The epidermis, the outer layer of the skin, is formed by stratified keratinocyte layers. The self-renewal of the epidermis is provided by sustained proliferation and differentiation of the keratinocyte stem cells localized to the basal layer of the epidermis. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4) is an important regulator of keratinocyte differentiation, mutations of which are associated with congenital ectodermal malformations. In an attempt to identify the molecular basis of RIPK4’s function, we applied yeast two-hybrid screen (Y2H) and found basal layer-specific keratin filament component keratin 14 (KRT14) as a novel RIPK4-interacting partner. During keratinocyte differentiation, layer-specific keratin composition is tightly regulated. Likewise, the basal layer specific KRT14/keratin 5 (KRT5) heterodimers are replaced by keratin 1 (KRT1)/keratin 10 (KRT10) in suprabasal layers. The regulation of keratin turnover is under the control of signaling associated with posttranslational modifications in which phosphorylation plays a major role. In this study, we verified the KRT14-RIPK4 interaction, which was identified with Y2H, in mammalian cells and showed that the interaction was direct by using proteins expressed in bacteria. According to our results, the N-terminal kinase domain of RIPK4 is responsible for KRT14-RIPK4 interaction; however, the RIPK4 kinase activity is dispensable for the interaction. In accordance with their interaction, RIPK4 and KRT14 colocalize within the cells, particularly at keratin filaments associated with perinuclear ring-like structures. Moreover, RIPK4 did not show any effect on KRT14/KRT5 heterodimer formation. Our results suggest that RIPK4 may regulate the keratin turnover required for keratinocyte differentiation through interacting with KRT14.
{"title":"Keratin 14 is a novel interaction partner of keratinocyte differentiation regulator: receptor-interacting protein kinase 4","authors":"Ceren Sümer, Asiye Büşra Boz Er, Tuba Dinçer","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1904-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1904-37","url":null,"abstract":"The epidermis, the outer layer of the skin, is formed by stratified keratinocyte layers. The self-renewal of the epidermis is provided by sustained proliferation and differentiation of the keratinocyte stem cells localized to the basal layer of the epidermis. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4) is an important regulator of keratinocyte differentiation, mutations of which are associated with congenital ectodermal malformations. In an attempt to identify the molecular basis of RIPK4’s function, we applied yeast two-hybrid screen (Y2H) and found basal layer-specific keratin filament component keratin 14 (KRT14) as a novel RIPK4-interacting partner. During keratinocyte differentiation, layer-specific keratin composition is tightly regulated. Likewise, the basal layer specific KRT14/keratin 5 (KRT5) heterodimers are replaced by keratin 1 (KRT1)/keratin 10 (KRT10) in suprabasal layers. The regulation of keratin turnover is under the control of signaling associated with posttranslational modifications in which phosphorylation plays a major role. In this study, we verified the KRT14-RIPK4 interaction, which was identified with Y2H, in mammalian cells and showed that the interaction was direct by using proteins expressed in bacteria. According to our results, the N-terminal kinase domain of RIPK4 is responsible for KRT14-RIPK4 interaction; however, the RIPK4 kinase activity is dispensable for the interaction. In accordance with their interaction, RIPK4 and KRT14 colocalize within the cells, particularly at keratin filaments associated with perinuclear ring-like structures. Moreover, RIPK4 did not show any effect on KRT14/KRT5 heterodimer formation. Our results suggest that RIPK4 may regulate the keratin turnover required for keratinocyte differentiation through interacting with KRT14.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"225 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1904-37","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49099696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nergis Abay Akar, Görke Gürel Peközer, G. Torun Köse
Having a self-healing capacity, bone is very well known to regenerate itself without leaving a scar. However, critical size defects due to trauma, tumor, disease, or infection involve bone graft surgeries in which complication rate is relatively at high levels. Bone tissue engineering appears as an alternative for grafting. Fibrous scaffolds are useful in tissue engineering applications since they have a high surface-to-volume ratio, and adjustable, highly interconnected porosity to enhance cell adhesion, survival, migration, and proliferation. They can be produced in a wide variety of fiber sizes and organizations. Wet spinning is a convenient way to produce fibrous scaffolds with consistent fiber size and good mechanical properties. In this study, a fibrous bone tissue engineering scaffold was produced using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Different concentrations (20%, 25%, and 30%) of PLGA (PLA:PGA 75:25) (Mw = 66,000-107,000) were wet spun using coagulation baths composed of different ratios (75:25, 60:40, 50:50) of isopropanol and distilled water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro degradation studies were performed to characterize the fibrous PLGA scaffolds. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rat bone marrow, characterized by flow cytometry and seeded onto scaffolds to determine the most appropriate fibrous structure for cell proliferation. According to the results of SEM, degradation studies and cell proliferation assay, 20% PLGA wet spun in 60:40 coagulation bath was selected as the most successful condition for the preparation of wet-spun scaffolds. Wet spinning of different concentrations of PLGA (20%, 25%, 30%) dissolved in dichloromethane using different isopropanol:distilled water ratios of coagulation baths (75:25, 60:40, 50:50) were shown in this study.
