Zoonoses and Public Health最新文献_第9页

Spatio-temporal patterns of tick-borne disease diagnoses in Indiana, USA (2009–2018) 美国印第安纳州蜱传疾病诊断的时空模式（2009-2018 年）。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13128

Oghenekaro Omodior, Kristina R. Anderson, Jordan Blekking, Kaukis Nicholas

Aims

Although tick-borne disease (TBD) incidence has increased in the United States (U.S.) in the past decade, new evidence suggests that notifiable diseases surveillance records may not accurately reflect the true magnitude of TBD diagnoses. Furthermore, while regional electronic health records (EHR) are readily accessible their potential use as a more stable and consistent source of TBD diagnoses data has remained largely unexplored.

Methods and Results

In this study, we used EHR from a database of more than 100 hospitals, healthcare networks, and insurance providers in Indiana, U.S., to better understand incidence, spatio-temporal and demographic distribution of TBD Diagnoses from 2009–2018. Our results revealed that in Indiana, from 2009 to 2018, there were 5173 unique TBD Diagnoses across three diagnoses categories: Lyme disease (72.5%, n = 3751), Rickettsioses (12.0%, n = 623) and Other TBD Diagnoses (15.4%, n = 799). Using EHR, the average yearly Lyme disease diagnoses was more than double the cases obtained using notifiable disease surveillance data for the same period. Patients with a TBD Diagnoses were generally older (ages 45–59) and less racially diverse (96.3% white). Rickettsiosis diagnoses were reported more among male patients (55.2%), while Lyme disease diagnoses were higher among female patients (57.1%). Temporal data illustrated higher frequencies of diagnoses from May to July. Hot spot analysis identified a Lyme disease hot spot in northwest Indiana, while hotspots of Rickettsiosis and Other TBD Diagnoses category were identified in southwest Indiana. Extrapolated to the Indiana population, chi-squared (χ²) tests of independence revealed that the observed distribution of TBD diagnoses in our data was significantly different from the expected distribution in the Indiana population-based race, gender and age groups.

Conclusions

Our study findings demonstrate that in Indiana, EHR provide a stable data source for elucidating TBD disease burden and for monitoring spatio-temporal trends in TBD diagnoses.

目的：尽管过去十年美国的蜱媒疾病（TBD）发病率有所上升，但新的证据表明，应呈报疾病的监测记录可能无法准确反映 TBD 诊断的真实规模。此外，虽然地区电子健康记录（EHR）很容易获取，但其作为更稳定、更一致的 TBD 诊断数据来源的潜力在很大程度上仍未得到开发：在这项研究中，我们使用了来自美国印第安纳州 100 多家医院、医疗保健网络和保险提供商数据库的电子病历，以更好地了解 2009-2018 年间 TBD 诊断的发病率、时空和人口分布情况。我们的结果显示，从 2009 年到 2018 年，印第安纳州共有 5173 例独特的 TBD 诊断，涉及三个诊断类别：莱姆病（72.5%，n = 3751）、立克次体病（12.0%，n = 623）和其他 TBD 诊断（15.4%，n = 799）。使用电子病历，莱姆病的年平均诊断病例数是同期使用应报疾病监测数据获得的病例数的两倍多。诊断为 TBD 的患者一般年龄较大（45-59 岁），种族差异较小（96.3% 为白人）。男性患者中立克次体病的诊断率较高（55.2%），而女性患者中莱姆病的诊断率较高（57.1%）。时间数据显示，5 月至 7 月的诊断频率较高。热点分析发现，莱姆病的热点在印第安纳州西北部，而立克次体病和其他 TBD 诊断类别的热点则在印第安纳州西南部。通过对印第安纳州人口进行独立的卡方（χ2）检验发现，我们的数据中观察到的TBD诊断分布与印第安纳州人口中基于种族、性别和年龄组的预期分布存在显著差异：我们的研究结果表明，在印第安纳州，电子病历为阐明结核病疾病负担和监测结核病诊断的时空趋势提供了稳定的数据来源。

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引用次数: 0

Knowledge and practices related to louse- and flea-borne diseases among staff providing services to people experiencing homelessness in the United States 美国为无家可归者提供服务的工作人员对虱子和跳蚤传播疾病的认识和做法。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13125

Shannan N. Rich, Ann Carpenter, Bree Dell, Rachel Henderson, Sydney Adams, Nicolette Bestul, Christopher Grano, Briana Sprague, Josh Leopold, Elizabeth K. Schiffman, Andrea Lomeli, Hassan Zadeh, Jemma Alarcón, Umme-Aiman Halai, Yoon-Sung Nam, Leah Seifu, Sally Slavinski, David Crum, Emily Mosites, Johanna S. Salzer, Alison F. Hinckley, David W. McCormick, Grace E. Marx

Background and Aims

Louse-borne Bartonella quintana infection and flea-borne murine typhus are two potentially serious vector-borne diseases that have led to periodic outbreaks among people experiencing homelessness in the United States. Little is known about louse- and flea-borne disease awareness and prevention among staff who provide services to the population. We surveyed staff in seven US states to identify gaps in knowledge and prevention practices for these diseases.

