Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"Mumps virus neurovirulence assessment-impact of viral doses, animal sex and age on results dispersion","authors":"Maja Lang Balija,&nbsp;Maja Jagušić,&nbsp;Dubravko Forčić,&nbsp;Jelena Ivančić-Jelečki,&nbsp;Tanja Košutić Gulija","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mumps epidemics highlight the necessity for new live mumps vaccines. For vaccine candidate neurosafety assessment, the most commonly used test is the rat-based neurovirulence test (RNVT). Its main experimental and ethical deficiency is the results dispersion which requires large number of animals to obtain statistically relevant results.</div><div>To additionally characterize the RNVT the impact of two experimental animal characteristics, age for inoculation and sex, as well as range of infectious viral doses were analysed. Results obtained from two neurovirulent mumps viruses, SHdeopti-MRV2 and 9218/Zg98, demonstrated no corelation between animal sex and RNVT results (<em>p</em> = 0.9638 and <em>p</em> = 0.3337). Analysis of animal inoculation age found that hydrocephalus formation is impaired in neonatal rats older than 3 days. The inoculation period could be extended from first to the second postanatal day without the impact on RNVT results (<em>p</em> = 0.5865).</div><div>RNVT results demonstrated robustness to infectious doses in a range from 100 to 1000 PFU, but using the non-standard infectious doses,10 PFU or 100 CCID50, poses a risk of underestimating the neurovirulence potential of the MuV. However, none of the analysed parameters influenced the high dispersion of results.</div><div>In conclusion, although our finding will facilitate the implementation of the RNVT, the dispersion of the results indicates the need for a better mumps neurovirulence test that would align more closely with the 3R principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126487"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142634780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative effectiveness of homologous NVX-CoV2373 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccinations in South Korea","authors":"Eunseon Gwak ,&nbsp;Seung-Ah Choe ,&nbsp;Erdenetuya Bolormaa ,&nbsp;Young June Choe ,&nbsp;Chengbin Wang ,&nbsp;Jonathan Fix ,&nbsp;Muruga Vadivale ,&nbsp;Matthew D. Rousculp","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To estimate the relative effectiveness of NVX-CoV2373 versus BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 disease during the Omicron variant dominance in South Korea, we conducted a retrospective cohort-study among ≥12-year-olds using the K-COV-N database, which links COVID-19 vaccine registry data with health insurance claims data. The Cox proportional-hazards model and inverse probability of treatment weighting were employed to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). Among homologous primary-series NVX-CoV2373 versus BNT162b2 recipients at Day 180 post-vaccination, the aHR was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87–0.93) for all laboratory-confirmed and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.48–0.88) for severe infections. Among homologous 1st-booster recipients, it was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.01–1.30) for all laboratory-confirmed and 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20–0.75) for severe infections. At 180-days post-immunization, we observed homologous, NVX-CoV2373 primary-series added and 1st booster offered comparable protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection versus BNT162b2.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126503"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination strategies to protect chickens from fowl adenovirus (FAdV)-induced diseases: A comprehensive review","authors":"Carlotta De Luca,&nbsp;Michael Hess","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, fowl adenovirus (FAdV)-induced diseases became a global problem with considerable impact on chicken health and welfare. This has prompted numerous studies to focus on experimental immunization strategies using whole virus formulations (live or killed vaccines), some of them modified as recombinantly constructed vector vaccines. In addition, FAdV capsid proteins were frequently reported as immunizing antigens (subunit vaccines), with fiber proteins being amongst the most successful candidates. To date, there is no standardized protocol to assess vaccine efficacy in experimental FAdV protection studies, with the consequence that the experimental settings present several degrees of variations even when sharing similar premises. Differences in formulation preparations, route of inoculation, antigen dose, vaccination scheme, choice of challenge strain, or type and age of the birds are capable to greatly influence the magnitude of the immune response and the consequent protective efficacy, altogether addressing remaining challenges. Beyond the antigen composition of a vaccine, the epidemiology of FAdVs with the potential of vertical transmission of virus and/or antibodies from breeders to progenies has a substantial impact on protection strategies. The goal of this