IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128245

Ziyi Liao , Meilin Wu , Yuan Chen , Zifan Zhu , Yuhang Li , Qijun Mei , Bo Huang , Xin Cheng , Yi Zhang , Hao Zeng , Daiyuan Ma , Jiang Gu

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) causes severe hospital-and community-acquired infections, yet no vaccine is licensed. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a conserved virulence factor and a key target for vaccine development. However, SEB protein subunit vaccines often suffer from limited immunogenicity. Self-assembling mi3 nanoparticles provide an efficient antigen display platform and could overcome subunit limitations. We engineered a nanoparticle vaccine by displaying detoxified mutant SEB (L45R, Y89A, Y94A) on mi3 scaffold (mSEB-mi3). Biophysical characterization confirmed stable, uniform particles with efficient antigen conjugation. We compared adjuvants (ALPO4, CpG ODN1018, AS01, MF59) in mice, assessing dendritic cell (DC) uptake/maturation, humoral responses, and protection against in SEB intoxication and methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) ST59 infection models, alongside safety evaluations. We successfully produced a uniform and stable mSEB-mi3 nanoparticle. The mSEB-mi3 markedly improves dendritic-cell uptake and maturation and drives rapid, high, and durable antibody responses with balanced IgG1/IgG2a isotypes. Functionally, a single intramuscular dose confers strong protection against both SEB intoxication and SA ST59 challenge. In addition, safety profiles were acceptable across hematology, chemistry, cytotoxicity, and histopathology. These results identify mSEB-mi3 as a promising and scalable nanoparticle vaccine against SA and SEB toxin. The findings support further studies of durability, strain breadth, and translational development.

金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）引起严重的医院和社区获得性感染，但没有疫苗获得许可。葡萄球菌肠毒素B （SEB）是一种保守的毒力因子，是疫苗开发的关键靶点。然而，SEB蛋白亚单位疫苗的免疫原性往往有限。自组装纳米粒子mi3提供了一个有效的抗原展示平台，可以克服亚基限制。我们通过在mi3支架（mSEB-mi3）上展示脱毒突变体SEB （L45R, Y89A, Y94A）来设计纳米颗粒疫苗。生物物理特性证实稳定、均匀的颗粒具有有效的抗原偶联。我们比较了佐剂（ALPO4, CpG ODN1018, AS01, MF59）在小鼠中的作用，评估了树突状细胞（DC）摄取/成熟，体液反应，以及对SEB中毒和耐甲氧西林SA (MRSA) ST59感染模型的保护作用，以及安全性评估。我们成功制备了均匀稳定的mSEB-mi3纳米颗粒。mSEB-mi3显著改善树突状细胞的摄取和成熟，并驱动具有平衡的IgG1/IgG2a同型的快速、高和持久的抗体反应。从功能上讲，单次肌内注射对SEB中毒和SA ST59攻击具有很强的保护作用。此外，安全性在血液学、化学、细胞毒性和组织病理学中均可接受。这些结果确定mSEB-mi3是一种有前途的、可扩展的抗SA和SEB毒素的纳米颗粒疫苗。这些发现支持了耐久性、应变宽度和转化发展的进一步研究。

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引用次数: 0

Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in nursing home residents support a Bi-annual update schedule 养老院居民对SARS-CoV-2疫苗的抗体反应支持一年两次的更新计划。

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128240

Alexandra N. Paxitzis , Oladayo A. Oyebanji , Olajide J. Olagunju , Debbie Keresztesy , Mike Payne , Vaishnavi Ragavapuram , Nicholas Sundheimer , Ellen See , Dennis Wilk , Yi Cao , Yasin Abul , Clare Nugent , Evan Dickerson , Tiffany Wallace , Laurel Holland , Aman Nanda , Walther M. Pfeifer , Alejandro B. Balazs , Christopher L. King , Stefan Gravenstein , Jürgen Bosch

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected nursing home residents (NHRs), a vulnerable group with high rates of illness and death. While vaccination is essential for reducing infections and severe outcomes in the short term, it is important to understand how long antibody levels and neutralizing activity last. This understanding will help us create effective public health strategies for the long term. According to current CDC guidelines, individuals over 65 should receive a booster dose six months after their previous vaccination.