Methods and Results

Surveys were administered to 333 staff at 89 homeless shelters and outreach teams in California, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New York and Washington from August 2022 to April 2023. Most participants (>68%) agreed that body lice and fleas are a problem for people experiencing homelessness. About half were aware that diseases could be transmitted by these vectors; however, most could not accurately identify which diseases. Less than a quarter of staff could describe an appropriate protocol for managing body lice or fleas. Misconceptions included that clients must isolate or be denied services until they are medically cleared.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal significant knowledge gaps among staff who provide services to people experiencing homelessness in the prevention and control of louse- and flea-borne diseases. This demonstrates an urgent need for staff training to both reduce disease and prevent unnecessary restrictions on services and housing.

背景和目的：由虱子传播的巴顿氏菌感染和由跳蚤传播的鼠斑疹伤寒是两种潜在的严重病媒传染病，曾在美国无家可归者中定期爆发。为无家可归者提供服务的工作人员对虱子和跳蚤传播疾病的认识和预防知之甚少。我们对美国 7 个州的工作人员进行了调查，以找出他们对这些疾病的认识和预防措施方面的差距：从 2022 年 8 月到 2023 年 4 月，我们对加利福尼亚州、科罗拉多州、佐治亚州、马里兰州、明尼苏达州、纽约州和华盛顿州 89 个无家可归者收容所和外展团队的 333 名工作人员进行了调查。大多数参与者（>68%）都认为体虱和跳蚤是无家可归者面临的一个问题。大约一半的人知道这些病媒可能传播疾病；但是，大多数人不能准确识别哪些疾病。只有不到四分之一的工作人员能够描述出处理体虱或跳蚤的适当方案。误解包括服务对象必须隔离或被拒绝提供服务，直到他们通过医学检查：我们的调查结果显示，为无家可归者提供服务的工作人员在预防和控制虱子和跳蚤传播疾病方面存在很大的知识差距。这表明，迫切需要对工作人员进行培训，以减少疾病，并防止对服务和住房的不必要限制。

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引用次数: 0

Genetic diversity of P1/pathogenic Leptospira species hosted by bats worldwide 全球蝙蝠寄生的 P1/致病性钩端螺旋体物种的遗传多样性。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13126

J. Manuel Matiz-González, Jesús A. Ballesteros-Ballesteros, María Hernández, Julián A. Mejorano-Fonseca, Claudia Cuervo, Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez, Marylin Hidalgo, Jairo Pérez-Torres, Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos

Introduction

Bats are a diverse group of mammals that have unique features allowing them to act as reservoir hosts for several zoonotic pathogens such as Leptospira. Leptospires have been classified into pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic groups and more recently into clades P1, P2, S1, and S2, being all the most important pathogenic species related to leptospirosis included within the P1/pathogenic clade. Leptospira has been detected from bats in several regions worldwide; however, the diversity of leptospires harboured by bats is still unknown.

Aim

The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity of Leptospira spp. harboured by bats worldwide.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted on four databases to retrieve studies in which Leptospira was detected from bats. All studies were screened to retrieve all available Leptospira spp. 16S rRNA sequences from the GenBank database and data regarding their origin. Sequences obtained were compared with each other and reference sequences of Leptospira species and analysed through phylogenetic analysis.

Results

A total of 418 Leptospira spp. 16S rRNA sequences isolated from 55 bat species from 14 countries were retrieved from 15 selected manuscripts. From these, 417 sequences clustered within the P1/pathogenic group, and only one sequence clustered within the P2/intermediate group. Six major clades of P1/pathogenic Leptospira spp. were identified, three of them composed exclusively of sequences obtained from bats.

Conclusion

We identified that bats harbour a great genetic diversity of Leptospira spp. that form part of the P1/pathogenic clade, some of which are closely related to leptospirosis-associated species. This finding contributes to the knowledge of the diversity of leptospires hosted by bats worldwide and reinforces the role of bats as reservoirs of P1/pathogenic Leptospira spp.