review is to outline a broad overview of the findings made thus far regarding immunization strategies against diseases associated to FAdV infections, considering the literature published since the appearance of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in the late Eighties, in order to emphasize the current knowledge on FAdV vaccines and highlight fields of future research and intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126496"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142634083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrent use of the foot-and-mouth disease and other vaccines in livestock","authors":"Pelin Tuncer Göktuna ,&nbsp;Can Çokçalışkan","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a viral infection affecting cloven-hoofed animals, persists as an endemic challenge worldwide, causing significant economic losses. Vaccination is a pivotal strategy for disease control, especially in endemic regions where it may be the sole option. In FMD-free countries, “vaccination to cull” strategies are increasingly considered to prevent disease spread. Concurrently, the coexistence of FMD with other animal diseases in endemic regions raises the prospect of simultaneous or combined administration of multiple vaccines for cost, labor, and animal welfare benefits. We conducted a narrative review to investigate the positive or negative effects of concurrent FMD vaccination with other viral and bacterial vaccines. For this purpose, the literature is organized chronologically. Duplicate sources were eliminated, and older sources without sufficient data were excluded. Studies only those targeting the specific species were included. This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from over 50 years of research, offering insights applicable in the ongoing fight against endemic diseases and inspiring innovative approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126504"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between service experience in vaccination centers and expectation confirmation as a driver of future vaccination intentions: Results from a survey among users of a Swiss mass COVID-19 vaccination center","authors":"Franziska Mattes ,&nbsp;Julia Dratva ,&nbsp;Sarah Schmelzer ,&nbsp;Aylin Wagner ,&nbsp;Florian Liberatore","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination centers were established to achieve widespread immunization of the public within a short time. This may, however, have come at the cost of customer experience. This study analyzes factors related to the special characteristics of service experiences in COVID-19 vaccination centers and their impact on expectation confirmation as a driver of future vaccination intentions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Our analysis is based on data from an online survey among clients of a vaccination center in Switzerland receiving a second dose of COVID-19 vaccines between May and September 2021 (<em>n</em> = 3192). Using a structural equation model, we analyzed the impact of perceived competence, informed consent, safety beliefs, privacy perceptions, and warmth on service experience and expectation confirmation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Perceived competence (path coefficient [p.c.] 0.199 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.123–0.288), safety beliefs (p.c. 0.124, 95 % CI 0.070–0.178), privacy perceptions (p.c. 0.226, 95 % CI 0.162–0.299), and warmth (p.c. 0.286, 95 % CI 0.180–0.381) have a direct positive effect on service experience, which in turn has a positive effect on expectation confirmation (p.c. 0.313, 95 % CI 0.246–0.380). The quality of the informed consent discussion (p.c. 0.071, 95 % CI −0.001–0.145) between vaccinating health professional and customer had no effect on service experience. The effect size (f2) of warmth (f2 0.089, 95 % CI 0.180–0.381), and privacy perceptions (f2 0.060, 95 % CI 0.162–0.299) on service experience was higher than that for perceived competence (f2 0.041, 95 % CI 0.123–0.288) and safety beliefs (f2 0.020, 95 % CI 0.0.07–0.178).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The service experience in vaccination centers is related to expectation confirmation, which can enhance the likelihood of future revaccination. When planning vaccination center operations, attention should be paid to providing a comfortable and service-friendly environment for clients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126509"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pertussis vaccination coverage in women at two months postpartum and associated factors in France, National Perinatal Survey 2021","authors":"Lisa Dilange ,&nbsp;Fatima Ait El Belghiti ,&nbsp;Virginie Demiguel ,&nbsp;Olivia Anselem ,&nbsp;Nolwenn Regnault ,&nbsp;Camille Le Ray ,&nbsp;Isabelle Parent Du-Châtelet ,&nbsp;Sophie Vaux ,&nbsp;ENP-2021 Study Group and ENP-DROM 2021 Study Group","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pertussis vaccination in young mothers aims to protect neonates through cocooning. We estimated pertussis vaccination coverage (VC) in women at two months postpartum in France in 2021, and the proportion of women who got vaccinated in the first two months postpartum; associated determinants were studied.