family members. The artworks exist independently without reference to myths and religious texts. There is the transition from religious contents to secular subject matters. This article traces the development of secular elements in Nepali paintings. It compares the paintings in terms of the inclusion of secular elements.
{"title":"Nepali Paintings: A Departure From Religious Contents to Secular Subject Matters","authors":"Y. Sharma","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43582","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional Nepali paintings are religious since they are based on Hindu and Buddhist myths. Manuscript illuminations and paubhas, the examples of religious paintings, have magical and mystical contents. Characters of myths have been portrayed and mythical stories have been narrated in visual form. There are a series of changes from traditional Nepali paintings to contemporary works. In painting, secular elements are introduced through didactic visual narratives from Hitopadesha manuscript. The moral lessons are taught through animal fables. Early paubhas are fully religious but later paubhas include portraits of the donors or the persons who asked to paint the picture at the bottom of the painting. The main part of the painting is religious but the portraits are secular. In later paubhas, the figures of the donors become larger and take equal space in the painting. Gradually, the portrait became bigger than the religious figure at the end of the Malla period. From the beginning of the Shaha period, portraits existed independently. During the Rana rule, the art of portrait painting reaches the climax since the Ranas loved the image of themselves and their family members. The artworks exist independently without reference to myths and religious texts. There is the transition from religious contents to secular subject matters. This article traces the development of secular elements in Nepali paintings. It compares the paintings in terms of the inclusion of secular elements.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78380779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46645
Dol Raj Kafle
This article attempts to explore the functioning and dynamics of the caste system that prevailed in medieval Nepal from 879 to 1768 AD. Nepal is a country which has a rich diversity of castes, languages, religions, and cultures. On the one hand, it has long been a matter of pride for Nepal to host such a diverse society and on the other hand, this very diversity has espoused various critical interpretations, particularly when it comes to ethnicity and power relations. While the ancient traditions and culture of the country continue to shape the foundation of the present Nepali society, the influence of the medieval social and caste system is still present today. Irrespective of the socioeconomic implications of the caste system in the Nepali society, what the society practiced in medieval times in terms of different cases has a strong influence on the way Nepali society functions today. Although it cannot be said that the caste system is necessary and useful in all societies, there is evidence that the system was introduced by the kings and subjects of that time to make the medieval Nepali society systematic and dignified in their own ways. Of course, society is always fluid and should continue to change. However, the fact that the medieval caste system continues to survive in today’s Nepal. It is a strong proof that great change has not taken place yet in our society. The medieval caste system is becoming the basis of human identity even today. The co-existence of a diverse group of people in Nepali society has in both way nurtured the caste system by promoting the idea that diversity is good for society and its functioning. While there has been an effect of melting pot concept owing to urbanization and population growth in recent years, the fabric of Nepali society in the medieval period demonstrates a distinct caste system brought to operation from a utilitarian motive. This article aims to analyse this very distinct feature of Nepal’s medieval society wrought in the caste system in its crude form. The article not just explores the functioning of the caste system in medieval Nepali society but also exposes how it remains intact even today. This article uses descriptive and analytical methods. In course of writing, the arguments have been made based on secondary resources.
{"title":"Caste System in Medieval Nepal","authors":"Dol Raj Kafle","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46645","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to explore the functioning and dynamics of the caste system that prevailed in medieval Nepal from 879 to 1768 AD. Nepal is a country which has a rich diversity of castes, languages, religions, and cultures. On the one hand, it has long been a matter of pride for Nepal to host such a diverse society and on the other hand, this very diversity has espoused various critical interpretations, particularly when it comes to ethnicity and power relations. While the ancient traditions and culture of the country continue to shape the foundation of the present Nepali society, the influence of the medieval social and caste system is still present today. Irrespective of the socioeconomic implications of the caste system in the Nepali society, what the society practiced in medieval times in terms of different cases has a strong influence on the way Nepali society functions today. Although it cannot be said that the caste system is necessary and useful in all societies, there is evidence that the system was introduced by the kings and subjects of that time to make the medieval Nepali society systematic and dignified in their own ways. Of course, society is always fluid and should continue to change. However, the fact that the medieval caste system continues to survive in today’s Nepal. It is a strong proof that great change has not taken place yet in our society. The medieval caste system is becoming the basis of human identity even today. The co-existence of a diverse group of people in Nepali society has in both way nurtured the caste system by promoting the idea that diversity is good for society and its functioning. While there has been an effect of melting pot concept owing to urbanization and population growth in recent years, the fabric of Nepali society in the medieval period demonstrates a distinct caste system brought to operation from a utilitarian motive. This article aims to analyse this very distinct feature of Nepal’s medieval society wrought in the caste system in its crude form. The article not just explores the functioning of the caste system in medieval Nepali society but also exposes how it remains intact even today. This article uses descriptive and analytical methods. In course of writing, the arguments have been made based on secondary resources.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91290994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43584
Gunja Kumari Sah
It is tough to forecast or assess an individual preference, but it is vital for marketers since it represents an essential step in understanding consumer choice. It is critical to determine brand preference based on the awareness of the customer. The primary objectives of this study are to assess how professional consumers prefer brands in the choice of mobile phones. Business people, private jobholders, government personnel, and farmers are considered professionals for this study. Other goals are to explore the relationship between brand popularity, price, product attributes, social influence, marketing communication, and brand preference and examine the impact of independent variables on brand preference. Data were obtained from the 150 samples of professionals in Kathmandu valley through convenience sampling techniques. A total of 200 questionnaires were circulated, with 179 being collected. From the collected questionnaires, 29 were invalid, while 150 were valid and entered into SPSS 20. The data were analyzed through reliability, validity, descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. This study proved product attributes and price influenced the Smartphone purchase decision. So, the Samsung Smartphone is the first choice among professionals. It also confirmed the insignificant relationship between social influence and brand preference. Thus, the social context does not aid in purchasing a smart phone. The findings will support smart phone manufacturers in developing strategies based on consumer brand preferences.
