Waste management最新文献_第4页

A pilot scale test on the fluidized melting combustion of coal gasification fine slag 煤气化细渣流化熔融燃烧中试规模试验。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.026

Shuai Guo , Chen Liang , Zhiyong Chen , Wei Li , Qiangqiang Ren

To address the issue of coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) disposal, a novel fluidized melting combustion (FMC) process has been proposed. In this study, the operating feasibility, combustion performance and gas pollutant emission were assessed through 0.4 MW pilot-scale test. The results indicated that both temperature and pressure fluctuation remained within the controllable range throughout entire test period. Under the influence of high cycle rate and incomplete combustion, CGFS efficiently achieved the rapid dehydration, preheating and crushing. Some combustible H₂ and CO were generated simultaneously. After the preheating modification, the refractory CGFS transformed into hot gas–solid composite fuel. To achieve the complete carbon removal and ash vitrification, the melting combustion temperature was up to 1501.1 °C. Under the excessively high temperature, liquid slag was discharged smoothly from the tap hole without any observed blockage. Carbon content in slag was only 0.4 wt%. The slag captured rate and decarbonization rate were up to 79.0 % and 93.8 %, respectively. The initial CO emission was as low as 103.0 mg/m³. The initial NO emission reached up to 452.5 mg/m³ under radiation boiler afterburning. Due to the combined influence of multiple factors, the initial SO₂ emission soared up to 1789.3 mg/m³. Further research will focus on controlling flue gas pollutant emissions, resource utilization of molten slag, and developing oxy-combustion. The objective is to attain full carbon neutrality in the entire coal chemical industry process.

为解决煤气化细渣（CGFS）处置问题，提出了一种新型流化熔融燃烧（FMC）工艺。本研究通过 0.4 兆瓦中试规模的试验，评估了该工艺的操作可行性、燃烧性能和气体污染物排放。结果表明，在整个试验期间，温度和压力波动均保持在可控范围内。在高循环速率和不完全燃烧的影响下，CGFS 有效地实现了快速脱水、预热和破碎。同时产生了一些可燃的 H2 和 CO。经过预热改性后，难燃的 CGFS 变成了热气固复合燃料。为了实现完全除碳和灰烬玻璃化，熔化燃烧温度高达 1501.1 ℃。在过高的温度下，液态炉渣顺利地从出渣孔排出，未发现任何堵塞现象。熔渣中的碳含量仅为 0.4 wt%。炉渣捕集率和脱碳率分别高达 79.0 % 和 93.8 %。初始 CO 排放量低至 103.0 mg/m3。在辐射锅炉后燃烧条件下，初始 NO 排放量高达 452.5 mg/m3。在多种因素的综合影响下，二氧化硫的初始排放量飙升至 1789.3 毫克/立方米。进一步的研究将集中在控制烟气污染物排放、熔融炉渣的资源化利用以及发展全氧燃烧等方面。目标是实现煤化工全过程的碳中和。

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引用次数: 0

Biodegradable plastics – Where to throw? A life cycle assessment of waste collection and management pathways in Austria 生物降解塑料--扔向何处？奥地利废物收集和管理途径的生命周期评估。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.018

Namrata Mhaddolkar , Concetta Lodato , Alexia Tischberger-Aldrian , Daniel Vollprecht , Thomas Fruergaard Astrup

