The present study is the first research on the phytotoxicological effects of Er-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on duckweed (Lemna minor L.), as a model aquatic floating macrophyte. It concentrated on the comparison of the physiological effects of different concentrations of undoped and Er-doped zinc oxide NPs on L. minor. Pure and Er-doped zinc oxide samples were synthesized through a sonochemical method and their morphology and chemical composition were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Plant growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated as indices to assess the effects and toxicity of the NPs on L. minor. Moreover, the dissolution of Zn2+ from the suspensions of NPs was investigated to clearly determine whether the Zn2+ released from the NPs was the main source of their toxicity to the plant. The results showed significant changes in the physiological parameters of the plant in response to the treatments. The negative effects of treatments on the growth of L. minor, in order, were Zn2+ >> ZnO-NPs >> EZO-NPs >> bulk-ZnO. The activity of superoxide dismutase was remarkably increased by increasing the concentration of the contaminants in the plant.
本研究首次研究了掺铒氧化锌纳米粒子对浮萍（Lemna minor L.）的植物毒理学影响。重点比较了不同浓度的未掺杂和掺铒氧化锌纳米颗粒对L.minor的生理效应。采用声化学方法合成了纯氧化锌和掺铒氧化锌样品，并通过扫描电子显微镜和能量色散X射线分析对其形貌和化学成分进行了研究。以植物生长、光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性为指标，研究了NPs对L.minor的影响和毒性。此外，研究了Zn2+从NP悬浮液中的溶解，以清楚地确定从NP释放的Zn2+是否是其对植物毒性的主要来源。结果表明，植物的生理参数对处理的反应发生了显著变化。处理对L.minor生长的负面影响依次为Zn2+>>ZnO NPs>>EZO NPs>>体相ZnO。随着污染物浓度的增加，超氧化物歧化酶活性显著提高。
{"title":"Comparative phytotoxicity of undoped and Er-doped ZnO nanoparticles onLemna minor L.: changes in plant physiological responses","authors":"S. Torbati, A. Khataee, Shabnam Saadi","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1611-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1611-27","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is the first research on the phytotoxicological effects of Er-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on duckweed (Lemna minor L.), as a model aquatic floating macrophyte. It concentrated on the comparison of the physiological effects of different concentrations of undoped and Er-doped zinc oxide NPs on L. minor. Pure and Er-doped zinc oxide samples were synthesized through a sonochemical method and their morphology and chemical composition were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Plant growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated as indices to assess the effects and toxicity of the NPs on L. minor. Moreover, the dissolution of Zn2+ from the suspensions of NPs was investigated to clearly determine whether the Zn2+ released from the NPs was the main source of their toxicity to the plant. The results showed significant changes in the physiological parameters of the plant in response to the treatments. The negative effects of treatments on the growth of L. minor, in order, were Zn2+ >> ZnO-NPs >> EZO-NPs >> bulk-ZnO. The activity of superoxide dismutase was remarkably increased by increasing the concentration of the contaminants in the plant.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"575-586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1611-27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41644663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mehmet Demiralay, C. Altuntaş, A. Sezgin, R. Terzi, A. Kadıoğlu
Exogenous proline (PRO) at low concentrations can enhance drought stress tolerance in different application modes such as application to rooting medium, foliar spray, and seed soaking. However, there is no information about which application mode is more effective for increasing the drought tolerance. Comparative effects of 1, 10, and 20 mM PRO applications through three application modes to hydroponically grown seedlings were examined under short-term drought stress in maize seedlings. Effects on leaf water potential, membrane damage, chlorophyll content, proline level, and gas exchange parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) were compared. Results indicated that PRO pretreatments raised the water potential, chlorophyll content, Pn, E, gs, and Ci but lowered the malondialdehyde content in the three application modes as compared to the untreated plants. Of the three different modes of PRO pretreatment, rooting medium treatment at 1 mM concentration was also more effective in alleviating stress-induced damages in maize seedlings. Moreover, effectively applied PRO increased the maximum quantum efficiency of PS II, quantum yield of PS II photochemistry, photochemical quenching, and electron transport rate but decreased nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence under short-term drought stress. In conclusion, exogenous PRO was markedly more effective in the root-treated mode than in foliar spray or seed soaking mode, suggesting that PRO had a different ameliorating effect in different application modes. Proline application in an effective mode can induce photochemical efficiency under short-term drought in maize.