简介：蝙蝠是一种多种多样的哺乳动物，它们具有独特的特征，能够成为多种人畜共患病病原体（如钩端螺旋体）的宿主。钩端螺旋体被分为致病型、中间型和萎缩型，最近又被分为 P1、P2、S1 和 S2 支系，与钩端螺旋体病有关的所有最重要的致病物种都属于 P1/致病支系。本研究旨在确定全球蝙蝠所携带钩端螺旋体的遗传多样性：方法：对四个数据库进行了系统回顾，以检索从蝙蝠中检测到钩端螺旋体的研究。对所有研究进行筛选，从 GenBank 数据库中检索所有可用的钩端螺旋体 16S rRNA 序列及其来源数据。将获得的序列与钩端螺旋体物种的参考序列相互比较，并通过系统进化分析进行分析：从 15 篇选定的手稿中检索到了从 14 个国家 55 个蝙蝠物种中分离出的 418 个钩端螺旋体 16S rRNA 序列。其中 417 个序列属于 P1/致病组，只有一个序列属于 P2/中间组。我们确定了 P1/致病性钩端螺旋体属的六个主要支系，其中三个支系完全由从蝙蝠身上获得的序列组成：我们发现，蝙蝠中的钩端螺旋体具有极大的遗传多样性，它们构成了 P1/致病支系的一部分，其中一些与钩端螺旋体相关物种密切相关。这一发现有助于了解全球蝙蝠寄生的钩端螺旋体的多样性，并加强了蝙蝠作为P1/致病性钩端螺旋体储库的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022 2013-2022 年印度北方邦东部猪群日本脑炎病毒感染的时空流行病学。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q1 Veterinary

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13123

Himani Dhanze, Balbir B. Singh, Michael Walsh, M. Suman Kumar, Amit Kumar, Kiran N. Bhilegaonkar, Victoria J. Brookes

Aims

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs.

Methods and Results

We investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10 years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013–2022) and IgM (2017–2022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8–15.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8–12.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio-temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time-series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3–4 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time-series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed.

Conclusions

Detection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year-round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age-associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long-term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero-surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.

目的：日本脑炎（JE）是印度的地方病。尽管猪被认为是日本脑炎疫情在人体内爆发的重要宿主和哨兵，但有关猪体内日本脑炎病毒（JEV）监测的信息却十分有限：我们调查了 2013 年至 2022 年 10 年间印度北方邦东部 10 个县 4451 份猪样本中 JEV 血清流行率的时空分布及其与气候变量的关系。IgG（2013-2022年）和IgM（2017-2022年）的平均血清流行率分别为14%（95% CI 12.8-15.2）和10.98%（95% CI 9.8-12.2）。在整个地区，2013 年至 2017 年的血清流行率较高，且各地区之间变化很大，没有可预测的时空模式。2016 年，Sant Kabir Nagar 的 IgG 和 IgM 血清流行率分别高达 60.8%；2017 年，Gorakhpur 地区的 IgG 和 IgM 血清流行率分别高达 69.5%。IgG血清流行率并未随年龄增长而增加。IgG和IgM血清流行率的月时间序列分解显示出年度周期性（3-4个峰值）和季节性（夏季和季风期峰值更高、更宽）。不过，大部分差异是由时间序列的总体趋势和随机成分造成的。对戈勒克布尔采样的猪进行自回归时间序列建模并不能充分预测疫情；但是，可以观察到湿度（而非降雨量或温度）与疫情之间存在反比关系：检测模式证实了北方邦东部猪群全年流行的季节性流行期。与年龄相关的血清流行率没有增加，这表明 JEV 可能不会对猪产生免疫作用，这需要进一步调查，因为如果假定猪具有长期免疫力，那么为 JEV 公共卫生干预措施提供信息的模型就可能不准确。尽管猪被认为是人类疫情爆发的哨兵，但要充分及时地利用猪血清监测来为预防人感染 JEV 的公共卫生干预措施提供信息，需要建立比血清流行率和广泛的气候变量更细致的模型。

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引用次数: 0

Blood meal analysis reveals sources of tick-borne pathogens and differences in host utilization of juvenile Ixodes ricinus across urban and sylvatic habitats 血粉分析揭示了蜱传病原体的来源以及城市和草原栖息地中幼年蓖麻线虫宿主利用率的差异。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q1 Veterinary

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13124

Jani Jukka Sormunen, Jesse Mänttäri, Eero Juhani Vesterinen, Tero Klemola

Aims

Urban green spaces are locations of maximal human activity, forming areas of enhanced risk for tick-borne disease (TBD) transmission. Being also limited in spatial scale, green spaces form prime targets for control schemes aiming to reduce TBD risk. However, for effective control, the key species maintaining local tick and tick-borne pathogen (TBP) populations must be identified. To determine how patterns of host utilization vary spatially, we utilized blood meal analysis to study the contributions of voles, shrews, squirrels, leporids and cervids towards blood meals and the acquisition of TBPs of juvenile Ixodes ricinus in urban and sylvatic areas in Finland.