The current waste management systems are struggling to optimally handle biodegradable plastics (BDPs) and are facing numerous challenges; one of which is the consumer confusion about how to best source-segregate BDPs. Based on an environmental life-cycle assessment, this study investigated the consequences of collecting BDPs in one of three waste streams (packaging waste, biowaste, and residual waste) in Austria. Collecting BDPs as (i) packaging waste resulted in incineration (SP1) or mechanical recycling (SP2), (ii) biowaste resulted in composting (SB1) or anaerobic digestion (AD) (SB2), and (iii) residual waste in incineration (SR1). SP2 performed best in most of the 16 investigated impact categories (ICs). Three scenario analyses demonstrated that (i) utilisation of BDPs as an alternative fuel for process heat substitution yielded more environmental benefits than incineration in SP1 and SP2, (ii) adding a material recovery facility (MRF) with AD increased the environmental load for SB2, while (iii) the energy scenario with zero electricity imports plus heat from biomass performed best for most alternative pathways across the 16 ICs. Eight technology parameters (out of 97) were identified as most relevant for the results based on data quality, sensitivity ratio, and analytical uncertainty; they were related to waste incineration, MRF, recycling facility, compost- and AD processes. Overall, mechanical recycling emerged as the most favourable option which is aligned with the waste-hierarchy mentioned in the European Union Waste Framework Directive. However, effective mechanical recycling of BDPs requires (i) a ‘sufficient’ waste amount, (ii) a market for recyclates, and (iii) relevant mechanical recycling infrastructure.

目前的废物管理系统正努力以最佳方式处理可生物降解塑料（BDPs），并面临着诸多挑战；其中之一就是消费者对如何以最佳方式对 BDPs 进行源头分类感到困惑。基于环境生命周期评估，本研究调查了奥地利在三种废物流（包装废物、生物废物和残余废物）中收集生物降解塑料的后果。将 BDP 作为 (i) 包装废物收集后，可进行焚烧（SP1）或机械回收（SP2），(ii) 生物废物可进行堆肥（SB1）或厌氧消化（AD）（SB2），(iii) 剩余废物可进行焚烧（SR1）。在调查的 16 个影响类别 (IC) 中，SP2 在大多数情况下表现最佳。三种情景分析表明：(i) 在 SP1 和 SP2 中，利用生物柴油作为替代燃料替代工艺热量比焚烧产生更多的环境效益；(ii) 在 SB2 中，增加一个采用厌氧消化（AD）的材料回收设施（MRF）会增加环境负荷；(iii) 在 16 个 IC 中的大多数替代途径中，零电力进口加生物质热量的能源情景表现最佳。根据数据质量、灵敏度比和分析不确定性，确定了与结果最相关的 8 个技术参数（共 97 个）；它们与垃圾焚烧、MRF、回收设施、堆肥和厌氧消化工艺有关。总体而言，机械回收是最有利的选择，符合欧盟废物框架指令中提到的废物等级制度。然而，对生物废弃物进行有效的机械再循环需要（i）"足够 "的废物量，（ii）回收物市场，以及（iii）相关的机械再循环基础设施。

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引用次数: 0

Resource recovery potential of incineration bottom ash fine fraction 焚烧底灰细粒的资源回收潜力。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.020

Michal Šyc , Jakub Výravský , Héctor Muñiz Sierra , Ekaterina Korotenko , Petra Kameníková

The paper provides a summary of findings regarding the composition of the fine fraction of incineration bottom ash. While the recovery of metals is common practice for particles larger than 2 mm, it has been less common for finer particles, despite them constituting 30–40 % of the overall bottom ash mass flow. Detailed knowledge of the material composition of this fraction is essential for successful metal recovery. The study utilizes a TIMA electron microscope, originally designed for the mining industry, to analyze the bottom ash. The microscope allows for the identification of chemical speciation and was used to obtain detailed information about particles containing copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and gold (Au) in the fine fraction below 2,000 µm. Results revealed that metallic aluminum accounts for approximately 15 % of the overall aluminum content, with Al grains often coated by a thin layer of Al₂O₃. Metallic Cu and its alloys make up around 60 % of the copper content, while another 30 % is in the form of Cu oxides. In contrast, there is minimal presence of metallic Fe and Zn in the fine fraction. All metallic Au was bound to a single particle, corresponding to an Au content of 4 mg/kg in the bulk sample. The implications of these results are also discussed in relation to particle size distribution and liberation, as these factors play a vital role in the recovery process.