{"title":"Application of proline to root medium is more effective for amelioration of photosynthetic damages as compared to foliar spraying or seed soaking in maize seedlings under short-term drought","authors":"Mehmet Demiralay, C. Altuntaş, A. Sezgin, R. Terzi, A. Kadıoğlu","doi":"10.3906/biy-1702-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1702-19","url":null,"abstract":"Exogenous proline (PRO) at low concentrations can enhance drought stress tolerance in different application modes such as application to rooting medium, foliar spray, and seed soaking. However, there is no information about which application mode is more effective for increasing the drought tolerance. Comparative effects of 1, 10, and 20 mM PRO applications through three application modes to hydroponically grown seedlings were examined under short-term drought stress in maize seedlings. Effects on leaf water potential, membrane damage, chlorophyll content, proline level, and gas exchange parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) were compared. Results indicated that PRO pretreatments raised the water potential, chlorophyll content, Pn, E, gs, and Ci but lowered the malondialdehyde content in the three application modes as compared to the untreated plants. Of the three different modes of PRO pretreatment, rooting medium treatment at 1 mM concentration was also more effective in alleviating stress-induced damages in maize seedlings. Moreover, effectively applied PRO increased the maximum quantum efficiency of PS II, quantum yield of PS II photochemistry, photochemical quenching, and electron transport rate but decreased nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence under short-term drought stress. In conclusion, exogenous PRO was markedly more effective in the root-treated mode than in foliar spray or seed soaking mode, suggesting that PRO had a different ameliorating effect in different application modes. Proline application in an effective mode can induce photochemical efficiency under short-term drought in maize.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"649-660"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1702-19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44495991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to increase laccase production in Trametes versicolor ATCC 200801 pellets by using various inducers and their combinations under repeated-batch conditions. Because copper is an effective inducer for laccase production, the effect of Cu on laccase production in this strain was tested first. The optimal Cu concentration for the highest laccase production was 0.5 mM. Following this preliminary study, the effect of other inducers [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), syringaldazine, guaiacol, and 2,5-xylidine] on laccase production was determined. Copper was determined to be the most efficient inducer among the inducers used. Therefore, the synergistic effect of each inducer with Cu on laccase production in this strain was investigated. While the maximum laccase activity was 0.60 U/mL in stock basal medium (SBM) alone, the highest enzyme activities detected were 4.76 and 2.87 U/mL in SBM + 0.05 mM ABTS and SBM + 1 mM 2,5-xylidine, respectively. Maximum laccase activities obtained from the combination of the inducers were 33.61 and 26.49 U/mL in SBM + 0.5 mM Cu + 0.5 mM 2,5-xylidine and SBM + 0.5 mM Cu + 0.05 mM ABTS, respectively. These were the most efficient combinations for laccase production.
