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Кремниевые дифференциальные фотоприемники. Технология, характеристики, применение 硅微分光电接收器技术,特性,应用
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.09.56223.136o-23
В. В. Гаврушко, А. С. Ионов, О. Р. Кадриев, В. А. Ласткин
A silicon-based photodetector containing two identical n+-p photodiodes is described. One of the photodiodes had a wide spectral response with high sensitivity in the ultraviolet region. The sensitivity of the second was reduced in the short-wavelength part of the spectrum by creating additional recombination centers in the near-surface region by implanting As ions. The spectral sensitivity of the differential signal obtained by subtracting photocurrents had a pronounced short-wavelength characteristic. The long-wavelength limit of the spectral range in terms of the λ0.5 level, depending on the doping dose, was in the range of 0.37 — 0.47 μm. The sensitivity maximum corresponded to λmax=0.32 — 0.37 μm. The electrical and noise characteristics of the photodetector are given. The possibility of using differential photodetectors as two-color ones is shown.
描述了一种包含两个相同的n+-p光电二极管的硅基光电探测器。其中一种光电二极管在紫外区具有宽光谱响应和高灵敏度。通过注入As离子,在近表面区域产生额外的复合中心,降低了光谱短波长部分的灵敏度。通过减去光电流获得的差分信号的光谱灵敏度具有明显的短波长特性。根据掺杂剂量的不同,光谱范围在λ0.5级的长波长极限在0.37 ~ 0.47 μm之间。灵敏度最大值λmax=0.32 ~ 0.37 μm。给出了光电探测器的电学和噪声特性。提出了用差分光电探测器作双色光电探测器的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Эксперимент по повышению точности квантового нивелира на основе водородных квантовых часов с использованием фазовых измерений ГЛОНАСС/GPS 利用glonass /GPS相位测量来提高量子水准仪的精度实验
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.08.55981.32-23
В. Ф. Фатеев, Ф.Р. Смирнов, А. А. Карауш
The article investigates the accuracy of measuring the difference of gravitational potentials and orthometric heights with a quantum level based on a hydrogen quantum clock. To improve the accuracy of time scale comparison, the authors propose to use a high-precision method of absolute navigation based on global navigation satellite systems phase measurements with integer ambiguity resolution. With a measurement accumulation interval of about 5 days and the use of mobile quantum clocks with a daily relative instability of the order of 1·10-15, the proposed method allows to measure the difference in orthometric heights and gravitational potentials with an error of 7.7 m and 75.3 m2/s2, respectively. At the same time, it is still possible to reduce the error when using quantum clocks with higher stability and increasing the measurement accumulation interval.
本文研究了基于氢量子钟的量子能级测量重力势差和正交高度差的精度。为了提高时间尺度比较的精度,提出了一种基于全球卫星导航系统相位测量的高精度绝对导航方法,该方法具有整数模糊度分辨率。利用日相对不稳定性为1·10-15量级的移动量子钟,测量累积间隔约为5天,可测量出正极高度差和引力势差,误差分别为7.7 m和75.3 m2/s2。同时,使用稳定性更高的量子时钟,增大测量积累间隔,仍有可能减小误差。
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引用次数: 0
Магнитогидродинамическая неустойчивость расплавленного импульсным током поверхностного слоя металла 表面金属熔融脉冲电流磁流体动力不稳定性
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.08.55983.61-23
С.Д. Самуйлов, И.П. Шербаков, Ю.Н. Бочаров, С. И. Кривошеев, С.Г. Магазинов
It is shown that the results of dispersion of various materials in the mode of pulsed current action correspond to theoretical estimates of the wavelength of MHD instability. The sizes of the obtained metal grain, including refractory ones, correspond to the modes of exposure, and their microstructure corresponds to the conditions of formation. Modeling in the Comsol Multiphysics environment at a qualitative level revealed the influence of the thickness of the surface layer of the current flow on the dynamics of the formation and separation of liquid metal droplets. It is shown that one of the operating factors that create and increase instabilities is the heterogeneity of the distribution of Lorentz forces in the current supply zone.