Methods and Results

A total of 1084 nymphs were collected from the capital city of Finland, Helsinki and from a sylvatic island in southwestern Finland, and subjected to qPCR analysis to identify DNA remnants of the previous host. We found significant differences in host contributions between urban and sylvatic environments. Specifically, squirrels and leporids were more common hosts in urban habitats, whereas cervids and voles were more common in sylvatic habitats. In addition to providing 18.4% of larval blood meals in urban habitats, red squirrels were identified as the source of 28.6% (n = 48) of Borrelia afzelii detections and 58.1% (n = 18) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto detections, indicating an important role for local enzootic cycles.

Conclusions

Our study highlights that the key hosts maintaining tick and TBP populations may be different in urban and sylvatic habitats. Likewise, hosts generally perceived as important for upkeep may have limited importance in urban environments. Consequently, targeting control schemes based on off-site data of host importance may lead to suboptimal results.

目的：城市绿地是人类活动最多的地方，也是蜱媒疾病（TBD）传播风险较高的区域。绿地的空间尺度也有限，因此成为旨在降低蜱传疾病风险的控制计划的主要目标。然而，为了有效控制，必须确定维持当地蜱虫和蜱虫病原体（TBP）种群的关键物种。为了确定宿主利用模式在空间上的差异，我们利用血餐分析法研究了芬兰城市和森林地区田鼠、鼩鼱、松鼠、leporids和ervids对蓖麻幼虫血餐和TBPs获取的贡献：从芬兰首都赫尔辛基和芬兰西南部的一个森林岛屿上共采集了1084只若虫，并对其进行了qPCR分析，以确定前宿主的DNA残留。我们发现，城市环境和雪原环境中的宿主贡献率存在明显差异。具体来说，松鼠和leporids是城市栖息地中更常见的宿主，而ervids和田鼠则是森林栖息地中更常见的宿主。除了在城市栖息地提供18.4%的幼虫血餐外，红松鼠还被确定为28.6%（n = 48）的阿夫泽尔伊波氏杆菌检测结果和58.1%（n = 18）的严格意义上的布氏杆菌检测结果的来源，这表明红松鼠在当地流行病循环中发挥着重要作用：我们的研究表明，维持蜱虫和结核杆菌种群的关键宿主在城市栖息地和草原栖息地可能有所不同。同样，通常被认为是重要的维护宿主在城市环境中的重要性可能有限。因此，根据寄主重要性的非现场数据来制定有针对性的控制计划可能会导致不理想的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Human exposures to Brucella canis from a pregnant dog during an international flight: Public health risks, diagnostic challenges and future considerations 人类在国际航班上从怀孕的狗身上感染犬布鲁氏菌：公共卫生风险、诊断挑战和未来考虑。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13121

Cara Williams, Samantha Swisher, Nicholas Miller, Toby Pinn-Woodcock, Connie Austin, Shih-Hsuan Hsiao, Angela M. Arenas-Gamboa, Rebekah Tiller, Tyler Thacker, Sara Taetzsch, Rebecca Franklin-Guild, Laurel Cutter, Christine Quance, Chien-Che Hung, Carol W. Maddox, Mark Ernst, Cassandra Guarino, Saraswathi Lanka, Daniel G. Garcia-Gonzalez, Staci Slager, Zenia Sunavala, Clive Brown, Maria Negron, Emily G. Pieracci

Aims

This report documents the exposure of passengers and crew of a commercial international flight to the zoonotic pathogen Brucella canis after an infected dog aborted in the passenger cabin of the aircraft. This case demonstrates the challenges associated with brucellosis screening and the risks that airline personnel, airport employees and travellers face when animals with unrecognized zoonotic infections are transported.

Methods/Results

The public health investigation of this case was conducted by the Centers for Disease Control, the Illinois Department of Health and the Illinois Department of Agriculture, in collaboration with a local veterinary clinic and several academic and federal diagnostic laboratories. It included an extensive diagnostic evaluation of the dam and aborted foetuses to confirm a diagnosis of canine brucellosis. Passengers, airline personnel and staff from the veterinary clinic where the dogs were treated underwent risk assessments, and clinic staff also received detailed guidance regarding infection prevention practices.

Conclusions

Animal shelters and breeding programs are recommended to screen dogs routinely for brucellosis, but it is not unusual for domestic or imported animals to have unknown health histories, including the dog's brucellosis status, at the time of purchase, adoption, or re-homing. Testing recommendations and requirements vary by state, making it challenging for state public health and animal health agencies to monitor and respond appropriately. This case highlights the importance of Brucella spp. screening in sexually intact dogs prior to breeding, purchase, or domestic or international transportation of the dogs. The transportation of pregnant dogs may present a previously unrecognized public health threat in addition to contributing to unnecessary stress and health risks for pregnant animals.