{"title":"Fibrous bone tissue engineering scaffolds prepared by wet spinning of PLGA","authors":"Nergis Abay Akar, Görke Gürel Peközer, G. Torun Köse","doi":"10.3906/biy-1904-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1904-63","url":null,"abstract":"Having a self-healing capacity, bone is very well known to regenerate itself without leaving a scar. However, critical size defects due to trauma, tumor, disease, or infection involve bone graft surgeries in which complication rate is relatively at high levels. Bone tissue engineering appears as an alternative for grafting. Fibrous scaffolds are useful in tissue engineering applications since they have a high surface-to-volume ratio, and adjustable, highly interconnected porosity to enhance cell adhesion, survival, migration, and proliferation. They can be produced in a wide variety of fiber sizes and organizations. Wet spinning is a convenient way to produce fibrous scaffolds with consistent fiber size and good mechanical properties. In this study, a fibrous bone tissue engineering scaffold was produced using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Different concentrations (20%, 25%, and 30%) of PLGA (PLA:PGA 75:25) (Mw = 66,000-107,000) were wet spun using coagulation baths composed of different ratios (75:25, 60:40, 50:50) of isopropanol and distilled water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro degradation studies were performed to characterize the fibrous PLGA scaffolds. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rat bone marrow, characterized by flow cytometry and seeded onto scaffolds to determine the most appropriate fibrous structure for cell proliferation. According to the results of SEM, degradation studies and cell proliferation assay, 20% PLGA wet spun in 60:40 coagulation bath was selected as the most successful condition for the preparation of wet-spun scaffolds. Wet spinning of different concentrations of PLGA (20%, 25%, 30%) dissolved in dichloromethane using different isopropanol:distilled water ratios of coagulation baths (75:25, 60:40, 50:50) were shown in this study.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"235 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45536348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In plants, GABA plays a critical role in sexual plant reproduction; however, GABA receptors and the associated detailed signaling mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Our experiments show that the proposed technique is reliable and convenient for probing GABA-binding proteins and could be applicable in similar projects by covalently immobilizing the free carboxylic group of GABA on magnetic beads (SiMAG-Carboxyl). New probes produced by covalently immobilizing the free carboxylic group of GABA on magnetic beads (SiMAG-Carboxyl) can obtain useful information on GABA receptors in plants.