{"title":"The effect of various inducers and their combinations with copper on laccaseproduction of Trametes versicolor pellets in a repeated-batch process","authors":"E. Birhanli, Ö. Yeşilada","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1608-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1608-44","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to increase laccase production in Trametes versicolor ATCC 200801 pellets by using various inducers and their combinations under repeated-batch conditions. Because copper is an effective inducer for laccase production, the effect of Cu on laccase production in this strain was tested first. The optimal Cu concentration for the highest laccase production was 0.5 mM. Following this preliminary study, the effect of other inducers [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), syringaldazine, guaiacol, and 2,5-xylidine] on laccase production was determined. Copper was determined to be the most efficient inducer among the inducers used. Therefore, the synergistic effect of each inducer with Cu on laccase production in this strain was investigated. While the maximum laccase activity was 0.60 U/mL in stock basal medium (SBM) alone, the highest enzyme activities detected were 4.76 and 2.87 U/mL in SBM + 0.05 mM ABTS and SBM + 1 mM 2,5-xylidine, respectively. Maximum laccase activities obtained from the combination of the inducers were 33.61 and 26.49 U/mL in SBM + 0.5 mM Cu + 0.5 mM 2,5-xylidine and SBM + 0.5 mM Cu + 0.05 mM ABTS, respectively. These were the most efficient combinations for laccase production.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"587-599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1608-44","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45336250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ampicillin has been widely used to treat bacterial infections. When we used ampicillin to eliminate bacterial contamination in yeast cultures, we observed induction of phosphorylation of MAP kinase 1 (Mpk1), a previously unknown function of ampicillin. We therefore investigated whether ampicillin activates the signal transduction pathway. Phosphorylation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mpk1 was induced by ampicillin in a dose- and time-dependent manner through the PKC1-CWI pathway. Mpk1 phosphorylation was maximal after treatment with 3 mM ampicillin for 90 min. Despite activation of Mpk1 phosphorylation, ampicillin did not influence yeast cell growth. Ampicillin reduced miconazole antifungal activity; miconazole had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.125 µg/mL against Candida albicans, which increased to 25 µg/mL after 48 h of treatment with 3 mM ampicillin. Finally, ampicillin activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (a mammalian homolog of Mpk1), with maximum effect at 3 mM ampicillin, in human HepG2 cells, but did not influence cell viability. The results of this study clearly indicate that ampicillin activated Mpk1 phosphorylation in yeast and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HepG2 cells. In addition to its clinical application to eliminate bacteria, ampicillin could also be used to activate Mpk1 or ERK1/2 in the laboratory.
{"title":"Ampicillin activates Mpk1 phosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeand ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HepG2 cells","authors":"Yu-Kyong Shin, Ki-Young Kim","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1611-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1611-8","url":null,"abstract":"Ampicillin has been widely used to treat bacterial infections. When we used ampicillin to eliminate bacterial contamination in yeast cultures, we observed induction of phosphorylation of MAP kinase 1 (Mpk1), a previously unknown function of ampicillin. We therefore investigated whether ampicillin activates the signal transduction pathway. Phosphorylation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mpk1 was induced by ampicillin in a dose- and time-dependent manner through the PKC1-CWI pathway. Mpk1 phosphorylation was maximal after treatment with 3 mM ampicillin for 90 min. Despite activation of Mpk1 phosphorylation, ampicillin did not influence yeast cell growth. Ampicillin reduced miconazole antifungal activity; miconazole had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.125 µg/mL against Candida albicans, which increased to 25 µg/mL after 48 h of treatment with 3 mM ampicillin. Finally, ampicillin activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (a mammalian homolog of Mpk1), with maximum effect at 3 mM ampicillin, in human HepG2 cells, but did not influence cell viability. The results of this study clearly indicate that ampicillin activated Mpk1 phosphorylation in yeast and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HepG2 cells. In addition to its clinical application to eliminate bacteria, ampicillin could also be used to activate Mpk1 or ERK1/2 in the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"600-607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1611-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49008878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parthenogenetically derived mammalian embryos, with no paternal genome, are not viable and die, largely from defective placental growth attributed to a lack of paternal effect, resulting in the low blastulation rate and low derivation efficiency of parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (pESCs). Therefore, the present study, by the optimization of parthenogenetic embryo production and the aggregation of the parthenogenetic diploid embryo and the identified male embryo, aims to investigate a method to improve the development of parthenogenetic embryo and pESC derivation in mice. Using different chemical combinations for the optimization, we found that the heterozygous diploid type had a significantly higher blastulation rate than the haploid type (P < 0.05). The treatment of strontium chloride (SrCl2) combined with cytochalasin B for 4 h produced the highest heterozygous diploid rate and blastulation rate. Our self-made concave hole system was used for the aggregation of the parthenogenetic heterozygous diploid embryo with the male embryo identified by the duplex PCR method, and we found that the chimeric embryo had an improved rate of blastulation and pESC isolation.