{"title":"Brand Preference of Professionals towards Choosing Smartphone in Nepal","authors":"Gunja Kumari Sah","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43584","url":null,"abstract":"It is tough to forecast or assess an individual preference, but it is vital for marketers since it represents an essential step in understanding consumer choice. It is critical to determine brand preference based on the awareness of the customer. The primary objectives of this study are to assess how professional consumers prefer brands in the choice of mobile phones. Business people, private jobholders, government personnel, and farmers are considered professionals for this study. Other goals are to explore the relationship between brand popularity, price, product attributes, social influence, marketing communication, and brand preference and examine the impact of independent variables on brand preference. Data were obtained from the 150 samples of professionals in Kathmandu valley through convenience sampling techniques. A total of 200 questionnaires were circulated, with 179 being collected. From the collected questionnaires, 29 were invalid, while 150 were valid and entered into SPSS 20. The data were analyzed through reliability, validity, descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. This study proved product attributes and price influenced the Smartphone purchase decision. So, the Samsung Smartphone is the first choice among professionals. It also confirmed the insignificant relationship between social influence and brand preference. Thus, the social context does not aid in purchasing a smart phone. The findings will support smart phone manufacturers in developing strategies based on consumer brand preferences.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84532201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46643
Tirtha Raj Timsina
Tourism is a service-based industry with multiplicity of inter-linkages to the various other sectors in an economy. It contributes the significant amount of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with remarkable employment opportunities in many countries of the world. This research work is conducted to identify the effect of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Nepalese tourism industry and potential measure to cope with the effect in the economy by which necessary suggestions would recommend for this sector. This is a qualitative research based on the qualitative data gathered from primary as well as secondary sources. Fifteen respondents from different parts of Kathmandu valley have been purposively selected to obtain the first-hand responses who are formally engaged in tourism sector. It is found that there is significant effect in entire tourism sector and considerable decline globally and even the final statistics has not been measured yet. Nepal is also in the similar stream. Still there are lots of possibilities to cope with and develop new paradigm by handling the same things differently. This study concludes that there are plenty of measures to handle the problem created by the pandemic like COVID-19 throughout the economy including tourism. The knowledge acquired and lesson learned from the experiences make everything possible to handle it wisely so as to produce expected outcome that is why there is the enough sphere to revive Nepalese tourism in days to come.
{"title":"Effect of Covid-19 in Nepalese Tourism Sector and its Potential Measures in Nepal","authors":"Tirtha Raj Timsina","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i02.46643","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism is a service-based industry with multiplicity of inter-linkages to the various other sectors in an economy. It contributes the significant amount of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with remarkable employment opportunities in many countries of the world. This research work is conducted to identify the effect of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Nepalese tourism industry and potential measure to cope with the effect in the economy by which necessary suggestions would recommend for this sector. This is a qualitative research based on the qualitative data gathered from primary as well as secondary sources. Fifteen respondents from different parts of Kathmandu valley have been purposively selected to obtain the first-hand responses who are formally engaged in tourism sector. It is found that there is significant effect in entire tourism sector and considerable decline globally and even the final statistics has not been measured yet. Nepal is also in the similar stream. Still there are lots of possibilities to cope with and develop new paradigm by handling the same things differently. This study concludes that there are plenty of measures to handle the problem created by the pandemic like COVID-19 throughout the economy including tourism. The knowledge acquired and lesson learned from the experiences make everything possible to handle it wisely so as to produce expected outcome that is why there is the enough sphere to revive Nepalese tourism in days to come.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83480222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43621
Dawa Sherpa, Khagendra Baraily
This paper attempts to explore and analyse the barriers for diversity management in classroom of a rural community schools in Nepal. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural country. As the fabric of society, there is also diversity in the configuration of community schools in rural areas. It entails knowing that each student is unique and acknowledging their uniqueness in the classroom. These might be along the lines of color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic position, age, physical ability, religious views, political convictions, or other ideologies. This paper is mainly based on primary and secondary data. Purposively, head teachers, teachers, and students were selected for interviews. Interviews, field visits, classroom observation, and focus group discussion with teachers and students were conducted, and the data were analyzed thematically based on interview codes. The data shows that they were ignorant of the concept of diversity and how to manage it in the classroom. It is mainly due to the deconstruction of teachers’ attitudes regarding income, professionalism, community structure, physical infrastructure, and socioeconomic discrepancies. This paper suggests managing diversity in the classroom through both policies to integrate curricula and effective management practices in the classrooms. Thus, teachers need pedagogical skills to address the issues of diversity, marginality and oppress groups of the society and barrier of diversity management in the classroom.