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used data from the 2021 National Perinatal Surveys conducted in metropolitan France (ENP 2021) and French overseas territories (ENP-DROM 2021). Multivariate poisson regressions were employed to study the following determinants: age, educational level, monthly household income, socio-professional situation, birth country, parity, health professional who monitored pregnancy, influenza vaccination during pregnancy, region of residence, prenatal care consultations, having health insurance, having a partner, and having a chronic pathology. Results were weighted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study sample comprised 7999 women. Estimated pertussis VC at two months postpartum was 66.8 % (95 %CI [65.5–68.0]).</div><div>VC was significantly lower in i) unemployed women (vs. executives/managers, intermediate and higher intellectual professionals), ii) those on low income (vs. high), and iii) those with two or more children (vs. primiparous). It was significantly higher in i) women born in France, ii) those vaccinated against influenza during pregnancy, iii) those who received pre-natal care from a private midwife, and iv) those with more prenatal consultations.</div><div>The proportion of women vaccinated against pertussis in the two-month postpartum period (33.4 % [31.7–35.9]) was significantly lower in i) women on low incomes, ii) unemployed women, iii) women with health insurance, and iv) multiparous women. It was significantly higher in those vaccinated against influenza during pregnancy.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion - Conclusion</h3><div>Pertussis VC in women at two months postpartum in 2021 was insufficient and was marked by social and territorial inequalities in health. Vaccination for pregnant women has been recommended in France since 2022. A study monitoring the impact of this new recommendation is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126502"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trained immunity-based vaccines: A vision from the one health initiative","authors":"Miriam Angulo ,&nbsp;Carlos Angulo","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV or TRIMbV) represent a novel approach to combating infectious diseases. The innate immune system in animals, including humans, exhibits “memory-like” functions. Remarkably, the immunological mechanisms —both epigenetic and metabolic—) underlying this memory enables immune cells to develop defensive and protective outcomes against unspecific pathogenic infections. Under this context, the One Health initiative promotes integrative efforts to combat zoonotic (and anthropozoonotic) diseases, which is critical because 3 of 4 animal infections are transmitted to humans. Therefore, TIbV constitutes a potential affordable approach to control zoonotic pathologies, especially under pandemic scenarios. This review describes the state-of-the-art TIbV and their hurdles, opportunities, and prospects for the One Health initiative to prevent, control, and treat infectious diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126505"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomized trial showing persistence of hSBA titers elicited by a pentavalent meningococcal MenABCWY vaccine for up to 4 years following a primary series and safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose","authors":"James Peterson ,&nbsp;Daniel Drazan ,&nbsp;Beth Moughan ,&nbsp;Jason D. Maguire ,&nbsp;Lefteris Zolotas ,&nbsp;Roger Maansson ,&nbsp;Robert O'Neill ,&nbsp;Paula Peyrani ,&nbsp;Luis Jodar ,&nbsp;William C. Gruber ,&nbsp;Annaliesa S. Anderson ,&nbsp;Johannes Beeslaar","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Vaccination against 5 prominent meningococcal serogroups (A/B/C/W/Y) is necessary for broad disease protection. We report immunopersistence through 4 years after a 2-dose (6-month interval) pentavalent MenABCWY primary vaccine series and safety and immunogenicity of a booster administered 4 years after primary vaccination.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This randomized, active-controlled, observer-blinded study was conducted in the United States and Europe. In stage 1, healthy MenACWY vaccine-naive or -experienced 10- to 25-year-olds were randomized 1:2 to receive MenABCWY and placebo or MenB-fHbp and MenACWY-CRM. Eligible participants were randomly selected to participate in stage 2, which was an open-label immunopersistence and booster extension. Immunogenicity was assessed through serum bactericidal antibody using human complement (hSBA) assays with serogroups A/C/W/Y (MenA/C/W/Y) and 4 primary serogroup B (MenB) test strains. Immunogenicity endpoints included hSBA seroprotection rates through 48 months after primary vaccination and 1 month after the booster. Safety endpoints included booster reactogenicity events and adverse events (AEs).