目的：本报告记录了一只受感染的狗在飞机客舱内流产后，一架国际商业航班的乘客和机组人员接触到人畜共患病原体犬布鲁氏菌的情况。该病例表明了布鲁氏菌病筛查工作面临的挑战，以及在运输未被发现的人畜共患病动物时航空公司工作人员、机场员工和旅客所面临的风险：该病例的公共卫生调查由美国疾病控制中心、伊利诺伊州卫生部和伊利诺伊州农业部与当地一家兽医诊所及多家学术和联邦诊断实验室合作进行。其中包括对母畜和流产胎儿进行广泛的诊断评估，以确诊犬布鲁氏杆菌病。乘客、航空公司工作人员和治疗犬只的兽医诊所工作人员都接受了风险评估，诊所工作人员还接受了有关感染预防方法的详细指导：结论：建议动物收容所和繁殖项目对狗进行常规的布鲁氏菌病筛查，但家养或进口动物在购买、领养或再领养时健康史不明（包括狗的布鲁氏菌病状况）的情况并不少见。各州的检测建议和要求不尽相同，这使得州公共卫生和动物卫生机构在监测和适当应对方面面临挑战。本病例强调了在繁殖、购买或国内或国际运输犬只之前对性生活完好的犬只进行布鲁氏菌检查的重要性。怀孕犬只的运输除了会给怀孕动物带来不必要的压力和健康风险外，还可能带来之前未认识到的公共卫生威胁。

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引用次数: 0

Dogs on the move: Estimating the risk of rabies in imported dogs in the United States, 2015–2022 移动中的狗：估计 2015-2022 年美国进口狗患狂犬病的风险。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13122

Emily G. Pieracci, Ryan Wallace, Brian Maskery, Colleen Brouillette, Clive Brown, Heesoo Joo

Background

Dog-mediated rabies virus variant (DMRVV), a zoonotic pathogen that causes a deadly disease in animals and humans, is present in more than 100 countries worldwide but has been eliminated from the United States since 2007. In the United States, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recorded four instances of rabies in dogs imported from DMRVV-enzootic countries since 2015. However, it remains uncertain whether the incidence of DMRVV among imported dogs from these countries significantly surpasses that of domestically acquired variants among domestic U.S. dogs.

Aim

This evaluation aimed to estimate the number of dogs imported from DMRVV-enzootic countries and compare the risk of rabies between imported dogs and the U.S. domestic dog population.

Materials and Methods

Data from the CDC's dog import permit system (implemented during 2021 under a temporary suspension of dog importation from DMRVV-enzootic countries) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Automated Commercial Environment system, each of which records a segment of dogs entering the U.S. from DMRVV-enzootic countries, was analysed. Additionally, we estimated the incidence rate of rabies in dogs imported from DMRVV-enzootic countries and compared it to the incidence rate within the general U.S. dog population, due to domestically acquired rabies variants, over the eight-year period (2015–2022).

Results

An estimated 72,589 (range, 62,660–86,258) dogs were imported into the United States annually between 2015 and 2022 from DMRVV-enzootic countries. The estimated incidence rate of rabies was 16 times higher (range, 13.2–19.4) in dogs imported from DMRVV-enzootic countries than that estimated for domestically acquired rabies in the general U.S. dog population.

Conclusions

Preventing human exposure to dogs with DMRVV is a public health priority. The higher risk of rabies in dogs imported from DMRVV-enzootic countries supports the need for importation requirements aimed at preventing the reintroduction of DMRVV into the United States.

背景：狗介导的狂犬病病毒变异体（DMRVV）是一种人畜共患病病原体，可导致动物和人类患上致命疾病，目前存在于全球 100 多个国家，但自 2007 年以来已在美国绝迹。在美国，自 2015 年以来，美国疾病控制和预防中心已记录了四例从 DMRVV 流行国家进口的狗患狂犬病的病例。然而，从这些国家进口的犬只中DMRVV的发病率是否大大超过美国国内犬只中国内获得的变种，目前仍不确定。目的：本评估旨在估算从DMRVV流行国家进口的犬只数量，并比较进口犬只与美国国内犬只群体之间的狂犬病风险：分析了美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）的狗进口许可证系统（2021 年期间在暂时中止从 DMRV-enzootic 国家进口狗的情况下实施）和美国海关与边境保护局（U.S. Customs and Border Protection）的自动商业环境系统（Automated Commercial Environment）的数据，这两个系统分别记录了从 DMRV-enzootic 国家进入美国的狗的一部分。此外，我们还估算了从DMRV病毒流行国家进口的狗的狂犬病发病率，并将其与八年期间（2015-2022年）美国普通狗群体中因国内获得的狂犬病变种而导致的发病率进行了比较：结果：2015 年至 2022 年期间，估计每年有 72589 只狗（范围为 62660-86258 只）从 DMRV 病毒流行的国家进口到美国。据估计，从DMRV流行国家进口的狗的狂犬病发病率是美国普通狗群国内感染狂犬病发病率的16倍（范围：13.2-19.4）：结论：预防人类接触带有 DMRVV 的狗是公共卫生的当务之急。从DMRV流行国家进口的狗患狂犬病的风险较高，这说明有必要制定旨在防止DMRV再次传入美国的进口要求。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental and sociodemographic factors associated with zoonotic pathogen occurrence in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Windsor, Ontario 与安大略省温莎市挪威鼠（Rattus norvegicus）人畜共患病病原体发生相关的环境和社会人口因素。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q1 Veterinary

