Vaccine最新文献

{"title":"Immunological response of using emulsifying elongation factor 1 alpha of Plasmodium falciparum-based vaccines in complete Freund's adjuvant","authors":"Hyelee Hong ,&nbsp;Tae-Hui Eom ,&nbsp;Eun Lee ,&nbsp;Eunho Lee ,&nbsp;Hyun-Young Lee ,&nbsp;Solchan Won ,&nbsp;Dong-Sup Lee ,&nbsp;Mi-il Kim ,&nbsp;Hyun Park ,&nbsp;Seon-Ju Yeo","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most studies of malarial vaccines focused on increasing immunity against target molecules on the surface of <em>Plasmodium</em> spp. parasites. While the surface antigens are variable among all <em>Plasmodium</em> spp., intracellular antigens are highly conserved, and thus, intracellular targets must be studied as vaccine candidates. However, there is a scarcity of intracellular vaccine candidates in <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites. In this study, immune responses induced by complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) emulsified with an elongation factor-1 alpha of <em>P. falciparum</em> (<em>Pf</em>EF-1α) was analyzed as a <em>Plasmodium</em> spp. conserved vaccine candidate. In vivo vaccine efficacy, antibody production, and <em>ex vivo</em> T-cell cytokine assays were analyzed to validate the potential of <em>Pf</em>EF-1α at CFA-based formulation in a rodent model. Immunoinformatics was employed to predict potential vaccine epitope candidates, and a novel peptide candidate was validated by <em>ex vivo</em> T-cell study. The survival rate of the r<em>Pf</em>EF-1α plus CFA-immunized group was increased by 50% and among the survived mice, half proportion of mice was not patent at all while all BSA plus CFA showed the patency. Upon co-culturing of T cells with dendritic cells, <em>Pf</em>EF-1α-specific <em>ex vivo</em> T-cell assay revealed CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺ secretion as the dominant immune response, followed by CD8⁺IFN-γ⁺ and CD4⁺IL-4⁺ subsets. Immunization with r<em>Pf</em>EF-1-α plus CFA elicited robust humoral immunity, demonstrating a 16-fold higher antigen-specific IgG endpoint titer compared to the BSA plus CFA-immunized group. IgG1 and IgG2c titers in r<em>Pf</em>EF-1α plus CFA-immunized mice were highly elevated over BSA plus CFA-immunized group. Furthermore, the <em>Pf</em>EF-1α epitope (410-FAIRDMRQTI-419), identified through in silico prediction and validated, induced IFN-γ secretion in <em>ex vivo</em> C57BL/6 T-cell study. These results demonstrate <em>Pf</em>EF-1α's capacity to drive protective T-cell responses and antibody production with CFA adjuvant. Our findings suggest the use of intracellular antigen for development of malaria vaccine targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the shot: A framework of individual and external influences on U.S. young adults' COVID-19 vaccination decisions derived from thematic analysis","authors":"Hyeouk Chris Hahm ,&nbsp;Michael Tang ,&nbsp;Logan Lupaczyk ,&nbsp;Jinwon Lee ,&nbsp;Yahni Lapa ,&nbsp;Joyce Lam ,&nbsp;Uyen-Sa D.T. Nguyen ,&nbsp;Yvette C. Cozier","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding vaccine decision-making among young adults is critical for shaping effective public health responses during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative study investigates two key questions: (1) What are the reasons young adults choose to be vaccinated or remain unvaccinated against COVID-19? (2) What distinct attitudinal groups emerge based on these reasons? This cross-sectional online study assessed 1863 unique open-ended free-text responses provided by 1863 U.S. young adults between February 14 and June 15, 2022. The data originated from the COVID-19 Adult Resilience Experiences Study (CARES). Participants reported their vaccination status and then shared free-text explanations of their decision. Thematic analysis led to the development of the “COVID-19 Vaccination Attitudes Among Young Adults” model, illustrating how vaccination decisions were shaped by the dynamic interplay of individual and contextual factors. At the individual level, pro-vaccination, vaccine-hesitant, and anti-vaccination attitudes emerged. Pro-vaccination individuals emphasized motivations such as protecting health, trusting in science and institutions, and having a sense of collective responsibility. Vaccine-hesitant respondents were marked by uncertainty, including a fear of unknown risks and decision paralysis. Anti-vaccination individuals expressed distrust in governmental and scientific authorities, had a strong emphasis on personal autonomy, and expressed beliefs rooted in spiritual, naturalistic, or fatalistic frameworks. Beyond the individual level, three contextual influences shaped attitudes: government policies and mandates, social influence from other people around them, and vaccine accessibility. A key distinction across these groups was between collectivistic and individualistic motivations. Vaccine-hesitant individuals were