结果表明,在脉冲电流作用模式下,各种材料的色散结果与理论估计的MHD不稳定波长相对应。得到的金属晶粒的大小,包括耐火的,与暴露方式相对应,它们的微观结构与形成条件相对应。在Comsol Multiphysics环境中进行的定性建模揭示了电流表面层厚度对液态金属液滴形成和分离动力学的影响。结果表明,造成和增加不稳定性的一个操作因素是当前供应区洛伦兹力分布的非均匀性。
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引用次数: 0
Кремниевые решетки с блеском для мягкого рентгеновского и экстремального ультрафиолетового излучения: влияние формы профиля штриха и случайной шероховатости на дифракционную эффективность 软x射线和极端紫外线辐射的硅晶格:细纹轮廓形状和随机粗糙度对衍射效率的影响
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.07.55738.66-23
Л. И. Горай, В. А. Шаров, Д.В. Мохов, Т.Н. Березовская, К.Ю. Шубина, Е В Пирогов, А.C. Дашков, А Д Буравлев
The effect of the groove profile shape and random roughness of the reflecting facet of five silicon diffraction gratings (1°-4° blaze angle, period 0.4, 1.4, 2, and 4 μm, various coatings) operating in the soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation ranges on the outflow of the diffraction efficiency from working orders is studied. Diffraction gratings were fabricated by wet etching of Si(111) vicinal wafers and characterized by atomic force microscopy to determine the shape of the groove profile and roughness. The diffraction efficiency of gratings operating in classical and conical diffraction mounts was calculated based on realistic groove profiles by computer simulation using the PCGrateTM code and taking into account the scattering intensity using Nevot-Croce or Debye-Waller corrections or using the Monte Carlo method (rigorously). The effect of the groove profile shape and roughness on the diffraction efficiency of the fabricated Si gratings is shown.
研究了在软x射线和极紫外辐射范围内工作的5种硅衍射光栅(火焰角为1°~ 4°,周期为0.4、1.4、2和4 μm,不同涂层)的槽型形状和反射面随机粗糙度对衍射效率流出量的影响。采用湿法刻蚀法制备了Si(111)相邻晶片的衍射光栅,并用原子力显微镜对其进行了表征,确定了沟槽的形状和粗糙度。采用PCGrateTM程序,在考虑散射强度的情况下,采用Nevot-Croce或Debye-Waller校正或蒙特卡罗方法(严格地)计算了工作在经典和锥形衍射座上的光栅的衍射效率。研究了沟槽形状和粗糙度对硅光栅衍射效率的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Колебания в промежуточном диапазоне частот в омическом разряде токамака ФТ-2 tokamak f2的中间频率范围波动
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.05.55457.291-22
В. В. Дьяченко, А. Б. Алтухов, А. Д. Гурченко, Е. З. Гусаков, Л. А. Есипов, А. Н. Коновалов, С. И. Лашкул, А. Ю. Попов
The paper presents observations of plasma intermediate frequency range wave emission ((200-1000) MHz) performed in ohmic discharge of the FT-2 tokamak. The dependencies of the RF signal amplitude and spectrum on the plasma parameters and on the location of the probes are presented. Two possible explanations for this effect is proposed. One of them is related to the distortion of the electron distribution function due to the strong ripple of the magnetic field in the FT-2 tokamak. Second one is related to the existence of a beam of run-away electrons, the buildup of a fan instability responsible for the generation of synchrotron radiation in the range (10-80) GHz, and a complex chain of nonlinear decay instabilities leading to such a strong decrease in the frequency of the observed oscillations.