本文概述了有关焚烧底灰细粒成分的研究结果。虽然回收大于 2 毫米的颗粒中的金属是常见的做法，但回收更细的颗粒却不常见，尽管它们占整个底灰质量流量的 30-40%。要成功回收金属，就必须详细了解这部分颗粒的材料成分。本研究利用最初为采矿业设计的 TIMA 电子显微镜来分析底灰。该显微镜可识别化学成分，并用于获取 2,000 微米以下细颗粒中含有铜 (Cu)、铝 (Al)、铁 (Fe)、锌 (Zn) 和金 (Au) 的详细信息。结果显示，金属铝约占铝总含量的 15%，铝晶粒通常被一层薄薄的 Al2O3 包覆。金属铜及其合金约占铜含量的 60%，另有 30% 以铜氧化物的形式存在。相比之下，细小部分中金属铁和锌的含量极少。所有金属金都与单个颗粒结合在一起，相当于块状样品中的金含量为 4 毫克/千克。还讨论了这些结果对粒度分布和释放的影响，因为这些因素在回收过程中起着至关重要的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Recovery of aluminum, magnetic ferrous metals and glass through enhanced industrial-scale treatment of different MSWI bottom ashes 通过加强对不同 MSWI 底灰的工业规模处理，回收铝、磁性黑色金属和玻璃。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.025

Julia Mühl, Simon Hofer, Dominik Blasenbauer, Jakob Lederer

To foster a circular economy, the EU will increase recycling targets for packaging materials, including aluminum, ferrous metals and glass. Recovery of packaging metals from incineration bottom ashes (IBA) from municipal solid waste incineration can contribute to achieving these targets. Nevertheless, recoverable metal and glass amounts from IBA, and in particular IBA from fluidized bed combustion, are rarely investigated. Therefore, this work aims to assess the recoverable amounts of aluminum, magnetic ferrous metals and glass > 4 mm from different types of IBA through enhanced treatment. In an industrial-scale treatment experiment with one batch of IBA from grate and one from fluidized bed combustion, masses and compositions of all output flows of the treatment plant were determined. Material flow analysis was used to study the distribution of the investigated materials during the treatment process. Results show that glass separation was not feasible for the grate IBA, which only contained 7 % glass > 4 mm. The fluidized bed IBA contained 42 % glass > 4 mm, of which 72 % were recovered. More aluminum and magnetic ferrous metals > 4 mm were found in the fluidized bed IBA, also exhibiting less mineral agglomeration compared to those from grate IBA. The study demonstrated that enhanced industrial IBA treatment can recover > 95 % of aluminum and magnetic ferrous metals > 4 mm, not observing significant differences between these metals. Thus, a cutting-edge IBA treatment can enable the recovery of recyclable material from IBA and therefore contribute to a circular economy. Furthermore, fluidized bed IBA shows advantages regarding its recycling options compared to grate IBA.

为了促进循环经济，欧盟将提高包装材料的回收目标，包括铝、黑色金属和玻璃。从城市固体垃圾焚烧产生的焚烧底灰（IBA）中回收包装金属有助于实现这些目标。然而，从 IBA（尤其是流化床焚烧产生的 IBA）中可回收的金属和玻璃数量却很少得到研究。因此，本研究旨在评估通过强化处理从不同类型的 IBA 中可回收的铝、磁性黑色金属和大于 4 毫米的玻璃的数量。在一次工业规模的处理实验中，一批 IBA 来自炉排，一批来自流化床燃烧，确定了处理厂所有输出流的质量和成分。采用物质流分析法研究了所研究物质在处理过程中的分布情况。结果表明，炉排 IBA 无法进行玻璃分离，其中仅有 7% 的玻璃 > 4 毫米。流化床 IBA 含有 42% > 4 毫米的玻璃，其中 72% 被回收。在流化床 IBA 中发现了更多大于 4 毫米的铝和磁性黑色金属，与炉排 IBA 中的铝和磁性黑色金属相比，流化床 IBA 中的矿物团聚也更少。研究表明，强化工业 IBA 处理可回收大于 95% 的铝和大于 4 毫米的磁性黑色金属，而且这些金属之间没有明显差异。因此，先进的 IBA 处理技术可以从 IBA 中回收可回收材料，从而促进循环经济的发展。此外，流化床 IBA 与炉排 IBA 相比，在回收利用方面具有优势。