characterized by ambivalence. COVID-19 vaccination attitudes among U.S. young adults reflect a complex intersection of personal beliefs and social context. Understanding these patterns can inform more nuanced public health strategies and communication efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128283"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal mice immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine","authors":"Leda Lotspeich-Cole ,&nbsp;Mukesh Kumar Jha ,&nbsp;Swetha Parvathaneni ,&nbsp;Robert C. Lee ,&nbsp;Drew Weissman ,&nbsp;Marian Major ,&nbsp;Mustafa Akkoyunlu","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A vaccine based on an mRNA platform was first licensed for human use during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, data on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in neonates is insufficient and the vaccines were only authorized for those over six months of age. Here, we compared the antibody responses induced by both recombinant receptor binding domain (rRBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (RBD) and mRNA encoded RBD (RBD-mRNA-LNP) forms in neonatal mice. When administered twice three weeks apart, both forms induced detectable anti-RBD antibodies. However, levels of IgG antibodies against RBD were significantly higher with more potent inhibition of RBD binding to ACE2 in neonatal mice immunized with RBD-mRNA-LNP vaccine compared to those immunized with rRBD vaccine adjuvanted with AddaVax™, a squalene-based adjuvant. Thus, the mRNA vaccine platform elicits higher levels of antibodies with improved functional capability in neonatal mice compared to the recombinant protein platform.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128271"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of reminder messages, with and without financial incentives, on influenza vaccination: A randomized trial in a California health system","authors":"Tom Y. Chang ,&nbsp;Mireille Jacobson ,&nbsp;Manisha Shah ,&nbsp;Rajiv Pramanik ,&nbsp;Samir B. Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccine hesitancy has risen in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, raising new concerns about declining uptake of routine immunizations like the seasonal flu shot. Although past studies have shown that financial incentives can boost vaccination, it is unclear whether these strategies remain effective in today's more skeptical environment. To examine this, we conducted a three-arm randomized controlled trial in a racially and economically diverse county health system in Northern California. The trial, which was conducted between January 17 and February 16, 2024, tested the impact of financial incentives and reminder messages on flu vaccination uptake, focusing on patients who remained unvaccinated late in the flu season and despite multiple prior outreach attempts by the health system. A total of 69,972 adult patients overdue for influenza vaccinations were randomized to one of three arms: (1) standard care, (2) a reminder message, or (3) a reminder with a $50 financial incentive to get vaccinated within one week. We hypothesized that a reminder message with a financial incentive would increase vaccination uptake more than standard of care. We further hypothesized it would increase uptake more than a reminder message alone. We found that while reminder messages alone had no impact on vaccination uptake, the addition of a $50 incentive nearly doubled the 1-week vaccination rate—from 0.343% to 0.613% (a 0.27 percentage point increase; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Thirty days later the reminder message still had no impact relative to standard of care (0.14 percentage points, <em>p</em>-value 0.218) but the financial incentive effect persisted, increasing the vaccination rate from 1.55 to 1.92 percentage points (0.37 percentage points <em>p</em>-value 0.002). These findings suggest that financial incentives remain a powerful tool for increasing influenza vaccine uptake, even among those who remain unvaccinated late in the flu season.</div><div><strong>Trial Registration:</strong> NCT06300242</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128263"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of BCG vaccination on systemic inflammation in neonates","authors":"Valerie A.C.M. Koeken ,&nbsp;Thomas N. Nissen ,&nbsp;Nina M. Birk ,&nbsp;Collins K. Boahen ,&nbsp;Reinout van Crevel ,&nbsp;Vinod Kumar ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Peter Aaby ,&nbsp;Christine S. Benn ,&nbsp;Mihai G. Netea","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>To assess the impact of BCG vaccination on systemic inflammation in neonates, focusing on sex-specific differences and the relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and immune responses, including cytokine production and antibody levels.