{"title":"Aggregation of a parthenogenetic diploid embryo and a male embryo improves the blastocyst development and parthenogenetic embryonic stem cell derivation","authors":"Xiaoyan Qiu, Nan Li, Xiong Xiao, Yuemin Li","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1612-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1612-30","url":null,"abstract":"Parthenogenetically derived mammalian embryos, with no paternal genome, are not viable and die, largely from defective placental growth attributed to a lack of paternal effect, resulting in the low blastulation rate and low derivation efficiency of parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (pESCs). Therefore, the present study, by the optimization of parthenogenetic embryo production and the aggregation of the parthenogenetic diploid embryo and the identified male embryo, aims to investigate a method to improve the development of parthenogenetic embryo and pESC derivation in mice. Using different chemical combinations for the optimization, we found that the heterozygous diploid type had a significantly higher blastulation rate than the haploid type (P < 0.05). The treatment of strontium chloride (SrCl2) combined with cytochalasin B for 4 h produced the highest heterozygous diploid rate and blastulation rate. Our self-made concave hole system was used for the aggregation of the parthenogenetic heterozygous diploid embryo with the male embryo identified by the duplex PCR method, and we found that the chimeric embryo had an improved rate of blastulation and pESC isolation.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"629-639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1612-30","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44796281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leaf rolling (LR), particularly in crops, is a dehydration avoidance mechanism that results from water loss in plants under drought conditions. Two maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) differing in their tolerance to drought (cultivar Side was selected as stress-tolerant and cultivar Karacay was selected as stress-sensitive) under PEG-induced drought stress were used in this study to understand the effects of polyamines (PAs) on LR response and the role of the antioxidant system in the delayed LR process. Aerial parts of the seedlings were excised prior to the experiment and then submerged in a Hoagland nutrient solution with or without 0.1 mM Putrescine and 0.1 mM Spermine for 17 h, after which they were submitted to osmotic stress treatments (5% PEG) for 24 h. LR was physically prevented in order to clarify the relationship between PAs and antioxidant systems in LR response. Plants were evaluated by measuring the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels. Exogenous applications of PAs prevented water loss and delayed LR in comparison with the control (seedlings treated only with PEG). PAs almost totally prevented increases in lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant enzyme activities in rolled leaves were induced in response to osmotic stress in both maize seedlings via PA application. Ascorbate, glutathione, and endogenous PA levels increased as a result of PA applications. H2O2 content was lower in PA-pretreated plants than in the control in both cultivars. The activity/effectiveness of antioxidant system components of the physical prevention of leaf rolling (PLR) group of plants were lower than those of the group of plants with rolled leaves, especially in sensitive Karacay, whereas more induced H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation were determined in the PLR group. In addition, exogenous applications of PAs further increased the components of Side's antioxidant system in comparison with Karacay. When considered together, the data suggest that exogenous PAs may have a H2O2-mediated regulatory role in the LR process through the induction of antioxidant machinery. A stimulated antioxidant system decreases oxidative stress damage from excess accumulation of H2O2, thus delaying LR. In summary, exogenous PAs could help plants invert the adverse effects of osmotic stress and might play a key role in providing tolerance in plants through modulating the antioxidant system and decreasing H2O2 levels and water loss in plants via LR, as an alternative drought-protection mechanism. In addition, maize cultivars with late LR by PA applications may be provided as an opportunity for improving yield potential in drought-prone areas.