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13120

Sarah J. Robinson, David L. Pearl, Chelsea G. Himsworth, J. Scott Weese, L. Robbin Lindsay, Antonia Dibernardo, Chris Huynh, Janet E. Hill, Champika Fernando, Claire M. Jardine

Aims

Rat-associated zoonotic pathogen transmission at the human–wildlife interface is a public health concern in urban environments where Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) thrive on abundant anthropogenic resources and live in close contact with humans and other animal species. To identify potential factors influencing zoonotic pathogen occurrence in rats, we investigated associations between environmental and sociodemographic factors and Leptospira interrogans and Bartonella spp. infections in rats from Windsor, Ontario, Canada, while controlling for the potential confounding effects of animal characteristics (i.e., sexual maturity and body condition).

Methods and Results

Between November 2018 and June 2021, 252 rats were submitted by collaborating pest control professionals. Kidney and spleen samples were collected for L. interrogans and Bartonella spp. PCR and sequencing, respectively. Of the rats tested by PCR, 12.7% (32/252) were positive for L. interrogans and 16.3% (37/227) were positive for Bartonella species. Associations between infection status and environmental and sociodemographic variables of interest were assessed via mixed multivariable logistic regression models with a random intercept for social group and fixed effects to control for sexual maturity and body condition in each model. The odds of L. interrogans infection were significantly higher in rats from areas with high building density (odds ratio [OR]: 3.76; 95% CI: 1.31–10.79; p = 0.014), high human population density (OR: 3.31; 95% CI: 1.20–9.11; p = 0.021), high proportion of buildings built in 1960 or before (OR: 11.21; 95% CI: 2.06–60.89; p = 0.005), and a moderate number of reports of uncollected garbage compared to a low number of reports (OR: 4.88; 95% CI: 1.01–23.63; p = 0.049). A negative association was observed between median household income and Bartonella spp. infection in rats (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.08–0.89; p = 0.031).

Conclusions

Due to the complexity of the ecology of rat-associated zoonoses, consideration of environmental and sociodemographic factors is of critical importance to better understand the nuances of host–pathogen systems and inform how urban rat surveillance and intervention efforts should be distributed within cities.

目的：在城市环境中，挪威鼠（Rattus norvegicus）以丰富的人为资源为生，并与人类和其他动物物种密切接触，因此在人类与野生动物的交界处与老鼠相关的人畜共患病原体传播是一个公共卫生问题。为了确定影响老鼠人畜共患病病原体发生的潜在因素，我们调查了加拿大安大略省温莎市老鼠的环境和社会人口因素与钩端螺旋体和巴顿氏菌感染之间的关联，同时控制了动物特征（即性成熟和身体状况）的潜在混杂影响：2018 年 11 月至 2021 年 6 月期间，合作害虫控制专业人员共提交了 252 只大鼠。采集了肾脏和脾脏样本，分别用于讯问杆菌和巴顿氏菌属的 PCR 和测序。在通过 PCR 检测的老鼠中，12.7%（32/252）对盘尾丝菌呈阳性，16.3%（37/227）对巴顿氏菌呈阳性。通过混合多变量逻辑回归模型评估了感染状况与环境和社会人口学变量之间的相关性，每个模型中都设置了社会群体随机截距和固定效应以控制性成熟度和身体状况。在建筑物密度高（几率比 [OR]：3.76；95% CI：1.31-10.79；p = 0.014）、人口密度高（OR：3.31；95% CI：1.20-9.11；p = 0.021），1960 年或之前建成的建筑物比例高（OR：11.21；95% CI：2.06-60.89；p = 0.005），垃圾无人收集的报告数量中等而报告数量低（OR：4.88；95% CI：1.01-23.63；p = 0.049）。家庭收入中位数与老鼠感染巴顿氏杆菌呈负相关（OR：0.26；95% CI：0.08-0.89；p = 0.031）：由于鼠类相关人畜共患病生态学的复杂性，考虑环境和社会人口因素对于更好地了解宿主-病原体系统的细微差别以及如何在城市中分布城市鼠类监测和干预工作至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Discrepancy between IDSA and ESGBOR in Lyme disease: Individual participant meta-analysis in Türkiye 莱姆病 IDSA 和 ESGBOR 之间的差异：土耳其的个人参与者荟萃分析。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q1 Veterinary

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13119

Abdullah Burak Yıldız, Ecesu Çetin, Fatihan Pınarlık, Şiran Keske, Füsun Can, Önder Ergönül

Background

The evidence on the prevalence of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is limited, but there is a suspicion of overdiagnosis of LB in recent years. We reviewed the LB diagnosis and treatment-related data in Türkiye, based on the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) 2020 and European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Lyme Borreliosis (ESGBOR) 2018 guidelines. By detecting the disagreements between these two, we outlined the areas to be improved for future guidelines.

