Water Resources and Industry最新文献

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are considered as the potential approaches to remediate the environments contaminated by hydrocarbons. This review addresses the application of BESs particularly microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, including BTEXs, from soil, water, wastewater and sediments. Details on reactor design and critical issues are discussed. Aspects on electrodes, redox mediators and membranes are evaluated, including economic feasibility. The microbial community is considered in detail. It can be concluded, that comparing to classic configurations, single-chamber air-cathode reactors are more cost-effective. Secondly, systems based on small-scale units are recommended for future developments.

This work employs the data envelopment analysis technique to assess the water use efficiency of companies and the water reduction potential of industrial categories in industrial zones. Fifty-eight companies were selected from four industrial categories: wearing apparel (WA,18), fabricated metal (FM,12), rubber and plastic (RP,12), and other manufacturing (OM,12) based on six variables: monthly water usage, two types of effluent contaminant loadings, monthly production capacity, number of employees, and surface occupied by a company. The results indicate that significant numbers of companies are inefficient in water use, namely WA(28%), OM(42%), FM(43%), and RP(46%). Implementing technical measures to improve water use efficiency at these companies offers a varying water reduction potential per industrial category, namely in the order RP(25%) > FM(17%) ≫ WA(7%) > OM(4%). These results show that improving water efficiency by water use minimization is not the only ptential measure for improving the industrial zone's water metabolism towards self-sufficiency.

Water sterilisation requires the inactivation of waterborne pathogens, like E.coli, to such low levels that its use will not cause illness. Here, we examine a potential methodology for disinfecting water through the combined effect of hot expanding gases and shock waves from underwater explosions. Water pathogens located within the proximity of the explosive charge will be exposed to two different sterilisation conditions: firstly, the high-pressure shock wave moving within the fluid, and secondly, the expanding hot N₂, O_2, and CO₂ bubbles that are products of the explosion. To simulate the first case, we used a flyer-plate technique to understand the lower threshold for inactivation. We did this with a novel capsule design in a single-stage light gas-gun and observed 0.813 Logs of E.coli inactivation after subjecting an entire bacterial broth to a minimum pressure of 3.53 GPa thereby indicating a lower threshold for shock pressure-induced inactivation. For the second case, we show that hot gas bubbles from different explosive gaseous products at 150°C in a bubble column established the minimum gas temperature thresholds required to successfully inactivate E.coli. This work shows that any benefit of using explosives to sterilise water will principally come from the release of hot gaseous bubbles rather than the effect of the shock. This new approach could be used in conflict areas or remote locations with no access to standard sterilisation technologies or power.

In this study, metallic iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) and metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were prepared, characterized, and used in the removal of methyl orange (MO) dye. The experiments investigated first the UV–Vis spectra of dye molecules in three types of solvents (water, water-ethanol, and water-dimethyl sulfoxide). The removal of MO was then conducted under various experimental conditions to investigate the effects of solvent type, nanoparticles dosage, salinity of the solutions, temperature, and shaking time. The highest extent of MO removal was achieved in water solutions. Under all experimental conditions, Fe NPs showed higher efficiency than Cu NPs in MO removal. Moreover, heterogeneous Fenton process led to smaller MO removal when compared with the direct use of the nanoparticles, for both water and water-ethanol solutions. From a kinetic perspective, the dye removal process was much faster in water than in water-ethanol mixtures, and the data followed pseudo-second order rate equation.

This paper presents a hybrid advanced oxidation process (AOP) based on sonocavitational activation of persulfate (PS) for degradation of 1,4-dioxane during wastewater treatment. Application of sono-cavitation effectively convert PS to radical species demonstrating synergistic effect by increasing the reaction rate and reducing the required energy for activation. It is economically feasible and deployed alternative to the direct thermal activation method. A single and two-stage injection of PS were compared to eliminate self-scavenging effects related to excess of oxidant in system. A GC-MS analysis was used to determine the degradation products of dioxane and to propose the degradation mechanism. The studies revealed that the degradation was significantly enhanced by the addition of PS at molar ratio of oxidant to pollutant 4 with a two-stage injection. Under optimal conditions at US density of 105 W/cm², dioxane with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L was completely degraded in 120 min.