{"title":"A magnetic affinity approach to identify plant GABA-binding proteins","authors":"Jie Zou, Jingzhe Guo, Shisheng Li","doi":"10.3906/biy-1901-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1901-79","url":null,"abstract":"In plants, GABA plays a critical role in sexual plant reproduction; however, GABA receptors and the associated detailed signaling mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Our experiments show that the proposed technique is reliable and convenient for probing GABA-binding proteins and could be applicable in similar projects by covalently immobilizing the free carboxylic group of GABA on magnetic beads (SiMAG-Carboxyl). New probes produced by covalently immobilizing the free carboxylic group of GABA on magnetic beads (SiMAG-Carboxyl) can obtain useful information on GABA receptors in plants.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"246 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1901-79","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46125434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Özgür Albuz, D. Dülger, B. Ç. Tunalı, Feray Aydin, S. Yalçın, M. Türk
Boron oxide (B2O3) is derived from dehydration of boric acid and is a colorless, semitransparent, crystalline compound that is moderately soluble in water. On the other hand, boron oxide is chemically hygroscopic. This gives the molecule the ability to soak up water and adhere to tissues. Boron oxide can be used locally after tumor debulking in inoperable tumors and especially when the tumor-free margin distance cannot be provided. For all these reasons we aimed to evaluate the in vitro test results of B2O3 in terms of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and necrotic effects on L929 fibroblast cells and DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Our studies demonstrated that boron oxide compounds appear to be highly cytotoxic for both cell lines according to WST cell viability assay (44.22% and 18.36% on DLD-1 and L929, respectively). Although no genotoxic effects were observed, boron oxide compounds showed antiproliferative effects for both cell lines. The prepared boron oxide compounds may hold the potential to be applied locally to the remaining tissue after surgery and further research and evaluation will be needed to determine its effectiveness.
{"title":"Effects of B2O3 (boron trioxide) on colon cancer cells: our first-step experience and in vitro results","authors":"Özgür Albuz, D. Dülger, B. Ç. Tunalı, Feray Aydin, S. Yalçın, M. Türk","doi":"10.3906/biy-1901-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1901-34","url":null,"abstract":"Boron oxide (B2O3) is derived from dehydration of boric acid and is a colorless, semitransparent, crystalline compound that is moderately soluble in water. On the other hand, boron oxide is chemically hygroscopic. This gives the molecule the ability to soak up water and adhere to tissues. Boron oxide can be used locally after tumor debulking in inoperable tumors and especially when the tumor-free margin distance cannot be provided. For all these reasons we aimed to evaluate the in vitro test results of B2O3 in terms of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and necrotic effects on L929 fibroblast cells and DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Our studies demonstrated that boron oxide compounds appear to be highly cytotoxic for both cell lines according to WST cell viability assay (44.22% and 18.36% on DLD-1 and L929, respectively). Although no genotoxic effects were observed, boron oxide compounds showed antiproliferative effects for both cell lines. The prepared boron oxide compounds may hold the potential to be applied locally to the remaining tissue after surgery and further research and evaluation will be needed to determine its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"209 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1901-34","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42827126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present study, the properties of calcium carbonate mineralization and urease and carbonic anhydrase activities of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens U17 isolated from calcareous soil of Denizli (Turkey) were analyzed. CaCO3 was produced in all growth phases. Strain U17 showed 0.615 ± 0.092 µmol/min/mg urease enzyme activity in calcium mineralization medium and 1.315 ± 0.021 µmol/min/mg urease enzyme activity in Luria-Bertani medium supplemented with urea, whereas it showed 36.03 ± 5.48 nmol/min/mg carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity in CaCO3 precipitation medium and 28.82 ± 3.31 nmol/min/mg carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity in Luria-Bertani medium supplemented with urea. The urease B protein expression level of strain U17 was detected by western blotting for the first time. The produced CaCO3 crystals were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, confocal RAMAN spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalyzer for the evaluation of their morphological and elemental properties. Rhombohedral vaterite and layered calcite crystals were clearly detected and verified by mineralogical analyses. All these results showed that strain U17 can be used in many engineering and geological applications due to its CaCO3 precipitation ability.