Methods

We performed a literature search according to the PRISMA guidelines in PubMed, Ovid-Medline, Web of Science, Turkish Medline, Scopus, CINAHL, ULAKBIM TR Index, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases. We included the published cases in a database and evaluated according to IDSA and ESGBOR guidelines. We outlined the reasons for misdiagnoses and inappropriate uses of antibiotics.

Results

We included 42 relevant studies with 84 LB cases reported from Türkiye between 1990 and December 2022. Among 84 cases, the most common clinical findings were nervous system findings (n = 37, 44.0%), erythema migrans (n = 29, 34.5%) and ophthalmologic findings (n = 15, 17.9%). The IDSA 2020 and ESGBOR 2018 guidelines agreed on the diagnosis of 71 (84.5%) cases; there was an agreement that 31 cases (36.9%) were misdiagnosed and 40 cases (47.6%) were correctly diagnosed, and there was disagreement for 13 cases (15.5%). Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG measurements by ELISA and western blot were widely performed, and they were effective in definitive diagnosis merely when used according to guidelines. Inappropriate use of antibiotics was detected in 42 (50.0%) of cases which were classified in the following categories: incorrect LB diagnosis, inappropriate choice of antibiotic, inappropriate route of drug administration and prolonged antibiotic treatment.

Conclusion

Overdiagnosis and non-adherence to guidelines is a common problem. The discordance between seroprevalence and clinical studies necessitates a consensus over the best clinical approach.

背景：有关莱姆病（Lyme borreliosis，LB）发病率的证据有限，但近年来存在LB过度诊断的嫌疑。我们根据美国传染病学会（IDSA）2020年指南和欧洲临床微生物学和传染病学会莱姆病研究组（ESGBOR）2018年指南，回顾了土耳其的莱姆病诊断和治疗相关数据。通过检测两者之间的分歧，我们概述了未来指南需要改进的地方：我们根据 PRISMA 指南在 PubMed、Ovid-Medline、Web of Science、Turkish Medline、Scopus、CINAHL、ULAKBIM TR Index、Google Scholar 和 Cochrane Library 数据库中进行了文献检索。我们将已发表的病例纳入数据库，并根据 IDSA 和 ESGBOR 指南进行评估。我们概述了误诊和抗生素使用不当的原因：我们共纳入了 42 项相关研究，其中包括 1990 年至 2022 年 12 月期间土耳其报告的 84 例枸橼酸结肠炎病例。在 84 例病例中，最常见的临床表现为神经系统表现（37 例，44.0%）、偏头痛红斑（29 例，34.5%）和眼科表现（15 例，17.9%）。IDSA 2020 和 ESGBOR 2018 指南对 71 例（84.5%）病例的诊断达成一致；31 例（36.9%）被误诊，40 例（47.6%）被正确诊断，13 例（15.5%）存在分歧。血清免疫球蛋白 M (IgM)、IgG 的 ELISA 和 Western 印迹法测定被广泛采用，只要按照指南使用，就能有效地进行确诊。42例（50.0%）病例发现抗生素使用不当，分为以下几类：LB诊断不正确、抗生素选择不当、给药途径不当和抗生素治疗时间过长：结论：过度诊断和不遵守指南是一个常见问题。血清流行率与临床研究之间的不一致需要就最佳临床方法达成共识。

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引用次数: 0

Responding to outbreaks of illness linked to unpasteurized milk: A needs assessment of state health and agriculture departments 应对与未消毒牛奶有关的疾病暴发：各州卫生和农业部门的需求评估。

IF 2.4 2区农林科学 Q3 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Zoonoses and Public Health

Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13117

Michael Ablan, Michelle Canning, Lia Koski, Lisa Landsman, G. Sean Stapleton, Megin Nichols, Misha Robyn

Aims

Consumption of unpasteurized milk can result in severe illness or death. In the United States, the number of people who regularly consume unpasteurized milk is relatively low, but outbreaks resulting from unpasteurized milk outnumber outbreaks linked to pasteurized milk. The sale of unpasteurized milk for human consumption through interstate commerce is prohibited at the federal level, but laws among states vary considerably with respect to the sale of unpasteurized milk. Each state has a different perspective on responding to and preventing outbreaks of illness linked to consuming unpasteurized milk.