本文介绍了FT-2托卡马克欧姆放电中等离子体中频波发射(200-1000 MHz)的观测结果。给出了射频信号振幅和频谱与等离子体参数和探针位置的关系。对这种效应提出了两种可能的解释。其中之一与FT-2托卡马克中磁场的强纹波引起的电子分布函数畸变有关。第二个问题与一束失控电子束的存在、导致同步辐射(10-80 GHz)产生的风扇不稳定性的积累以及导致观测到的振荡频率大幅下降的复杂非线性衰减不稳定性链有关。
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引用次数: 0
Определение энергии активации реакции диспропорционирования аморфной пленки GeO-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=- на кварцевой подложке с использованием спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния света 在石英底座上用光谱学和组合光散射测定激活能量
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.08.55985.74-23
Fan Zhang, M. Vergnat, В. А. Володин
Amorphous germanium nanoclusters were formed in the GeOx film on quartz as a result of the disproportionation reaction GeOx→(1- )Ge+ GeO2 during furnace annealing. To determine the reaction activation energy, annealing was carried out at temperatures from 400 to 500 oC. The appearance and growth of amorphous germanium nanoclusters were investigated using Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the position of the Raman scattering peak from amorphous germanium varied with the annealing time, which due to the change in the sizes of nanoclusters, i.e., the phonon localization model can be applied not only to germanium nanocrystals, but also to amorphous germanium clusters, in the case of their ultra-small sizes. In addition, it was found that the saturation time for the formation of amorphous germanium nanoclusters depends exponentially on the annealing temperature. The kinetics analysis of the nanocluster’s formation was carried out within the framework of the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov model. The activation energy of the disproportionation reaction was obtained for the first time, which amounted to 1.0±0.1 eV.
在石英表面的GeOx薄膜上,由于热处理过程中发生了GeOx→(1-)Ge+ GeO2的歧化反应,形成了非晶态锗纳米团簇。为了确定反应活化能,在400 ~ 500℃的温度下进行了退火。利用拉曼光谱研究了非晶锗纳米团簇的形貌和生长。研究发现,非晶锗喇曼散射峰的位置随退火时间的变化而变化,这是由于纳米团簇尺寸的变化造成的,即声子局域化模型不仅适用于纳米锗晶体,也适用于超小尺寸的非晶锗团簇。此外,还发现非晶锗纳米团簇形成的饱和时间与退火温度呈指数关系。在Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov模型的框架内进行了纳米团簇形成的动力学分析。首次得到歧化反应的活化能为1.0±0.1 eV。
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引用次数: 0
Экспериментальное изучение дрейфового движения молекул SF-=SUB=-6-=/SUB=- под действием излучения CO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=--лазера
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.02.54491.142-22
А.А. Воскобоев, Владимир Александрович Кузьменко, В.С. Межевов, А.Р. Саутин
Experiments were continued to study the physical nature of the drift motion of SF6 molecules under the action of radiation from a repetitively pulsed CO2-laser. To explain the physical nature of the effect, such phenomena as a change in the transport cross-section during laser excitation of molecules, the phenomenon of optical tweezers, thermal diffusion are considered. However, the most reasonable physical explanation of the nature of this effect is the fractionation of a gas mixture as a result of gas dynamic diffusion at the front of a cyclically expanding gas (a variant of barodiffusion).
实验继续研究了重复脉冲co2激光辐射作用下SF6分子漂移运动的物理性质。为了解释这种效应的物理性质,考虑了激光激发分子时输运截面的变化、光镊现象、热扩散等现象。然而,对这种效应的性质最合理的物理解释是气体混合物的分馏,这是气体在循环膨胀的气体前面的动态扩散(气压扩散的一种变体)的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Использование морфометрических величин при изучении рельефа поверхности рентгенооптических элементов
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.07.55770.89-23
А. А. Дедкова, Игорь Васильевич Флоринский, А. К. Чернышев
We studied the use of morphometric variables (maximal curvature, minimal curvature, mean curvature, topographic index, etc.) for study of the surface of X-ray optical elements. We performed calculations on digital elevation models of a spherical concave substrates: primordial and smoothed digital elevation models, before and after technological operations (mechanical lapping, axisymmetric surface shape correction, ion beam figuring). We have demonstrated a visual display of weakly expressed topography inhomogeneities, incl. which are not displayed on the maps of the original digital elevation models. The consideration included the study of both the measured samples and the errors in the formation of the digital elevation model (artifacts from the recording system and from the inhomogeneity of the medium), as well as the features of scale decomposition when using the universal spectral-analytical method.