Methods

This observational retrospective cohort study analyzed post-vaccination serum from samples with up to 400 days of follow-up from 697 NHRs and 127 healthcare workers (HCWs) across Northeast Ohio and Rhode Island. Analyses were conducted to model decay rates of neutralizing and binding antibody titers and the impact of previous exposures to SARS-CoV-2 on these decay rates.

Results

Results indicate that NHRs show Wuhan and Omicron BA.4/5 neutralizing and binding antibody titers diminish significantly from 2 weeks to 12 months post-vaccination. NHRs with prior infection show higher peak antibody titers and slower decay than those naive to infection. Antibody levels after vaccination for infection-naive NHR lagged HCW and NHR with prior infection, but then decayed at a similar rate.

Conclusion

The immunologic findings in this cohort of NHR align with the existing real-world clinical effectiveness data in older individuals and support the CDC recommendation of a bi-annual vaccination to reduce severe COVID-19 outcomes in persons age 65 and older.

背景：新冠肺炎大流行对养老院居民（nhr）造成了很大的影响，这是一个高发病率和死亡率的弱势群体。虽然疫苗接种对于在短期内减少感染和严重后果至关重要，但了解抗体水平和中和活性持续多久也很重要。这种认识将有助于我们制定有效的长期公共卫生战略。根据目前美国疾病控制与预防中心的指导方针，65岁以上的人应该在之前接种疫苗的六个月后接受加强剂量。方法：这项观察性回顾性队列研究分析了俄亥俄州东北部和罗德岛州697名nhr和127名医护人员（HCWs）接种疫苗后的血清，随访时间长达400天。对中和抗体和结合抗体滴度的衰减速率以及先前暴露于SARS-CoV-2对这些衰减速率的影响进行了分析。结果：NHRs显示，接种后2周至12个月，武汉和欧米克隆BA.4/5中和抗体滴度和结合抗体滴度显著降低。有感染史的nhr抗体滴度峰值比未感染的nhr抗体滴度峰值高，衰减速度慢。初次感染的NHR接种疫苗后的抗体水平落后于HCW和既往感染的NHR，但随后以相似的速度下降。结论：该NHR队列的免疫学结果与现有的老年人临床有效性数据一致，并支持CDC建议的一年两次疫苗接种以减少65岁及以上人群的严重COVID-19结局。

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引用次数: 0

Bromelain-cleaved hemagglutinin production from cell culture-derived influenza viruses enhances vaccine potency quantification by single radial immunodiffusion assay 细胞培养衍生流感病毒的菠萝蛋白酶裂解血凝素生产增强了单径向免疫扩散试验疫苗效力的定量

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128235

Ohseok Jeong , Wooyoung Choi , Hyebin Ahn , Seonghyun Lee , Yong Wook Park , Hun Kim , Jae-Hwan Nam

Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) assay remains the gold standard for determining influenza vaccine potency. Accurate SRID assays require high-purity antigens and strain-specific antisera that closely match circulating viruses. However, mutations in influenza viruses propagated in traditional egg-based systems affect antigenicity and assay accuracy. Therefore, we optimized bromelain-cleaved hemagglutinin (BHA) production from cell culture-derived influenza viruses, specifically targeting A/H3N2 and B/Victoria lineage strains. We employed a sequential enzymatic digestion strategy and successfully generated highly purified BHA with improved antigen yield and minimal neuraminidase contamination. The resulting antisera demonstrated strong, strain-specific reactivity. Subsequent SRID assays confirmed that homologous antigen–antiserum pairs derived from cell culture-derived materials provided significantly more accurate hemagglutinin quantification than the heterologous or egg-derived combinations. These findings highlight the need to match antigen and antiserum sources. Further, cell culture-derived reagents could be used to enhance assay reliability, advancing influenza vaccine standardization and quality control in cell-based vaccine production. By demonstrating the importance of antigen–antiserum matching and optimizing BHA production from cell culture-derived influenza viruses, this study establishes a practical foundation for improving the reliability of SRID-based potency testing and advancing the standardization of next-generation influenza vaccines.