{"title":"Exogenously applied polyamines ameliorate osmotic stress-induced damages and delay leaf rolling by improving the antioxidant system in maize genotypes","authors":"N. Çalişkan, A. Kadıoğlu, Neslihan Saruhan Güler","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1608-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1608-55","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf rolling (LR), particularly in crops, is a dehydration avoidance mechanism that results from water loss in plants under drought conditions. Two maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) differing in their tolerance to drought (cultivar Side was selected as stress-tolerant and cultivar Karacay was selected as stress-sensitive) under PEG-induced drought stress were used in this study to understand the effects of polyamines (PAs) on LR response and the role of the antioxidant system in the delayed LR process. Aerial parts of the seedlings were excised prior to the experiment and then submerged in a Hoagland nutrient solution with or without 0.1 mM Putrescine and 0.1 mM Spermine for 17 h, after which they were submitted to osmotic stress treatments (5% PEG) for 24 h. LR was physically prevented in order to clarify the relationship between PAs and antioxidant systems in LR response. Plants were evaluated by measuring the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and nonenzymatic antioxidant levels. Exogenous applications of PAs prevented water loss and delayed LR in comparison with the control (seedlings treated only with PEG). PAs almost totally prevented increases in lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant enzyme activities in rolled leaves were induced in response to osmotic stress in both maize seedlings via PA application. Ascorbate, glutathione, and endogenous PA levels increased as a result of PA applications. H2O2 content was lower in PA-pretreated plants than in the control in both cultivars. The activity/effectiveness of antioxidant system components of the physical prevention of leaf rolling (PLR) group of plants were lower than those of the group of plants with rolled leaves, especially in sensitive Karacay, whereas more induced H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation were determined in the PLR group. In addition, exogenous applications of PAs further increased the components of Side's antioxidant system in comparison with Karacay. When considered together, the data suggest that exogenous PAs may have a H2O2-mediated regulatory role in the LR process through the induction of antioxidant machinery. A stimulated antioxidant system decreases oxidative stress damage from excess accumulation of H2O2, thus delaying LR. In summary, exogenous PAs could help plants invert the adverse effects of osmotic stress and might play a key role in providing tolerance in plants through modulating the antioxidant system and decreasing H2O2 levels and water loss in plants via LR, as an alternative drought-protection mechanism. In addition, maize cultivars with late LR by PA applications may be provided as an opportunity for improving yield potential in drought-prone areas.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"563-574"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1608-55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41415036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Guarino, C. Buccelli, V. Graziano, P. L. Porta, M. Mezzasalma, G. Odierna, M. Paternoster, P. Petrone
n thermally damaged archaeological bones the quantity, quality, and amplifiability of DNA are very much reliant on both the extent of heating and the environmental conditions of the burial context. In this study we tested the possibility of extracting and amplifying ancient DNA from human bone remains of Herculaneum victims of the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius using a combination of histochemical and molecular methods. Long bone samples with variable degrees of chromatic and morphological alterations consistent with exposure to temperatures of about 300 °C were taken from four specimens. Using histochemical stains, bone cryostat sections from three individuals revealed DNA within osteocyte lacunae but only for one sample the DNA was suitable for PCR amplification obtained, namely from reactions with the primer pair for X and Y amelogenin (AMEL) loci. The relative sequence differed from the homologous trait of AMELX deposited in GenBank for six bases, probably due to degradation processes following death. Our data are indicative that archaeological bones exposed to high temperatures of about 300 °C should be considered for DNA analysis, given the favorable conditions of corpse burial and skeleton preservation, such as those that occurred for the 79 AD victims in Herculaneum and Pompeii.
{"title":"Recovery and amplification of ancient DNA from Herculaneum victims killed by the 79 AD Vesuvius hot surges","authors":"F. Guarino, C. Buccelli, V. Graziano, P. L. Porta, M. Mezzasalma, G. Odierna, M. Paternoster, P. Petrone","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1702-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1702-48","url":null,"abstract":"n thermally damaged archaeological bones the quantity, quality, and amplifiability of DNA are very much reliant on both the extent of heating and the environmental conditions of the burial context. In this study we tested the possibility of extracting and amplifying ancient DNA from human bone remains of Herculaneum victims of the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius using a combination of histochemical and molecular methods. Long bone samples with variable degrees of chromatic and morphological alterations consistent with exposure to temperatures of about 300 °C were taken from four specimens. Using histochemical stains, bone cryostat sections from three individuals revealed DNA within osteocyte lacunae but only for one sample the DNA was suitable for PCR amplification obtained, namely from reactions with the primer pair for X and Y amelogenin (AMEL) loci. The relative sequence differed from the homologous trait of AMELX deposited in GenBank for six bases, probably due to degradation processes following death. Our data are indicative that archaeological bones exposed to high temperatures of about 300 °C should be considered for DNA analysis, given the favorable conditions of corpse burial and skeleton preservation, such as those that occurred for the 79 AD victims in Herculaneum and Pompeii.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"640-648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1702-48","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41606099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The roles of MYB transcription factors are diverse and important in regulating environmental stress in plants. In this study, the R2R3 MYB gene FvMYB2 (GenBank Accession No. KY767843) and its promoter region were cloned from ash (Fraxinus velutina Torr.). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FvMYB2 was clustered with VvMYB60 from Vitis vinifera. PlantCARE software analysis showed that its promoter contained different cis elements involved in diverse abiotic stresses. The expression patterns of FvMYB2 were investigated under different abiotic stress conditions. FvMYB2 subcellular localization was mainly localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of FvMYB2 in tobacco showed enhanced salt resistance and upregulation of stress- and ABA-related genes after NaCl treatment. These results indicated that FvMYB2 may play a positive role in salt stress regulation mediated by ABA-dependent signaling mechanisms.