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引用次数: 0

Meta-analysis of ecological and phylogenetic biomass maturity metrics 生态和系统发育生物量成熟度指标的元分析。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.023

Minori Uchimiya , Christopher M. DeRito , Joseph L. Sevigny , Anthony G. Hay

Although a wide variety of biomass sources have been subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, ecological and phylogenetic signatures of maturity have not been identified quantitatively. In this meta-analysis we reanalyzed data from the only published study with publicly available 16S and temperature data (Zhou et al., 2018), and then applied the Zhou results to 705 samples from 13 additional studies. Using the Zhou data, we found that Faith’s alpha diversity index correlated inversely with compost temperature and positively with maturity. We also noted a dramatic shift in the ratios of Bacilliota to Acidobacteriota, Planctomycetota, and Pseudomonadota, as samples cooled below 44 °C (p < 0.001). A negative correlation between Bacillota and Pseudomonadota was also observed in all 705 samples that included compost, sugarcane mill mud, anerobic digestates, and vermicompost. Even in the absence of temperature data for the majority of samples, our meta-analysis shows that microbiomes of diverse residuals converged on similar communities that resemble those of soil, regardless of the starting material or residual management process. We propose that approximately < 0.4 log(Bacillota:Pseudomonadota) and > 43 Faith’s phylogenetic diversity indices are indicative of maturity of diverse biomass materials destined for land application.

尽管已经对多种生物质来源进行了 16S rRNA 基因测序，但尚未定量确定成熟度的生态和系统发育特征。在这项荟萃分析中，我们重新分析了唯一公开发表的具有 16S 和温度数据的研究（Zhou 等人，2018 年）的数据，然后将 Zhou 的结果应用于另外 13 项研究的 705 个样本。利用周的数据，我们发现费氏α多样性指数与堆肥温度成反比，与成熟度成正比。我们还注意到，当样品冷却到 44 °C 以下时，芽孢杆菌群与酸性杆菌群、担子菌群和假单胞菌群的比例发生了急剧变化（第 43 页），Faith 的系统发育多样性指数表明了用于土地应用的各种生物质材料的成熟度。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring mechanical properties and long-term environmental impact of ceramsites derived from diverse solid wastes 探索从各种固体废物中提取的陶瓷的机械性能和长期环境影响。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.012

Yunjie Wan, Xinyu Wu, Houhu Zhang, Yueqing Xu, Chengyan Li, Yifan Xu

The escalating global issue of soil pollution by heavy metals, particularly incinerated municipal solid waste fly ash (IMSWFA), necessitates effective remediation strategies. The prevailing approach for safely disposing and utilization of IMSWFA involves high-temperature sintering. In this work, we propose a cost-effective method to produce ceramsites by utilizing IMSWFA, municipal sludge (MS), contaminated soil (CS), and iron tail slag (ITS). After conducting a comprehensive analysis and comparison of outcomes obtained from orthogonal experiments and single-factor experiments, it was determined that the optimal preparation conditions for achieving desirable results are preheating at a temperature of 400 °C for 15 min followed by sintering at a temperature of 1150 °C for 10 min. The optimal ratio of raw materials for ceramsites is 15 % IMSWFA, 15 % MS, 58 % CS, and 12 % ITS. The ceramsites, prepared in accordance with the specified process and raw material ratio, exhibit remarkable properties including robust stability, minimal water absorption, reduced weight, and elevated cylindrical compressive strength. The ceramsites demonstrate an exceptionally high heavy metal loss ratio ranging from 91 % to 100 %, while exhibiting significantly lower leaching quantities of these metals compared to the raw materials. Additionally, aging tests of ceramsites were performed under UV light and acid/alkaline etching to simulate the real-world environment. This work can be utilized to investigate the long-term environmental impact of ceramsites derived from municipal solid waste (MSW), thereby making a valuable contribution to the advancement of solid waste management technology.