{"title":"Barriers to Diversity Management in Classroom: A Case of Rural Community Schools in Nepal","authors":"Dawa Sherpa, Khagendra Baraily","doi":"10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43621","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to explore and analyse the barriers for diversity management in classroom of a rural community schools in Nepal. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural country. As the fabric of society, there is also diversity in the configuration of community schools in rural areas. It entails knowing that each student is unique and acknowledging their uniqueness in the classroom. These might be along the lines of color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic position, age, physical ability, religious views, political convictions, or other ideologies. This paper is mainly based on primary and secondary data. Purposively, head teachers, teachers, and students were selected for interviews. Interviews, field visits, classroom observation, and focus group discussion with teachers and students were conducted, and the data were analyzed thematically based on interview codes. The data shows that they were ignorant of the concept of diversity and how to manage it in the classroom. It is mainly due to the deconstruction of teachers’ attitudes regarding income, professionalism, community structure, physical infrastructure, and socioeconomic discrepancies. This paper suggests managing diversity in the classroom through both policies to integrate curricula and effective management practices in the classrooms. Thus, teachers need pedagogical skills to address the issues of diversity, marginality and oppress groups of the society and barrier of diversity management in the classroom.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86865599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: The study was conducted to determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli from fecal sample of different chicken poultry farm located at Kirtipur. Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted from November 1st 2019 to February 29th 2020. The samples were collected from 27 different poultry farms and processed at Microbiology laboratory at Trichandra Multiple Campus. Identified E. coli were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test by using Kirby and Bauer Disc Diffusion technique and Combined disk method was used to determine ESBL E. coli. Results: From all 27 poultry farms, E. coli was isolated from broiler (n=13), layer (n=10), and local (n=4) breeds, of which 23 (85.18%) were not registered. The chickens were fed with vitamin and calcium as growth promoter along with antibiotics; Piperacillin, Colistin and Doxycycline. Altogether 85.18% (n=23) isolates showed sensitivity towards Nitrofurantoin, Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime followed by Tigecycline 77.7% (n=21). Among these isolates 66.6% (n=18) were resistance towards Piperacillin followed by Ampicillin 37% (n=10). A statistically significant correlation was seen in resistance rate between broiler and layers. Among total isolates 37.03% (n=10) were Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) and 14.81% (n=4) were ESBL producer. Unregistered poultry farms were associated with MDR and ESBL Ec isolates. Conclusion: Unregistered poultry farms and irrational use of antibiotics has influenced development of MDR and ESBL isolates. Timely monitoring and surveillance is suggested to decrease the trend of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry system.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli: a Cross Sectional Study in Chicken Poultry of Kirtipur, Nepal","authors":"Manisha Kharel, Sumi Tamaru, Tirtha Raj Chaudary, Dabin Thapa Magar, Bishow Raj Gaire, Bindu Ghimire","doi":"10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v8i1.41193","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The study was conducted to determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli from fecal sample of different chicken poultry farm located at Kirtipur.\u0000Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted from November 1st 2019 to February 29th 2020. The samples were collected from 27 different poultry farms and processed at Microbiology laboratory at Trichandra Multiple Campus. Identified E. coli were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test by using Kirby and Bauer Disc Diffusion technique and Combined disk method was used to determine ESBL E. coli.\u0000Results: From all 27 poultry farms, E. coli was isolated from broiler (n=13), layer (n=10), and local (n=4) breeds, of which 23 (85.18%) were not registered. The chickens were fed with vitamin and calcium as growth promoter along with antibiotics; Piperacillin, Colistin and Doxycycline. Altogether 85.18% (n=23) isolates showed sensitivity towards Nitrofurantoin, Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime followed by Tigecycline 77.7% (n=21). Among these isolates 66.6% (n=18) were resistance towards Piperacillin followed by Ampicillin 37% (n=10). A statistically significant correlation was seen in resistance rate between broiler and layers. Among total isolates 37.03% (n=10) were Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) and 14.81% (n=4) were ESBL producer. Unregistered poultry farms were associated with MDR and ESBL Ec isolates.\u0000Conclusion: Unregistered poultry farms and irrational use of antibiotics has influenced development of MDR and ESBL isolates. Timely monitoring and surveillance is suggested to decrease the trend of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry system.","PeriodicalId":23254,"journal":{"name":"Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84008784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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