单径向免疫扩散（SRID）试验仍然是确定流感疫苗效力的金标准。准确的SRID检测需要高纯度抗原和与循环病毒密切匹配的菌株特异性抗血清。然而，在传统的基于鸡蛋的系统中传播的流感病毒的突变会影响抗原性和测定准确性。因此，我们优化了从细胞培养衍生的流感病毒中产生菠萝蛋白酶裂解血凝素（BHA），特别是针对A/H3N2和B/Victoria谱系菌株。我们采用了顺序酶切策略，并成功地产生了高纯化的BHA，提高了抗原产量和最小的神经氨酸酶污染。所得抗血清表现出很强的菌株特异性反应性。随后的SRID实验证实，来源于细胞培养材料的同源抗原-抗血清对比异种或卵子来源的组合提供了更准确的血凝素定量。这些发现强调需要匹配抗原和抗血清来源。此外，细胞培养衍生试剂可用于提高检测可靠性，促进流感疫苗标准化和细胞疫苗生产的质量控制。通过证明抗原-抗血清匹配和优化细胞培养流感病毒BHA生产的重要性，本研究为提高基于srid的效价检测的可靠性和推进下一代流感疫苗的标准化奠定了实践基础。

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引用次数: 0

Persistent measles immunization gaps in LMICs: Insights from the 2024 revision of the WHO/UNICEF estimates of National Immunization Coverage 中低收入国家持续存在的麻疹免疫差距：来自世卫组织/联合国儿童基金会2024年国家免疫覆盖率估计数修订的见解

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128298

Moses Mwale

Background

Measles remains a leading vaccine-preventable killer in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using the WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) 2024 revisions, this article assesses measles-containing vaccine first-dose (MCV1) and second-dose (MCV2) coverage trends, inequities, and priority groups for targeted action.

Methods

Data from 2019 to 2024 for 137 LMICs were analysed using descriptive statistics; Welch's t-tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests to compare fragile versus non-fragile states; Gini coefficients for inequality; k-means clustering (k = 4) on coverage, MCV1-to-MCV2 dropout, change, unvaccinated counts, and fragility; and bounded linear models to project MCV1 to 2030.

Results

In 2024, mean MCV1 coverage was 79.2% (95% CI: 76.8–81.6)—below the 95% threshold—with fragile LMICs at 68.5% versus 87.4% in non-fragile LMICs (difference − 18.1 percentage points; p < 0.001). MCV2 gaps were larger (−26.9 percentage points; p < 0.001). DTP1-based zero-dose prevalence was 20.8%, with 15.6 million children unvaccinated for MCV1 and 22.4 million for MCV2; West and Central Africa accounted for 7.2 million MCV1-unvaccinated (46.2%). Inequality rose (Gini 0.22 → 0.25, 2019–2024). Projections indicate MCV1 of 84.2% by 2030, with fragile LMICs off-track. Clustering identified four profiles: (1) very low coverage, high dropout, high fragility (22 countries); (2) high coverage, low dropout (44); (3) low coverage, severe dropout (31); and (4) low coverage, moderate dropout (40), each implying distinct priorities (conflict-adapted SIAs; sustaining gains; follow-up campaigns; expanding first-dose access).

Conclusions

Persistent and widening measles immunization gaps—especially in fragile settings—threaten IA2030's 90% coverage targets. Pairing the 2024 WUENIC revision with fragility-sensitive clustering and bounded projections provides a practical framework to prioritize equity-focused funding and operational strategies where need is greatest.