重金属（尤其是焚烧过的城市固体废弃物飞灰）造成的土壤污染问题在全球范围内日益严重，因此有必要采取有效的补救策略。安全处置和利用 IMSWFA 的主流方法是高温烧结。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种利用 IMSWFA、市政污泥（MS）、污染土壤（CS）和铁尾渣（ITS）生产陶瓷石的经济有效的方法。在对正交实验和单因素实验的结果进行综合分析和比较后，确定了获得理想结果的最佳制备条件是在 400 °C 温度下预热 15 分钟，然后在 1150 °C 温度下烧结 10 分钟。陶瓷石原料的最佳比例为 15 % IMSWFA、15 % MS、58 % CS 和 12 % ITS。按照规定的工艺和原料配比制备的陶瓷石具有卓越的性能，包括稳定性强、吸水性小、重量轻和圆柱抗压强度高。陶瓷的重金属损耗率极高，从 91% 到 100%不等，同时与原材料相比，这些金属的沥滤量明显降低。此外，还在紫外线和酸碱腐蚀条件下对陶瓷石进行了老化测试，以模拟真实世界的环境。这项工作可用于研究从城市固体废物（MSW）中提取的陶瓷石料对环境的长期影响，从而为固体废物管理技术的进步做出宝贵贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Occurrence and efficient removal of PFAS from landfill leachates using on-site DTRO systems: A comprehensive analysis across 11 Chinese cities 利用现场 DTRO 系统从垃圾填埋场渗滤液中发现并有效去除 PFAS：对中国 11 个城市的综合分析。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.017

Rushun Wang , Yan Lin , Nemin Luo , Tao Zhang , Walter Lamparter , Bin Yan , Zhengjun Dong

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known for their persistent toxicity and mobility, pose significant environmental and human health risks. Here we explored the occurrence and efficacy of on-site Double-Pass Reverse Osmosis (DTRO) systems in removing 30 different PFAS from landfill leachates in 11 diverse cities across China. PFAS concentrations in landfill leachate ranged from 938 to 32,491 ng/L, averaging 6,486 ng/L, predominantly comprising short-chain PFAS, notably perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). Notable emerging substitutes like 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, fluorobutane sulfonamide, and 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone sulfonate were also identified. The PFAS levels correlated positively (r² = 0.79, p < 0.01) with regional economic development, with coastal areas exhibiting higher concentrations than inland regions. The DTRO membrane filtration and ion exchange resin achieved an average removal efficiency of 94 % for ∑₃₀PFAS and even 99.97 % for PFBS (the concentration of PFBS in the raw leachate ranged from 226.36 ng/L to 27,935.61 ng/L, with an average concentration of 4,506.88 ng/L). The Na ion exchange resin had a limited effect on further reducing the PFAS concentration. Our findings not only contribute to the theoretical understanding of PFAS behavior in landfill leachates but also offer a practical engineering applications for global waste management practices.

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）以其持久毒性和流动性而闻名，对环境和人类健康构成重大风险。在此，我们探讨了现场双通反渗透（DTRO）系统从中国 11 个不同城市的垃圾填埋场渗滤液中去除 30 种不同 PFAS 的发生率和效果。垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的 PFAS 浓度从 938 纳克/升到 32,491 纳克/升不等，平均为 6,486 纳克/升，主要包括短链 PFAS，尤其是全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）。此外，还发现了 6:2 氟特罗姆磺酸盐、氟丁烷磺酰胺和 9-氯十六氟-3-氧杂蒽酮磺酸盐等显著的新兴替代品。PFAS 水平呈正相关（r2 = 0.79，p 30PFAS，PFBS 甚至达到 99.97%）（原浸出液中 PFBS 的浓度范围为 226.36 纳克/升至 27,935.61 纳克/升，平均浓度为 4,506.88 纳克/升）。Na 离子交换树脂对进一步降低 PFAS 浓度的作用有限。我们的研究结果不仅有助于从理论上理解垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的 PFAS 行为，还为全球废物管理实践提供了实际工程应用。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of household waste production in Ecuador: Limitations for sustainable management in local communities 厄瓜多尔家庭废物生产分析：当地社区可持续管理的局限性。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.016