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A randomized clinical trial was conducted in Denmark involving newborns who were randomized to receive BCG vaccine or not. Blood samples were collected at 4 days, 3 months and 13 months post-randomization. In the current sub-study within the randomized clinical trial, ninety-two inflammatory proteins in plasma were measured using a proximity extension assay. We analysed the changes in these inflammatory markers and examined their association with immune markers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Before BCG vaccination, girls had slightly higher inflammatory marker levels than boys. Post-vaccination, a moderate decrease in circulating inflammatory markers was noted in BCG-vaccinated children, especially in girls, with the strongest effects observed at 3 months. By 13 months, following routine vaccinations, there was no longer any measurable effect of BCG vaccination. BCG seemed to modify the associations between inflammatory proteins and immune responses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This sub-study suggests that BCG vaccination could temporally reduce systemic inflammation in neonates, with the strongest effect observed in girls, who had the highest baseline levels. These findings seemingly replicate observations in adults, showing that BCG has a pronounced inflammation-dampening effect in those with higher pre-vaccination levels. The results further show that BCG vaccination could alter circulating inflammatory proteins in a time-dependent manner and potentially modulate the associations between inflammatory markers and immune function. These insights highlight the importance of sex-specific immune modulation by BCG in early life and underscore the value of personalised vaccination strategies that considers both timing and sex differences in immune responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128241"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146069455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination policies, practices, and procedures in level-III neonatal intensive care units across Canada: An environmental scan","authors":"Cassandra Barber ,&nbsp;Mikayla Barber ,&nbsp;Janet S.W. Lee ,&nbsp;Joseph Ting ,&nbsp;Shannon E. MacDonald","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Infant prematurity, low birth weight, and critical illness often require neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Although beneficial, hospitalization may interrupt the usual processes through which infants receive vaccines in the community. To mitigate potential disruptions to scheduled vaccinations, an infant's NICU stay may be an opportunity for timely vaccine delivery. The frequency and nature of these practices are known to vary across Canada. This study aimed to determine what vaccination policies, practices, and procedures exist in Canadian Level-III NICUs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A pan-Canadian environmental scan was conducted from May to October 2023 to identify vaccine policies, practices, and procedures from Level-III NICUs. Data collection included an internet search and email consultation with NICU professionals (i.e., nurses, physicians, etc.). Information was synthesized to identify the commonalities and differences between vaccination practices across Canada.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-one (out of 32 contacted) Level-III NICUs responded, with all respondents (21/21) confirming that their NICU provided selected routine vaccinations and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis to admitted infants. NICU nurses (21/21) were the main vaccine provider, with hospitals in one province augmenting delivery with public health nurses (3/21). Only 8/21 NICUs reported delivering rotavirus vaccines prior to discharge.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Across Canada, all surveyed Level-III NICUs reported delivering some routine vaccinations, indicating an effort to optimize vaccine uptake during hospitalization. There were variations in the specific vaccines (e.g. rotavirus vaccines) provided. Understanding where and why these variations exist is crucial for informing and enhancing evidence-informed NICU vaccination programs nationwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146055878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in nursing home residents support a Bi-annual update schedule","authors":"Alexandra N. Paxitzis ,&nbsp;Oladayo A. Oyebanji ,&nbsp;Olajide J. Olagunju ,&nbsp;Debbie Keresztesy ,&nbsp;Mike Payne ,&nbsp;Vaishnavi Ragavapuram ,&nbsp;Nicholas Sundheimer ,&nbsp;Ellen See ,&nbsp;Dennis Wilk ,&nbsp;Yi Cao ,&nbsp;Yasin Abul ,&nbsp;Clare Nugent ,&nbsp;Evan Dickerson ,&nbsp;Tiffany Wallace ,&nbsp;Laurel Holland ,&nbsp;Aman Nanda ,&nbsp;Walther M. Pfeifer ,&nbsp;Alejandro B. Balazs ,&nbsp;Christopher L. King ,&nbsp;Stefan Gravenstein ,&nbsp;Jürgen Bosch","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected nursing home residents (NHRs), a vulnerable group with high rates of illness and death. While vaccination is essential for reducing infections and severe outcomes in the short term, it is important to understand how long antibody levels and neutralizing activity last. This understanding will help us create effective public health strategies for the long term. According to current CDC guidelines, individuals over 65 should receive a booster dose six months after their previous vaccination.