背景：在低收入和中等收入国家，麻疹仍然是疫苗可预防的主要杀手。本文利用世卫组织/联合国儿童基金会国家免疫覆盖率估计（WUENIC） 2024年修订版，评估了含麻疹疫苗第一剂（MCV1）和第二剂（MCV2）的覆盖率趋势、不公平现象和有针对性行动的优先群体。方法：采用描述性统计方法对137个中低收入国家2019 - 2024年的数据进行分析；比较脆弱与非脆弱状态的Welch t检验和Wilcoxon秩和检验；不平等的基尼系数；关于覆盖率、mcv1到mcv2辍学、变化、未接种疫苗计数和脆弱性的k-均值聚类（k = 4）；和有界线性模型来预测MCV1到2030年。结果：2024年，麻疹v1疫苗的平均覆盖率为79.2% (95% CI: 768 -81.6)，低于95%阈值，脆弱的中低收入国家为68.5%，而非脆弱的中低收入国家为87.4%（差异为18.1个百分点）。结论：持续扩大的麻疹免疫缺口，特别是在脆弱环境中，威胁到《2030年麻疹疫苗90%覆盖率的目标。将2024年WUENIC修订与脆弱性敏感聚类和有界预测相结合，提供了一个实用的框架，可以在最需要的地方优先考虑以股权为重点的融资和运营策略。

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引用次数: 0

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128254

Tawatchai Apidechkul , Mary C. Smith Fawzi , Kim Alyson Wilson

Immunization is a significant health care tool to protect against crisis-related threats to human health, particularly in underserved populations such as hill tribes and stateless people in Thailand. A mixed method aimed to identify the barriers to and facilitators of the use of vaccines among five-year-old hill tribe and stateless children living in the border areas of northern Thailand and Myanmar. Logistic regression was used to detect associations in the quantitative data, and content analysis was used for qualitative data analysis. A total of 188 cases and 188 controls were analyzed; 54.0 % were boys, and 54.3 % were from the Akha tribe. Children without a birth certificate (AOR = 8.57), children who received a vaccine at a provincial/district hospital (AOR = 14.76), private hospital or clinic (AOR = 7.29), children living with ≥3 other children aged 6–12 years (AOR = 3.61), children living with mothers who were non-Thai citizens (AOR = 4.40), children living with mothers who had not attended school (AOR = 4.08), children living with a primary caregiver who was Yao (AOR = 4.58) or Lisu (AOR = 2.94), children living with a Christian or Muslim primary caregiver (AOR = 2.76), and children living with elderly individuals who brought them for vaccinations (AOR = 2.30) had greater odds of having incomplete vaccination than children with the opposite characteristics. Communication challenges, different perspectives on vaccines among different generations, stages of citizenship, mobility, disasters, and a lack of effective health policies were detected as barriers to vaccination. While seeking a new life for younger generations was a facilitator for vaccination. A public health policy for vaccine services without a Thai citizenship requirement should be implemented to increase coverage for hill tribe and stateless children living in the border areas of Thailand and Myanmar.

免疫接种是一项重要的卫生保健工具，可防范与危机有关的对人类健康的威胁，特别是在泰国山区部落和无国籍人等得不到充分服务的人群中。一种混合方法，旨在查明生活在泰国和缅甸北部边境地区的五岁山地部落和无国籍儿童使用疫苗的障碍和促进因素。定量数据采用Logistic回归检测关联，定性数据采用内容分析。共分析188例病例和188例对照；54.0%为男孩，54.3%来自Akha部落。孩子没有出生证明(优势比= 8.57),孩子们收到了疫苗在一个省/地区医院(AOR = 14.76),私人医院或诊所(AOR = 7.29),儿童生活与其他≥3 6 - 12岁儿童(AOR = 3.61),孩子生活在母亲non-Thai公民(优势比= 4.40),孩子生活在母亲没有参加学校(优势比= 4.08),孩子们生活在一个主要照顾者谁是姚明(优势比= 4.58)或傈僳族(AOR = 2.94),与具有相反特征的儿童相比，与基督教或穆斯林主要照顾者生活在一起的儿童（AOR = 2.76）和与带他们接种疫苗的老年人生活在一起的儿童（AOR = 2.30）接种不完全疫苗的几率更大。沟通困难、不同世代对疫苗的不同看法、公民身份的不同阶段、流动性、灾害以及缺乏有效的卫生政策被认为是疫苗接种的障碍。在为年轻一代寻求新生活的同时，他也是疫苗接种的推动者。应实施不要求泰国公民身份的疫苗服务公共卫生政策，以扩大对居住在泰国和缅甸边境地区的山地部落和无国籍儿童的覆盖范围。