{"title":"Precipitation and characterization of CaCO3 of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens U17 strain producing urease and carbonic anhydrase","authors":"M. Tepe, Ş. Arslan, T. Koralay, N. Mercan Doğan","doi":"10.3906/biy-1901-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1901-56","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the properties of calcium carbonate mineralization and urease and carbonic anhydrase activities of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens U17 isolated from calcareous soil of Denizli (Turkey) were analyzed. CaCO3 was produced in all growth phases. Strain U17 showed 0.615 ± 0.092 µmol/min/mg urease enzyme activity in calcium mineralization medium and 1.315 ± 0.021 µmol/min/mg urease enzyme activity in Luria-Bertani medium supplemented with urea, whereas it showed 36.03 ± 5.48 nmol/min/mg carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity in CaCO3 precipitation medium and 28.82 ± 3.31 nmol/min/mg carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity in Luria-Bertani medium supplemented with urea. The urease B protein expression level of strain U17 was detected by western blotting for the first time. The produced CaCO3 crystals were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, confocal RAMAN spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalyzer for the evaluation of their morphological and elemental properties. Rhombohedral vaterite and layered calcite crystals were clearly detected and verified by mineralogical analyses. All these results showed that strain U17 can be used in many engineering and geological applications due to its CaCO3 precipitation ability.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"198 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1901-56","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46117746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Köse, Fatima Aerts Kaya, B. Kuşkonmaz, Duygu Uçkan Çetinkaya
Mucolipidosis type II (ML-II, I-cell disease) is a fatal inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase. A characteristic skeletal phenotype is one of the many clinical manifestations of ML-II. Since the mechanisms underlying these skeletal defects in ML-II are not completely understood, we hypothesized that a defect in osteogenic differentiation of ML-II bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) might be responsible for this skeletal phenotype. Here, we assessed and characterized the cellular phenotype of BM-MSCs from a ML-II patient before (BBMT) and after BM transplantation (ABMT), and we compared the results with BM-MSCs from a carrier and a healthy donor. Morphologically, we did not observe differences in ML-II BBMT and ABMT or carrier MSCs in terms of size or granularity. Osteogenic differentiation was not markedly affected by disease or carrier status. Adipogenic differentiation was increased in BBMT ML-II MSCs, but chondrogenic differentiation was decreased in both BBMT and ABMT ML-II MSCs. Immunophenotypically no significant differences were observed between the samples. Interestingly, the proliferative capacity of BBMT and ABMT ML-II MSCs was increased in comparison to MSCs from age-matched healthy donors. These data suggest that MSCs are not likely to cause the skeletal phenotype observed in ML-II, but they may contribute to the pathogenesis of ML-II as a result of lysosomal storage-induced pathology.
{"title":"Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells in mucolipidosis type II (I-cell disease)","authors":"S. Köse, Fatima Aerts Kaya, B. Kuşkonmaz, Duygu Uçkan Çetinkaya","doi":"10.3906/biy-1902-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1902-20","url":null,"abstract":"Mucolipidosis type II (ML-II, I-cell disease) is a fatal inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase. A characteristic skeletal phenotype is one of the many clinical manifestations of ML-II. Since the mechanisms underlying these skeletal defects in ML-II are not completely understood, we hypothesized that a defect in osteogenic differentiation of ML-II bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) might be responsible for this skeletal phenotype. Here, we assessed and characterized the cellular phenotype of BM-MSCs from a ML-II patient before (BBMT) and after BM transplantation (ABMT), and we compared the results with BM-MSCs from a carrier and a healthy donor. Morphologically, we did not observe differences in ML-II BBMT and ABMT or carrier MSCs in terms of size or granularity. Osteogenic differentiation was not markedly affected by disease or carrier status. Adipogenic differentiation was increased in BBMT ML-II MSCs, but chondrogenic differentiation was decreased in both BBMT and ABMT ML-II MSCs. Immunophenotypically no significant differences were observed between the samples. Interestingly, the proliferative capacity of BBMT and ABMT ML-II MSCs was increased in comparison to MSCs from age-matched healthy donors. These data suggest that MSCs are not likely to cause the skeletal phenotype observed in ML-II, but they may contribute to the pathogenesis of ML-II as a result of lysosomal storage-induced pathology.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"171 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1902-20","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43063016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Atalay, E. E. Çavuşoğlu, Öykü Aşci, Duygu Aygüneş
Microtubule-targeting agents represent one of the most successful groups of anticancer drugs used in cancer therapy today. These drugs induce a prolonged mitotic arrest through chronic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activation. Apoptosis, an outcome of the prolonged mitotic arrest, is the main mechanism by which these anticancer drugs kill cancer cells. However, not much is known about the mechanism that directs chronic SAC activation to apoptosis among other possible outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Slx5, a sumo-targeted ubiquitin E3 ligase, is involved in directing chronic SAC activation to apoptosis. We show that chronic SAC activation triggered by a 10-h nocodazole incubation leads to a prolonged mitotic arrest in the slx5Δ strain similar to wild type (WT). However, the proportion of cells displaying apoptotic features such as nuclear fragmentation, DNA fragmentation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were increased more in the WT strain during the chronic SAC activation compared to slx5Δ, indicating that Slx5 may be involved in the chronic SAC-activation-apoptosis relation. We also showed that the possible role of Slx5 in the chronic SAC activation-apoptosis association was not through ubiquitin dependent degradation of 3 apoptosis-related and sumoylated candidate proteins.