Water sector planning and policy making in arid and semi-arid regions are challenging because many drivers and decision criteria require consideration. In this study, a multi-period mixed-integer linear programming model was developed to integrate and economically evaluate water management options for water supply in arid regions. The applicability of the proposed approach was demonstrated through a case study in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (EAD), United Arab Emirates. The model was programmed in general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) and solved using the Cplex solver. The model determined the optimal economic and environmental costs, capacity expansion of treatment plants and water transmission systems, and other environmental aspects including the carbon footprint and brine discharge. Results show that the capacity contribution of reverse osmosis for desalination is expected to increase from 5.1% in 2021 to 18.1% in 2050. Based on the model's results for the case study, it was concluded that even with moderate consideration of environmental aspects, desalination plants in the EAD need a major technology transformation from thermal desalination to reverse osmosis The proposed model is proved to be effective for integrated water resources management and infrastructure planning in the EAD, and has the potential for effective application in other arid or semi-arid countries.

We present a method using the material in the form of cross-linked β-cyclodextrin (CD) showing high efficiency in the simultaneous removal of hazardous pollutants from sewage, such as diclofenac (DIC), ibuprofen (IBU), ketoprofen (KETO), naproxen (NAPR), salicylic acid (SALI) and tramadol (TRAM). The material is stable and particularly easy to regenerate. The sorbent probably remembers the shape of the contaminants, which increases its sorption capacity after the second use. The kinetics of the KETO adsorption process from one-, two- and three-component solutions are well described by the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum polymer capacity was 162.60 mg g⁻¹. The interactions of KETO with CD were investigated, indicating that the main sorption mechanism is based on supramolecular interaction and uptake by a polymer network. The material is not sensitive to low pH and high salinity, so it can be used for the treatment of DIC, IBU, and KETO post-production wastewaters.

The research focused on a very dangerous and commonly used compound which has carcinogenic and mutagenic impact on living organisms. 1H-benzotriazole (1H-BTR) is used as a corrosion inhibitor for installations in industrial plants, in the production of biocides, detergents, drugs, tires, rubber, in refrigeration systems and de-icing substances, while its derivates are UV stabilizers in plastics, paints, films and sunscreens. It is also an additive in petroleum products (lubricants, hydraulic fluids). The paper presents quantitative changes of 1H-BTR after sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process. The studies have been carried out for 411 cycles of SBR during which concentration of 1H-BTR was changed in the range of 50–1000 μg L⁻¹. SBR operating cycle consisted of 6 phases: filling (dilution-40 min), mixing I (dephospatation-20 min), aeration with stirring (nitrification and oxidation of organic compounds-300 min), mixing II (denitrification-30 or 60 min), settling and decantation (separation-40 min), downtime (90 or 60 min). The technological parameters of the activated sludge (sludge volume index, solids and hydraulic retention time) were as similar as possible to those maintained in the real wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Mixed liquor suspended solids concentration was 3.50 kg m⁻³. Conducted studies showed that industrial wastewater containing 1H-BTR can be effectively treated in SBR. The conducted studies showed that removal of 1H-BTR with more than 80% efficiency is possible at effluent concentrations not exceeding 200 μg L⁻¹. Higher concentrations of 1H-BTR in wastewater lead to a sharp decrease in removal efficiency. The lowest removal efficiency (56.6%) was recorded at the initial 1H-BTR concentration of 100 μg L⁻¹. On the other hand, the highest efficiency (88.2%) at the initial concentration of 1000 μg L⁻¹. The concentration of 1H-BTR in treated wastewater was 1.1 μg L⁻¹ in the control reactor and from 7.2 to 434.0 μg L⁻¹ for an initial concentration from 50 to 1000 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The aeration phase was superior in terms of 1H-BTR removal, regardless of the benzotriazole doze in the raw wastewater. In the anaerobic mixing phases I and II in the SBR, the decomposition of the 1H-BTR was 5.3 and 4.9 times slower, respectively, compared to aerobic conditions.