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引用次数: 0

Development of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 attenuated vaccine E23-SP80 and its protective efficacy evaluation against DHAV-1 infection in ducks 鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型减毒疫苗E23-SP80的研制及其对鸭DHAV-1感染的保护作用评价

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128258

Jiajia Li, Phoo Eikari Kyaw, Chanjuan Tan, Kairui Wen, Jiabin Zhang, Yichen Tian, Dengfei Feng, Wenjian Liu, Shuhui Liu, Suquan Song, Liping Yan

Duck Hepatitis A Virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is a highly pathogenic virus that causes severe mortality in ducklings and results in substantial economic losses to the global duck industry. Live-attenuated DHAV vaccine remains one of the most effective strategies for controlling this disease. We developed a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine candidate E23-SP80 adapted to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos by serial passage of a field isolate. The E23-SP80 exhibited an adaptive growth capacity in SPF chicken embryos with a viral titer of 10^7.25 ELD₅₀/0.2 mL and lost its pathogenicity in 2-day-old Cherry Valley ducklings. The vaccine strain maintained its attenuation and showed no virulence reversion after back propagation into 2-day-old ducklings for five rounds. An immunizing dose of only 10^3.0 ELD₅₀ of E23-SP80 could provide 100% protection against challenge with lethal parental DHAV-1 strain. After a single intramuscular vaccination, virus-neutralizing antibody titers exceeded 9 log₂ from 7 to 28 days post-vaccination and the titers were markedly higher than those of a commercial vaccine. Genomic analysis of E23-SP9 and E23-SP80 revealed fifteen amino acid substitutions, most of which were located in VP1 and 2A2 proteins, and the hypervariable region of VP1 (T180I and D193N) might contribute to attenuation. These results suggest that E23-SP80 strain is a promising commercial vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of DHAV-1 infection.

鸭甲型肝炎病毒1型（DHAV-1）是一种高致病性病毒，可导致雏鸭严重死亡，并给全球养鸭业造成重大经济损失。甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗仍然是控制该疾病最有效的策略之一。通过田间分离株的连续传代，研制出一种安全有效的SPF鸡胚减毒活疫苗候选株E23-SP80。E23-SP80在SPF鸡胚中表现出适应生长能力，病毒滴度为107.25 ELD50/0.2 mL，在2日龄樱桃谷鸭中丧失致病性。在2日龄雏鸭中反向繁殖5轮后，疫苗株保持了衰减，毒力未出现逆转。仅103.0 ELD₅₀E23-SP80的免疫剂量可以提供100%的保护，免受致命亲本DHAV-1菌株的攻击。单次肌肉注射疫苗后，病毒中和抗体滴度在接种后7至28天超过9 log2，明显高于商业疫苗的滴度。对E23-SP9和E23-SP80的基因组分析显示，有15个氨基酸发生了变化，其中大部分位于VP1和2A2蛋白，VP1的高变区（T180I和D193N）可能与基因的衰减有关。这些结果表明，E23-SP80菌株是预防和控制DHAV-1感染的有希望的商业候选疫苗。

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引用次数: 0

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128264

Helena C. Maltezou , Theodoros V. Giannouchos , Maria N. Gamaletsou , Dimitra-Maria Koukou , Nikolaos Lemonakis , Flora Sourri , Emmanuela Peskelidou , Evanthia Botsa , Athanasia Lourida , Dimitrios Hatzigeorgiou , Periklis Panagopoulos , Nikolaos V. Sipsas

Aim

To study absenteeism among healthcare personnel (HCP) in Greek hospitals from 2020–2021 to 2024–2025.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively. Multivariable regressions were applied to estimate associations between variables, duration and cause of absenteeism.