{"title":"Examining the involvement of Slx5 in the apoptotic response to chronic activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint","authors":"P. Atalay, E. E. Çavuşoğlu, Öykü Aşci, Duygu Aygüneş","doi":"10.3906/biy-1812-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1812-46","url":null,"abstract":"Microtubule-targeting agents represent one of the most successful groups of anticancer drugs used in cancer therapy today. These drugs induce a prolonged mitotic arrest through chronic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activation. Apoptosis, an outcome of the prolonged mitotic arrest, is the main mechanism by which these anticancer drugs kill cancer cells. However, not much is known about the mechanism that directs chronic SAC activation to apoptosis among other possible outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Slx5, a sumo-targeted ubiquitin E3 ligase, is involved in directing chronic SAC activation to apoptosis. We show that chronic SAC activation triggered by a 10-h nocodazole incubation leads to a prolonged mitotic arrest in the slx5Δ strain similar to wild type (WT). However, the proportion of cells displaying apoptotic features such as nuclear fragmentation, DNA fragmentation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were increased more in the WT strain during the chronic SAC activation compared to slx5Δ, indicating that Slx5 may be involved in the chronic SAC-activation-apoptosis relation. We also showed that the possible role of Slx5 in the chronic SAC activation-apoptosis association was not through ubiquitin dependent degradation of 3 apoptosis-related and sumoylated candidate proteins.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"189 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1812-46","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44949916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epigenetic reprogramming plays a crucial role in the tumorigenicity and maintenance of tumor-specific gene expression that especially occurs through DNA methylation and/or histone modifications. It has well-defined mechanisms. It is known that alterations in the DNA methylation pattern and/or the loss of specific histone acetylation/methylation markers are related to several hallmarks of cancer, such as drug resistance, stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. It has also recently been highlighted that epigenetic alterations are critical for the regulation of the stemlike properties of cancer cells (tumor-initiating cells; cancer stem cells). Cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for the recurrence of cancer which makes the patient return to the clinic with metastatic tumor tissue. Hence, the dysregulation of epigenetic machinery represents potential new therapeutic targets. Therefore, compounds with epigenetic activities have become crucial for developing new therapy regimens (e.g., antimetastatic agents) in the fight against cancer. Here, we review the epigenetic modifiers that have already been used in the clinic and/or in clinical trials, related preclinical studies in cancer therapy, and the smart combination strategies that target cancer stem cells along with the other cancer cells. The emerging role of epitranscriptome (RNA epigenetic) in cancer therapy has also been included in this review as a new avenue and potential target for the better management of cancer-beneficial epigenetic machinery.