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 1379 eligible participants, 353 entered stage 2; 242 completed the 48-month blood draw after primary vaccination and 240 completed the booster vaccination phase. MenA/C/W/Y seroprotection rates remained high for 4 years following a 2-dose MenABCWY primary series (MenACWY-naive, 62.0 %–100.0 %; MenACWY-experienced, 98.7 %–100.0 %) and trended higher than those after a single MenACWY-CRM dose (MenACWY-naive, 38.1 %–95.2 %; MenACWY-experienced, 89.7 %–100.0 %). Corresponding seroprotection rates against MenB remained stable and generally higher than baseline (MenABCWY, 18.2 %–36.6 %; MenB-fHbp, 16.2 %–31.9 % across strains). Following a booster, seroprotection rates against all 5 serogroups were ≥ 93.8 % across groups. Most booster dose reactogenicity events were mild or moderate in severity, and AEs were infrequent.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Immune responses remained high for MenA/C/W/Y and above baseline for MenB through 4 years after the MenABCWY primary series, with robust responses for all 5 serogroups observed following a booster. The MenABCWY booster had an acceptable safety and tolerability profile consistent with the primary series. <span><span>NCT03135834</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126469"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic signatures of vaccine-induced and breakthrough infection-induced host responses to SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Erin Williams ,&nbsp;Felipe Echeverri Tribin ,&nbsp;Juan Manuel Carreño ,&nbsp;Florian Krammer ,&nbsp;Michael Hoffer ,&nbsp;Suresh Pallikkuth ,&nbsp;Savita Pahwa","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The severity of SARS-CoV-2 illness is influenced by factors including age, sex, pre-existing health conditions, and individual immune responses. However, the mechanisms conferring immunity following antigenic challenge have not been fully elucidated. There are currently no studies evaluating longitudinal proteomic changes in individuals following vaccination and breakthrough, limiting our understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving conferred immunity. In this work, we evaluated the differential protein expression in individuals with (CoV-P) or without (CoV-N) prior SARS-CoV-2 infection following primary vaccination and after breakthrough infection (CoV-BT). Overall, we found that individuals receiving primary vaccination relied on innate immune mechanisms, including complement and coagulation cascades, and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while conversely, breakthrough infection immune mechanisms relied on T cell-mediated immunity. These mechanistic differences may help explain heterogeneity associated with vaccine-induced and breakthrough infection-related outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126484"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142633148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic burden of children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection in Spain, 2016–2019","authors":"M. Haeberer ,&nbsp;A. López-Ibáñez de Aldecoa ,&nbsp;S. Seabroke ,&nbsp;J.L. Ramirez Agudelo ,&nbsp;L. Mora ,&nbsp;L. Sarabia ,&nbsp;E. Meroc ,&nbsp;Z. Aponte-Torres ,&nbsp;R. Sato ,&nbsp;A.W. Law","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This retrospective observational study aimed to quantify the costs associated with hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children &lt;18 years admitted to the Spanish National Healthcare System between 2016 and 2019 and contrast them with the costs of unspecified bronchiolitis/bronchitis/pneumonia (UBP) and influenza. The mean cost per hospitalization episode was reported by age group, risk category and prematurity. Total annual hospitalization costs were calculated from population incidence rates and the mean cost per episode. A total of 41,934 children were hospitalized with RSV, 70,160 with UBP and 8525 with influenza during 2016–2019. The highest incidence of hospitalization for RSV, UBP, and influenza occurred among infants &lt;6 months. The mean cost per episode was highest for RSV cases aged &lt;6 months with at least one risk factor (€4760 high vs €2827 low risk), while the mean cost ranged from €3704–4352 for high-risk and €2687–3475 for low-risk children of other ages, and from €4300–44,594 for preterm infants. In the 0–5 months age group, the mean cost per episode for UBP was €4189 and €2666 for high and low risk, and for influenza it was €3134 and €2081, respectively; while the mean cost of co-infected RSV-influenza cases was €4809 and €2887, respectively. The mean total annual estimated cost for RSV for children aged 0–17 years was €39.3 M based only on reported cases, rising to €53.8 M if we correct for under-diagnosis and all RSV-attributable cases are considered. In contrast, the mean total annual cost for influenza was €5.9 M. Compared to influenza, RSV has a substantially higher economic burden; nevertheless, the Spanish immunization schedule recommends influenza vaccine between 6 and 59 months of age and RSV monoclonal antibody only for those aged &lt;6 months. RSV immunization is still to be implemented in older children, considering that 37 % of RSV hospitalized patients were aged ≥6 months.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 126512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}