Results

We studied 5525 absenteeism episodes with 38,482 days missed (17.8 episodes per 100 HCP; mean duration of absence per episode: 7.0 days). Compared to other seasons, the 2021–2022 season had the highest number of absenteeism episodes per 100 HCP (28.7) and the longest mean weekly duration of absence per 100 HCP (10.6 days per week) (p-value <0.001 for both). Causes of absenteeism were coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (61.8%), asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (10.4%), exposure to COVID-19 (8.3%), and influenza (5.2%). The incidence of COVID-19-related absenteeism declined overtime, while influenza-related absenteeism increased gradually. Compared to unvaccinated HCP, fully and partially COVID-19 vaccinated HCP had 2.58 and 2.08 fewer days of absence, and lower odds of COVID-19-associated absenteeism [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.36; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.26–0.51 and aOR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.33–0.67, respectively]. The full COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against absenteeism was 67.9% (95% CI: 64.0%–71.3%) and against COVID-19-related absenteeism was 55.8% (95% CI: 48.9%–61.8%). Influenza VE against influenza-related absenteeism was 44.8% (95% CI: 22.8%–60.6%).

Conclusions

COVID-19 was the main driver of absenteeism among HCP, however a gradual shift to influenza-related absenteeism occurred overtime. COVID-19 vaccination conferred protection against any absenteeism and against COVID-19-related absenteeism. Influenza vaccination significantly protected against influenza-related absenteeism. HCP should remain up-to-date with COVID-19 and influenza vaccinations to confer protection which can further safeguard healthcare facilities from absenteeism.

目的研究2020-2021年至2024-2025年希腊医院卫生保健人员（HCP）缺勤情况。方法前瞻性收集资料。应用多变量回归来估计变量、旷工时间和旷工原因之间的关联。结果我们研究了5525例缺勤病例，缺勤天数为38,482天（每100 HCP 17.8例，平均缺勤时间为7.0天）。与其他季节相比，2021-2022年季节每100 HCP旷工次数最多（28.7次），每周平均旷工时间最长（10.6天/周）（p值<；0.001）。旷工原因为冠状病毒病2019 (COVID-19)（61.8%）、无症状严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 （SARS-CoV-2）感染（10.4%）、暴露于COVID-19（8.3%）和流感（5.2%）。随着时间的推移，与新冠肺炎相关的缺勤率逐渐下降，而与流感相关的缺勤率逐渐上升。与未接种HCP疫苗相比，完全接种和部分接种HCP疫苗的缺勤天数分别减少2.58天和2.08天，与COVID-19相关的缺勤率更低[校正优势比（aOR）： 0.36；95%置信区间（CI）： 0.26-0.51, aOR: 0.47；95% CI分别为0.33-0.67]。COVID-19疫苗对缺勤的完全有效性（VE）为67.9% (95% CI: 64.0%-71.3%)，对COVID-19相关缺勤的完全有效性（VE）为55.8% （95% CI: 48.9%-61.8%）。流感VE预防流感相关缺勤率为44.8% （95% CI: 22.8%-60.6%）。结论新型冠状病毒肺炎是HCP缺勤的主要原因，但随着时间的推移，缺勤逐渐向流感相关的缺勤转变。COVID-19疫苗接种可防止任何缺勤和与COVID-19相关的缺勤。接种流感疫苗可有效预防流感相关缺勤。HCP应与COVID-19和流感疫苗保持同步，以提供保护，进一步保护卫生保健设施免受缺勤。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “A systematic review of the impact of vaccine reactogenicity on willingness to accept influenza vaccination in adults” [Vaccine 74 (2026) 128195] “疫苗反应原性对成人接受流感疫苗接种意愿影响的系统综述”[疫苗74(2026)128195]。

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128252

Helen Lister , Katherine Farquharson , Holly Seale , Louise E. Smith , Tiziano Poletti , Femy Amin , G. James Rubin

引用次数: 0

HTS-based control of Salmonella Enteritidis vaccines for chickens – pilot study 基于热休克法控制鸡肠炎沙门氏菌疫苗的初步研究。