Mercedes Villa-Achupallas , Ana López , Rubén Díez-Montero , Ana Lorena Esteban-García , Amaya Lobo

Municipal solid waste management is one of the greatest challenges for environmental sustainability and well-being in developing countries, where the infrastructure and financial resources required to carry out such services are often lacking. The design of solutions that adequately respond to local needs must be based on quality information about the quantity and composition of the generated waste and current management practices. This study evaluated domestic waste generation and its management in 81 communities in Ecuador based on sampling at the source and population surveys. An average household waste generation value of 0.613 kg/cap/d was obtained, of which biowaste accounted for 68 % of the total generation, followed by 23 % recyclable material and 9 % other non recyclable waste. Even though some councils have set up differentiated collection systems for inorganic material in urban areas, these systems are still absent in many rural areas, which explains why waste is not separated in 70 % of the studied communities. Furthermore, only 70 % of the rural population in the country has a waste collection service, and waste in some communities is still thrown into water bodies or burned. Rural populations often use biowaste at home by composting it or as animal feed, which are good practices that should be considered in the diagnosis reports and incorporated into waste management planning.

城市固体废物管理是发展中国家环境可持续性和福祉面临的最大挑战之一，这些国家往往缺乏提供此类服务所需的基础设施和财政资源。要设计出充分满足当地需求的解决方案，必须以有关所产生废物的数量和成分以及当前管理方法的高质量信息为基础。这项研究通过源头抽样和人口调查，对厄瓜多尔 81 个社区的生活垃圾产生量及其管理情况进行了评估。得出的平均家庭废物产生量为 0.613 公斤/瓶/天，其中生物废物占总产生量的 68%，其次是 23% 的可回收材料和 9% 的其他不可回收废物。尽管一些市议会在城市地区建立了不同的无机材料收集系统，但在许多农村地区，这些系统仍然不存在，这也解释了为什么在所研究的社区中，有 70% 的垃圾没有被分类。此外，全国只有 70% 的农村人口拥有垃圾收集服务，一些社区的垃圾仍被扔进水体或焚烧。农村人口通常在家中使用生物废物，将其堆肥或作为动物饲料，这些都是良好做法，应在诊断报告中加以考虑，并纳入废物管理规划。

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引用次数: 0

Deep learning approaches for classification of copper-containing metal scrap in recycling processes 利用深度学习方法对回收过程中的含铜金属废料进行分类。

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.022

G. Koinig , N. Kuhn , T. Fink , B. Lorber , Y. Radmann , W. Martinelli , A. Tischberger-Aldrian

Separating copper from iron scrap is a critical operation in metal recycling and achieving this with low cost sensoric equipment like RGB cameras instead of XRF/XRT is becoming increasingly attractive. In this article, the groundwork for creating an image classification model to separate copper from iron scrap has been performed. Twenty of the most common and most easily available CNN architectures were trained on 2200 metal scrap specimens and evaluated inline on a sensor-based sorting rig for their prediction accuracy and their inference latency to mimic real circumstances in an industrial setting. Out of these evaluated architectures, DenseNet-201 with 98% accuracy in inline tests is recommended if potent hardware is available. Otherwise AlexNet with 92% accuracy or MobileNet-V2 with 90% accuracy are recommended for further investigation and model creation if hardware restrictions apply. Based on the presented results in this article, the initial cumbersome surveyance of the most suitable network architecture can be substantially reduced and the creation of a sorting model can be streamlined. This article thus provides the basis for creating an inline applicable sorting method for scrap metal that uses low cost sensorics equipment and can provide reasonably high accuracy in its prediction.