我们研究了使用形态计量变量(最大曲率、最小曲率、平均曲率、地形指数等)来研究x射线光学元件的表面。我们对球面凹基板的数字高程模型进行了计算:在技术操作(机械研磨,轴对称表面形状校正,离子束计算)之前和之后的原始和平滑数字高程模型。我们展示了弱表达地形不均匀性的视觉显示,包括原始数字高程模型地图上没有显示的地形不均匀性。考虑因素包括对测量样本和数字高程模型形成过程中的误差(记录系统和介质的不均匀性产生的伪影)的研究,以及使用通用光谱分析方法时尺度分解的特征。
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引用次数: 0
Влияние остаточных напряжений в стали У8 с грубопластинчатым перлитом на магнитную проницаемость 残余电压对磁导率的粗板珠光体影响
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/jtf.2023.05.55458.273-22
В. Г. Кулеев
The physical reasons for the formation of peaks of that part of the magnetic permeability, which is caused by transitions of only 90-degree domain boundaries µ90(H0) in deformed steel U8 with coarse-plate perlite when the field changes along the back of the hysteresis loop, are considered. It is shown that the orientation relations of the Patch-Pitch between single-crystal ferrite and cementite plates in U8 steel lead to the appearance of a constant angle between the magnetic moments of these plates and, consequently, to the appearance of corresponding local scattering fields. The latter can significantly affect the values of the peak fields of the curve µ90(H0). Theoretical expressions for these fields containing contributions of scattering fields that should be taken into account when determining residual compressive stresses are obtained. It is also shown that to determine the residual stresses, two expressions for peak fields are not enough, and additional experiments are needed, as which it is proposed to use the dependences of the coercive force on elastic tensile stresses. This leads to a complication of the algorithm for determining residual compressive stresses in comparison with the case of low-carbon steels. A method for estimating the values of local scattering fields in the ferrite parts of U8 steel grains with residual compressive stresses is proposed.
考虑了该部分磁导率峰形成的物理原因,即当磁场沿磁滞回线背面变化时,粗板珍珠岩变形钢U8中仅90度畴边界µ90(H0)发生跃迁。结果表明,U8钢中单晶铁素体和渗碳体板之间的Patch-Pitch的取向关系导致这两个板的磁矩之间的角度恒定,从而产生相应的局部散射场。后者可以显著影响曲线的峰场值µ90(H0)。得到了这些场的理论表达式,其中包含了在确定残余压应力时应考虑的散射场的贡献。结果表明,仅用两种峰值场的表达式来确定残余应力是不够的,需要进行额外的实验,因此提出利用矫顽力与弹性拉伸应力的关系来确定残余应力。与低碳钢的情况相比,这导致了确定残余压应力的算法的复杂性。提出了一种估计含有残余压应力的U8钢晶粒铁素体部分局部散射场值的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of buffer coatings on the structural state and magnetic properties of (Cr-Mn)/Fe films 缓冲涂层对(Cr-Mn)/Fe薄膜结构状态和磁性能的影响
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21883/tp.2023.05.56070.24-23
None Vas’kovskiy V. O., None Feshchenko A. A., None Moskalev M. E., None Lepalovskij V. N., None Kravtsov E. A., None Gorkovenko A. N.
The article presents the results of a systematic study of the crystalline structure, microstructure, and hysteresis properties of (Cr 80 Mn 20 )/Fe bilayers, deposited on buffer coatings of various metals (Cr, Fe, W, Ta). It has been established that depending on the composition of the buffer coating and the thickness of the Cr-Mn layer, the latter develops body-centered cubic structure with either the (110) or (200) texture, or none. It is shown that the Cr-Mn layer is a source of increased coercivity in the adjacent Fe layer and when is in a certain structural state and has a relatively large thickness (100 nm) induces exchange bias in the Fe layer. The regularities obtained are interpreted in terms of the antiferromagnetic ordering of Cr-Mn and its relatively weak magnetic anisotropy Keywords: antiferromagnetics, ferromagnetic, bilayers, thickness, composition, temperature, texture, coercivity, exchange bias.
本文介绍了在不同金属(Cr, Fe, W, Ta)缓冲涂层上沉积的(Cr 80mn 20)/Fe双层膜的晶体结构、微观结构和迟滞特性的系统研究结果。根据缓冲层的组成和Cr-Mn层的厚度,Cr-Mn层形成体心立方结构,具有(110)或(200)织构,或者没有织构。结果表明,Cr-Mn层是相邻Fe层矫顽力增加的来源,当Cr-Mn层处于一定结构状态且厚度较大(100 nm)时,会引起Fe层的交换偏置。关键词:反铁磁性,铁磁性,双层结构,厚度,成分,温度,织构,矫顽力,交换偏置。
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引用次数: 0
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