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This observational retrospective cohort study analyzed post-vaccination serum from samples with up to 400 days of follow-up from 697 NHRs and 127 healthcare workers (HCWs) across Northeast Ohio and Rhode Island. Analyses were conducted to model decay rates of neutralizing and binding antibody titers and the impact of previous exposures to SARS-CoV-2 on these decay rates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results indicate that NHRs show Wuhan and Omicron BA.4/5 neutralizing and binding antibody titers diminish significantly from 2 weeks to 12 months post-vaccination. NHRs with prior infection show higher peak antibody titers and slower decay than those naive to infection. Antibody levels after vaccination for infection-naive NHR lagged HCW and NHR with prior infection, but then decayed at a similar rate.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The immunologic findings in this cohort of NHR align with the existing real-world clinical effectiveness data in older individuals and support the CDC recommendation of a bi-annual vaccination to reduce severe COVID-19 outcomes in persons age 65 and older.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128240"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146047752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation in paediatric patients in Hong Kong during two successive SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves dominated by the Omicron variant: A test-negative design study","authors":"George N. Okoli ,&nbsp;Mike Y.W. Kwan ,&nbsp;Eunice L.Y. Chan ,&nbsp;Caitriona Murphy ,&nbsp;Joshua S.C. Wong ,&nbsp;Huiying Chua ,&nbsp;Malik Peiris ,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Cowling ,&nbsp;So-Lun Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>We assessed the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation in paediatric patients in Hong Kong.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a test-negative design study in hospitalised children 1–17 years old admitted with recent-onset (≤5 days) acute respiratory illness in two large public hospitals in Hong Kong during successive SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves between April 2022 and February 2024 dominated by the Omicron variant. We defined having been vaccinated as receipt of ≥1 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose within six months prior to hospitalisation, and for a sensitivity analysis, within twelve months of hospitalisation. Children who had only received one dose of vaccine and had no prior infection were excluded. We estimated VE against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection separately for 1–4-year-olds and 5–17-year-olds, by conditional logistic regression stratified by calendar time (week) and adjusted for potential confounders.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were 6308 patients. The proportion of the vaccinated within six months of hospitalisation differed significantly between cases and controls in all strata of the assessed individual sociodemographic/health-related characteristics in the 5–17-year-olds, and in 1–4-year-olds who had a chronic medical condition. Overall, VE was moderate for 1–4-year-olds [41% (23–56%)] and for 5–17-year-olds [54% (10–66%)]. VE was higher in those who had received a mRNA vaccine: 87% (0–98%) and 82% (59–92%) compared with a lower VE for those who had received an inactivated vaccine: 39% (17–54%) and 30% (−19–58%), respectively for 1–4-year-olds and 5–17-year-olds although with a higher degree of imprecision in the VE for mRNA in 1–4-year-olds. In both age groups, VE was higher for those who had had no previous SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with for those who had had a previous infection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, particularly mRNA vaccines, provided substantial protection against paediatric COVID-19-associated hospitalisations in Hong Kong during two successive SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves dominated by the Omicron variant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 attenuated vaccine E23-SP80 and its protective efficacy evaluation against DHAV-1 infection in ducks","authors":"Jiajia Li,&nbsp;Phoo Eikari Kyaw,&nbsp;Chanjuan Tan,&nbsp;Kairui Wen,&nbsp;Jiabin Zhang,&nbsp;Yichen Tian,&nbsp;Dengfei Feng,&nbsp;Wenjian Liu,&nbsp;Shuhui Liu,&nbsp;Suquan