从废铁中分离出铜是金属回收中的一项关键操作，而利用 RGB 摄像机等低成本传感设备而不是 XRF/XRT 来实现这一目标正变得越来越有吸引力。本文介绍了创建图像分类模型以从废铁中分离铜的基础工作。在 2200 个金属废料标本上训练了 20 种最常见、最容易获得的 CNN 架构，并在基于传感器的分拣设备上对其预测准确性和推理延迟进行了在线评估，以模拟工业环境中的真实情况。在这些经过评估的架构中，如果有强大的硬件，建议使用在线测试准确率达 98% 的 DenseNet-201。如果硬件条件受限，则建议对准确率为 92% 的 AlexNet 或准确率为 90% 的 MobileNet-V2 进行进一步研究并创建模型。根据本文介绍的结果，可以大大减少最初对最合适网络架构的繁琐调查，并简化分类模型的创建。因此，本文为创建适用于废金属的在线分拣方法提供了基础，这种方法使用低成本的传感设备，并能提供相当高的预测精度。

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引用次数: 0

Do compost-based landfill biocover systems designed for methane oxidation emit nitrous oxide in significant amounts? 为甲烷氧化而设计的堆肥型垃圾填埋场生物覆盖系统是否会大量排放一氧化二氮？

IF 7.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Waste management

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.009

Peter Kjeldsen, Konstantinos Kissas, Charlotte Scheutz

Landfills constitute a significant source of methane (CH₄), thereby contributing to climate change. CH₄ emissions from old and smaller landfills can be mitigated by compost-based biocover systems designed for optimal microbial CH₄ oxidation. It is well-known that the strong greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O) is generated during the composting process, which potentially could continue after incorporating compost into the biocover system. Field studies were performed at three full-scale biocover systems established at Danish landfills and included surface screenings, surface flux measurements and gas composition analysis. To assess if N₂O generated in the biofilter-compost material would hamper the climate benefit from CH₄ oxidised in a biofilter, CH₄ removed was compared to N₂O generated, with both calculated in CO₂-eq. Two assessments were performed. The first considered individual measurement locations on the biocover, whereas the second considered the overall performance of the biocover. By comparing CH₄ oxidation rates to the emitted N₂O, both approaches showed that there is no risk that N₂O emission will negatively affect the CH₄ mitigation efficiency of compost-based biocover systems established at landfills. The ratio of N₂O emitted to CH₄ oxidized (both in unit kg CO₂-eq per day) was less than 2.3% for both approaches, and in most cases below 1%.

垃圾填埋场是甲烷（CH4）的重要来源，从而导致气候变化。旧的和较小的垃圾填埋场排放的甲烷（CH4）可以通过堆肥生物覆盖系统来缓解，该系统的设计目的是优化微生物对甲烷（CH4）的氧化作用。众所周知，堆肥过程中会产生强烈的温室气体一氧化二氮（N2O），将堆肥加入生物覆盖物系统后，一氧化二氮可能会继续产生。在丹麦垃圾填埋场建立的三个全规模生物覆盖系统进行了实地研究，包括表面筛选、表面通量测量和气体成分分析。为了评估生物滤池堆肥材料中产生的一氧化二氮（N2O）是否会影响生物滤池中氧化的甲烷（CH4）所带来的气候效益，将甲烷（CH4）去除量与产生的一氧化二氮（N2O）进行了比较，两者均以二氧化碳当量（CO2-eq）计算。进行了两项评估。第一项评估考虑了生物覆盖物上的单个测量位置，第二项评估则考虑了生物覆盖物的整体性能。通过比较 CH4 氧化率和 N2O 排放量，两种方法都表明，N2O 排放不会对垃圾填埋场堆肥生物覆盖物系统的 CH4 减排效率产生负面影响。两种方法的 N2O 排放量与 CH4 氧化量之比（单位均为千克二氧化碳当量/天）均低于 2.3%，大多数情况下低于 1%。

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