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128297

Katarzyna Pasik , Ewelina Iwan , Arkadiusz Bomba , Katarzyna Domańska - Blicharz

Salmonella vaccines constitute the largest group of antibacterial immunological veterinary medicinal products (IVMPs) introduced to the EU market by the Polish Official Medicines Control Laboratory (OMCL). This is especially relevant, as Poland is the EU's leading producer of poultry meat. The General European OMCL Network is coordinated by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM). Despite strict control of IVMPs, genomic aspect has not yet been controlled in veterinary pharmacy. The aim of the project was to assess the usefulness of High-throughput sequencing (HTS) for the genetic control of vaccines. The research was conducted on the most commonly marketed serovar in Poland – Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE). Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines for chickens were tested - three batches of different vaccines (coded B-01, B-05, B-07). Several publicly available genomic tools were applied for comprehensive characterization of vaccines. Generated sequences confirmed that the main genetic component of each vaccine was S. enteritidis without significant contaminants and with stability across batches. Comparative analysis showed that B-05 and B-07 IVMPs were genetically almost identical, while B-01 was quite distant. No major antibiotic resistance genes or point mutations were detected. HTS confirmed presence of multiple virulence markers in all tested batches. Further data indicated presence of multireplicon plasmid IncF in B-05 and B-07, harbouring two virulence cassettes - pef (plasmid-encoded fimbriae) and spv (type III secretion system). The presented work is an interdisciplinary project linking quality control of IVMPs with advanced genomics. This study provides the first comprehensive genomic characterization of Salmonella enterica vaccine strains on the European market, confirming their safety, genetic stability, compliance with manufacturer declarations, and highlighting HTS as a valuable tool for vaccine quality assessment. As a supplement to phenotypic methods, HTS implementation requires coordination with manufacturers and EDQM before routine use in OMCLs.

沙门氏菌疫苗是波兰官方药物控制实验室（OMCL）引入欧盟市场的最大一组抗菌免疫兽药产品（ivmp）。这一点尤其重要，因为波兰是欧盟主要的禽肉生产国。欧洲药品和保健总网络由欧洲药品和保健质量理事会（EDQM）协调。尽管对ivmp进行了严格的控制，但在兽医药学中，基因组方面尚未得到控制。该项目的目的是评估高通量测序（HTS）对疫苗遗传控制的有用性。该研究是在波兰最常见的血清型-肠沙门氏菌亚种肠血清型肠炎（SE）进行的。对鸡用沙门氏菌减毒活疫苗进行了测试，包括三批不同的疫苗（编号为B-01、B-05、B-07）。几个公开可用的基因组工具被用于疫苗的综合表征。生成的序列证实，每种疫苗的主要遗传成分都是肠炎沙门氏菌，没有明显的污染物，并且在批次之间具有稳定性。对比分析表明，B-05和B-07的IVMPs基因几乎相同，而B-01的距离较远。未检出主要抗生素耐药基因或点突变。HTS确认在所有测试批次中都存在多种毒力标记。进一步的数据表明，在B-05和B-07中存在多复制子质粒IncF，包含两个毒力盒- pef（质粒编码的菌毛）和spv （III型分泌系统）。提出的工作是一个跨学科的项目，将ivmp的质量控制与先进的基因组学联系起来。该研究首次对欧洲市场上的肠炎沙门氏菌疫苗菌株进行了全面的基因组鉴定，证实了其安全性、遗传稳定性、符合制造商声明，并强调了HTS作为疫苗质量评估的重要工具。作为表型方法的补充，HTS的实施需要与制造商和EDQM协调，然后才能在omcl中常规使用。

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引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against radiologically confirmed pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease among young children in Mozambique 10价肺炎球菌结合疫苗对莫桑比克幼儿放射学证实的肺炎和侵袭性肺炎球菌疾病的有效性

IF 4.5 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Vaccine

Pub Date : 2026-03-07 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128237

Betuel Sigaúque , Leocádia Vilanculos , Alberto Chaúque , Benild Moiane , Hélio Mucavele , Sérgio Massora , Sozinho Acácio , Charfudin Sacoor , Llorenç Quintó , Benigna Matsinhe , Fabiana Pimenta , Cynthia G. Whitney , Fernanda C. Lessa , Maria da Glória Carvalho , Jennifer R. Verani

Background

Mozambique introduced the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in 2013. We aimed to assess PCV10 effectiveness against radiologically confirmed pneumonia (RCP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among young children in southern Mozambique.