Song,&nbsp;Liping Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Duck Hepatitis A Virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is a highly pathogenic virus that causes severe mortality in ducklings and results in substantial economic losses to the global duck industry. Live-attenuated DHAV vaccine remains one of the most effective strategies for controlling this disease. We developed a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine candidate E23-SP80 adapted to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos by serial passage of a field isolate. The E23-SP80 exhibited an adaptive growth capacity in SPF chicken embryos with a viral titer of 10^7.25 ELD₅₀/0.2 mL and lost its pathogenicity in 2-day-old Cherry Valley ducklings. The vaccine strain maintained its attenuation and showed no virulence reversion after back propagation into 2-day-old ducklings for five rounds. An immunizing dose of only 10^3.0 ELD₅₀ of E23-SP80 could provide 100% protection against challenge with lethal parental DHAV-1 strain. After a single intramuscular vaccination, virus-neutralizing antibody titers exceeded 9 log₂ from 7 to 28 days post-vaccination and the titers were markedly higher than those of a commercial vaccine. Genomic analysis of E23-SP9 and E23-SP80 revealed fifteen amino acid substitutions, most of which were located in VP1 and 2A2 proteins, and the hypervariable region of VP1 (T180I and D193N) might contribute to attenuation. These results suggest that E23-SP80 strain is a promising commercial vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of DHAV-1 infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128258"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding COVID-19 vaccination choices and development of a toolkit and training for Botswana, 2022–2023","authors":"Megan E. Mansfield ,&nbsp;Lillian Okui ,&nbsp;Selebaleng Simon ,&nbsp;Divya Hosangadi ,&nbsp;Milton Montebatsi ,&nbsp;Kaizer Ikgopoleng ,&nbsp;Lesego Kuate ,&nbsp;Basego Mothowaeng ,&nbsp;Nessa Ryan ,&nbsp;Daiva Yee ,&nbsp;Melissa Dahlke ,&nbsp;Kristen A. Stafford ,&nbsp;Ndwapi Ndwapi ,&nbsp;Abia Sebaka ,&nbsp;Stacie M. Greby","doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In 2022, despite initial coverage data indicating good acceptance of the vaccine by eligible groups, COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Botswana was below the Ministry of Health's goal of 80%, with underlying reasons unclear. Therefore, we conducted a study to identify facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination to inform the design and implementation of a toolkit to improve COVID-19 vaccination rates.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a sequential two-phased exploratory mixed methods study: Phase 1 (toolkit development and refinement) followed by Phase 2 (toolkit implementation and evaluation). Phase 1 involved two rounds of focus group discussions (FGDs) with general population and health care providers from various regions, followed by thematic analysis. Round 1 (32 FGDs, <em>n</em> = 298) aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to vaccination, while Round 2 (10 FGDs, <em>n</em> = 86) provided feedback to refine the toolkit. Phase 2 included training across 14 districts and evaluated knowledge and competence of vaccine providers (<em>n</em> = 92) through electronic pre-post questionnaires and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tests to assess differences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Facilitators of vaccination included access to accurate and trusted information as well as realistic expectations about vaccine benefits and side effects. Barriers included misinformation, lack of access to trusted information, difficulty accessing vaccines, and concerns about side effects. The toolkit content was tailored to the local context for providers and the public. Feedback indicated the toolkit was informative and helpful, with recommendations to add information on booster doses, vaccinating adolescents, and additional visuals, while limiting referrals to external information sources. Post-training assessments showed improvements in vaccine-related knowledge (Z = 221, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and competence in vaccine care and counseling (Z = 22, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Participants showed increased knowledge (Z = 292, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01) and competence (Z = 77, p &lt; 0.001) in motivational interviewing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Engagement with general public and providers in Botswana informed the design of an evidence-based, culturally appropriate toolkit and training that effectively improved vaccine knowledge and provider competence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23491,"journal":{"name":"Vaccine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 128274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}