{"title":"Key actors in cancer therapy: epigenetic modifiers","authors":"R. Akar, Selin Selvi, E. Ulukaya, N. Aztopal","doi":"10.3906/biy-1903-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1903-39","url":null,"abstract":"Epigenetic reprogramming plays a crucial role in the tumorigenicity and maintenance of tumor-specific gene expression that especially occurs through DNA methylation and/or histone modifications. It has well-defined mechanisms. It is known that alterations in the DNA methylation pattern and/or the loss of specific histone acetylation/methylation markers are related to several hallmarks of cancer, such as drug resistance, stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. It has also recently been highlighted that epigenetic alterations are critical for the regulation of the stemlike properties of cancer cells (tumor-initiating cells; cancer stem cells). Cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for the recurrence of cancer which makes the patient return to the clinic with metastatic tumor tissue. Hence, the dysregulation of epigenetic machinery represents potential new therapeutic targets. Therefore, compounds with epigenetic activities have become crucial for developing new therapy regimens (e.g., antimetastatic agents) in the fight against cancer. Here, we review the epigenetic modifiers that have already been used in the clinic and/or in clinical trials, related preclinical studies in cancer therapy, and the smart combination strategies that target cancer stem cells along with the other cancer cells. The emerging role of epitranscriptome (RNA epigenetic) in cancer therapy has also been included in this review as a new avenue and potential target for the better management of cancer-beneficial epigenetic machinery.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"155 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1903-39","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47569300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bala, T. Radhakrishnan, Abhay Kumar, Gyan P Mishra, Jentilal Ramjibhai Dobraia, P. Kirti
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3906/biy-1412-46.].
[这更正了文章DOI: 10.3906/ by -1412-46]。
{"title":"Overexpression of a fusion defensin gene from radish and fenugreek improves resistance against leaf spot diseases caused by Cercospora arachidicola and Phaeoisariopsis personata in peanut","authors":"M. Bala, T. Radhakrishnan, Abhay Kumar, Gyan P Mishra, Jentilal Ramjibhai Dobraia, P. Kirti","doi":"10.3906/BIY-1902-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/BIY-1902-25","url":null,"abstract":"[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3906/biy-1412-46.].","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"154 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/BIY-1902-25","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48357562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronica Nemska, Petya Logar, Tanya Rasheva, Z. Sholeva, N. Georgieva, S. Danova
After oral administration, probiotic lactobacilli meet a number of protection systems in the human body, such as exposure to gastric, pancreatic, and small intestinal juices. Overcoming these detrimental barriers allows living bacteria to adhere to the intestinal epithelium and permanently colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), providing health benefits to the host. Based on this, the transit tolerance of 25 candidate probiotic lactobacilli from katak, yoghurt, and white-brined and yellow cheese to simulated bile and small intestinal juices of variable pH was investigated. To establish their resistance, in vitro model systems based on modified MRS media and a longer duration of action (up to 24 h of incubation) were designed. Six of the strains studied were found to show strain-specific survival capacity with low viability in conditions simulating stomach acidity and high resistance to bile and intestinal juices. In addition, the adherence capability (autoaggregation and hydrophobicity) of the strains was determined. Obtained results allowed to select Lactobacillus strains with high survival ratios while passing through the GIT and good adherence properties, which make them suitable for the development of new probiotics.
{"title":"Functional characteristics of lactobacilli from traditional Bulgarian fermented milk products","authors":"Veronica Nemska, Petya Logar, Tanya Rasheva, Z. Sholeva, N. Georgieva, S. Danova","doi":"10.3906/biy-1808-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1808-34","url":null,"abstract":"After oral administration, probiotic lactobacilli meet a number of protection systems in the human body, such as exposure to gastric, pancreatic, and small intestinal juices. Overcoming these detrimental barriers allows living bacteria to adhere to the intestinal epithelium and permanently colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), providing health benefits to the host. Based on this, the transit tolerance of 25 candidate probiotic lactobacilli from katak, yoghurt, and white-brined and yellow cheese to simulated bile and small intestinal juices of variable pH was investigated. To establish their resistance, in vitro model systems based on modified MRS media and a longer duration of action (up to 24 h of incubation) were designed. Six of the strains studied were found to show strain-specific survival capacity with low viability in conditions simulating stomach acidity and high resistance to bile and intestinal juices. In addition, the adherence capability (autoaggregation and hydrophobicity) of the strains was determined. Obtained results allowed to select Lactobacillus strains with high survival ratios while passing through the GIT and good adherence properties, which make them suitable for the development of new probiotics.","PeriodicalId":23358,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"148 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3906/biy-1808-34","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42903925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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