Methods

We conducted a case-control vaccine effectiveness (VE) study at 2 sites (Mavalane and Manhiça) from January 2014 to December 2016. Children age-eligible to have received PCV10 admitted with pneumonia underwent chest radiograph with standardized interpretation as per the World Health Organization and had nasopharyngeal swabs collected and cultured. IPD cases were recruited in Manhiça only, leveraging existing surveillance; IPD was defined as pneumococcus detected through blood culture or cerebrospinal fluid culture and/or PCR with serotyping by Quellung or PCR. We enrolled age-matched community controls (date of birth ±1 month for cases aged <6 months and +/− 2 months for cases aged ≥6 months). VE was estimated using multivariate logistic regression with 0 doses as a comparator.

Results

Among 812 enrolled RCP cases, 780 (96.1%) had matched controls. The median age of included cases was 11.6 months and 51.8% were male; 94.4% of cases and 97.0% of controls had ≥1 PCV10 dose. Adjusted VE against RCP was 23.5% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: −31.9, 55.6) for 2 doses and 47.2% for 3 doses (95%CI: 13.7, 67.7). Adjusted VE of ≥2 doses and exactly 3 doses was 36.8% (95CI%: −11.9, 64.3) and 41.6% (95CI%: −5.7, 67.7), respectively. Models for VE against RCP with PCV10-type carriage yielded negative point estimates with wide confidence intervals. Among 26 enrolled IPD cases, 24 (92.3%) had matched controls (including 8 PCV10-type cases); 91.7% of IPD cases and 100% of controls had ≥1 PCV10 dose. IPD VE models did not converge.

Conclusion

PCV10 offers substantial protection against RCP in young children in a high burden setting, highlighting its importance for reducing child pneumonia globally.

背景：莫桑比克于2013年引进了10价肺炎球菌结合疫苗（PCV10）。我们的目的是评估PCV10对莫桑比克南部幼儿放射学确诊肺炎（RCP）和侵袭性肺炎球菌病（IPD）的有效性。方法：2014年1月至2016年12月，在马瓦拉内（maavalane）和曼希帕拉（manhirada） 2个地点进行病例对照疫苗有效性（VE）研究。符合接种PCV10年龄的肺炎入院儿童根据世界卫生组织的标准化解释进行胸片检查，并收集和培养鼻咽拭子。利用现有的监测，仅在曼哈顿招募IPD病例；IPD定义为通过血培养或脑脊液培养和/或PCR检测到肺炎球菌，并通过Quellung或PCR进行血清分型。结果：在812例入组的RCP病例中，780例（96.1%）有匹配的对照。纳入病例的中位年龄为11.6个月，男性占51.8%；94.4%的病例和97.0%的对照组的PCV10剂量≥1。2剂的校正VE相对RCP为23.5%(95%可信区间[95% ci]: -31.9, 55.6)， 3剂的校正VE为47.2% （95% ci: 13.7, 67.7）。≥2剂和正好3剂的调整VE分别为36.8% （95CI%: -11.9, 64.3）和41.6% （95CI%: -5.7, 67.7）。带有pcv10型载体的VE对RCP的模型产生了具有宽置信区间的负点估计。纳入的26例IPD患者中，24例（92.3%）有匹配对照（包括8例pcv10型）；91.7%的IPD病例和100%的对照组的PCV10剂量≥1。IPD - VE模型不收敛。结论：PCV10为高负担环境下的幼儿提供了针对RCP的实质性保护，突出了其对减少全球儿童肺炎的重要性。

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