{"title":"A R2R3 MYB transcription factor from ash positively regulates salt response in tobacco","authors":"Tian Li, Jingkuan Sun, Y. Bi","doi":"10.3906/biy-1612-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1612-31","url":null,"abstract":"The roles of MYB transcription factors are diverse and important in regulating environmental stress in plants. In this study, the R2R3 MYB gene FvMYB2 (GenBank Accession No. KY767843) and its promoter region were cloned from ash (Fraxinus velutina Torr.). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FvMYB2 was clustered with VvMYB60 from Vitis vinifera. PlantCARE software analysis showed that its promoter contained different cis elements involved in diverse abiotic stresses. The expression patterns of FvMYB2 were investigated under different abiotic stress conditions. FvMYB2 subcellular localization was mainly localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of FvMYB2 in tobacco showed enhanced salt resistance and upregulation of stress- and ABA-related genes after NaCl treatment. These results indicated that FvMYB2 may play a positive role in salt stress regulation mediated by ABA-dependent signaling mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"608-621"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1612-31","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44498789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Shabbir, Mohammad Masroor Akhtar Khan, Y. Sadiq, Hassan Jaleel, B. Ahmad, M. Uddin
Upon irradiation, marine polysaccharides undergo depolymerization, leading to formation of oligosaccharides that elicit various biological activities in plants. Taking a step further on the previously established growth-promoting activity of irradiated sodium alginate (ISA), structural rearrangements in ISA were analyzed using complementary techniques to develop an understanding of the structure-property relationship. The essential oil (EO) of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash) immensely benefits the perfumery industry, proving itself as an economically important crop. A pot experiment was designed to test the effect of water-soluble ISA fractions on the growth, physiology, and EO production of vetiver. The structural characterization of radiation-induced sodium alginate was carried out using SEM, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Of the various treatments employed, ISA-120 (ISA applied at 120 mg L-1) proved the best for most of the parameters studied, including fresh and dry weight of plants and photosynthetic attributes. As compared to the control (water-spray treatment), foliar feeding of ISA-120 resulted in an increase of 21.2% in chlorophyll content, while this treatment enhanced the chlorophyll fluorescence by 21.8% at 300 days after transplanting. Application of ISA-120 also increased the EO content by 21.1% and EO yield by 47.6%. Gas chromatography revealed an increase of 30.1% and 92.6% in the values of content and yield of khusimol, respectively, over the control.
辐照后，海洋多糖发生解聚，形成寡糖，引发植物的各种生物活性。在先前建立的辐照海藻酸钠(ISA)促生长活性的基础上，利用互补技术分析了ISA的结构重排，以了解其结构-性质关系。香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash)的精油(EO)极大地有利于香料工业，证明了自己是一种重要的经济作物。以香根草为研究对象，通过盆栽试验研究了不同水溶性成分对香根草生长、生理及产油效果的影响。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)对辐射诱导的海藻酸钠进行了结构表征。在所采用的各种处理中，ISA-120 (120 mg L-1施用ISA)对所研究的大多数参数，包括植物的鲜重、干重和光合特性都证明是最好的。在移栽后300 d，与对照(喷水处理)相比，叶片饲喂ISA-120使叶绿素含量增加了21.2%，叶绿素荧光增强了21.8%。添加ISA-120后，环氧乙烷含量提高21.1%，环氧乙烷产率提高47.6%。气相色谱法测定的胡芦酚含量和得率比对照分别提高了30.1%和92.6%。
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{"title":"The role of predicted spermidine family transporters in stress response and cell cycle in Schizosaccharomyces pombe","authors":"Aslıhan Örs Gevrekci","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1608-70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1608-70","url":null,"abstract":"* Correspondence: agevrekci@baskent.edu.tr","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"419-427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1608-70","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44392618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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