Methods and Results

We conducted a needs assessment of state health and agriculture departments to gather information on state-level strategies to prevent illnesses linked to consuming unpasteurized milk, characterize challenges states face, and identify areas where partners can support state efforts to prevent illnesses. We deployed a survey from 6 January 2021 to 1 March 2021, using a snowball sampling strategy and had 158 respondents. Of 115 respondents, 46 (40%) believed that state laws were ineffective in preventing illnesses, and 92 (80%) agreed that consumers continue to find ways to get unpasteurized milk despite laws restricting sale. Respondents from 19 states were aware of future legislative or regulatory efforts surrounding unpasteurized milk in their state, with 14 (74%) indicating these efforts would expand consumer access. The most common outbreak prevention strategies respondents mentioned included sharing knowledge and experiences with other public health and agriculture officials, providing information to inform legislative efforts, and communicating to the public about outbreaks. Most respondents (41/50, 91%) were interested in pursuing further efforts to prevent unpasteurized milk-associated illnesses in their state.

Conclusions

The results from this needs assessment can be used to inform future strategies for preventing illness outbreaks associated with unpasteurized milk consumption.

目的：饮用未经巴氏杀菌的牛奶可导致严重疾病或死亡。在美国，经常饮用未经巴氏杀菌的牛奶的人数相对较少，但未经巴氏杀菌的牛奶导致的疫情爆发却多于与巴氏杀菌牛奶有关的疫情爆发。联邦禁止通过州际贸易销售未经巴氏杀菌的牛奶供人饮用，但各州在销售未经巴氏杀菌的牛奶方面的法律差别很大。每个州在应对和预防与饮用未经巴氏杀菌的牛奶有关的疾病爆发方面都有不同的观点：我们对各州的卫生和农业部门进行了需求评估，以收集各州预防与饮用未消毒牛奶有关的疾病的战略信息，了解各州面临的挑战，并确定合作伙伴可在哪些方面支持各州预防疾病的工作。我们于 2021 年 1 月 6 日至 2021 年 3 月 1 日采用滚雪球式抽样策略进行了调查，共有 158 位受访者。在 115 位受访者中，46 位（40%）认为各州的法律在预防疾病方面效果不佳，92 位（80%）同意，尽管法律限制销售，但消费者仍在想方设法获得未经巴氏杀菌的牛奶。来自 19 个州的受访者了解本州未来围绕未消毒牛奶的立法或监管工作，其中 14 个州（74%）表示这些工作将扩大消费者获得未消毒牛奶的途径。受访者提到的最常见的疫情预防策略包括与其他公共卫生和农业官员分享知识和经验、为立法工作提供信息以及向公众通报疫情。大多数受访者（41/50，91%）有兴趣在本州进一步努力预防与未消毒牛奶有关的疾病：本次需求评估的结果可用于制定未来战略，预防与饮用未经巴氏杀菌的牛奶有关的疾病暴发。

{"title":"Responding to outbreaks of illness linked to unpasteurized milk: A needs assessment of state health and agriculture departments","authors":"Michael Ablan, Michelle Canning, Lia Koski, Lisa Landsman, G. Sean Stapleton, Megin Nichols, Misha Robyn","doi":"10.1111/zph.13117","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13117","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Consumption of unpasteurized milk can result in severe illness or death. In the United States, the number of people who regularly consume unpasteurized milk is relatively low, but outbreaks resulting from unpasteurized milk outnumber outbreaks linked to pasteurized milk. The sale of unpasteurized milk for human consumption through interstate commerce is prohibited at the federal level, but laws among states vary considerably with respect to the sale of unpasteurized milk. Each state has a different perspective on responding to and preventing outbreaks of illness linked to consuming unpasteurized milk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a needs assessment of state health and agriculture departments to gather information on state-level strategies to prevent illnesses linked to consuming unpasteurized milk, characterize challenges states face, and identify areas where partners can support state efforts to prevent illnesses. We deployed a survey from 6 January 2021 to 1 March 2021, using a snowball sampling strategy and had 158 respondents. Of 115 respondents, 46 (40%) believed that state laws were ineffective in preventing illnesses, and 92 (80%) agreed that consumers continue to find ways to get unpasteurized milk despite laws restricting sale. Respondents from 19 states were aware of future legislative or regulatory efforts surrounding unpasteurized milk in their state, with 14 (74%) indicating these efforts would expand consumer access. The most common outbreak prevention strategies respondents mentioned included sharing knowledge and experiences with other public health and agriculture officials, providing information to inform legislative efforts, and communicating to the public about outbreaks. Most respondents (41/50, 91%) were interested in pursuing further efforts to prevent unpasteurized milk-associated illnesses in their state.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results from this needs assessment can be used to inform future strategies for preventing illness outbreaks associated with unpasteurized milk consumption.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 5","pages":"480-488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139940955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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