Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165556
M.R. Mohammadi , M. Khamehchi , Y. Li
This work presents the development of two computational models aimed at predicting the electrical performance and impedance behavior of TiO2 dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) containing Ag nanoparticles (NPs). A model based on diffusion principles is developed to estimate photovoltaic characteristics of devices with various contents of Ag NPs. The impact of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as a capping agent of silver NPs on conversion efficiency of the cells is analyzed. Furthermore, an investigation is carried out to determine various key factors, including photoanode thickness, operating temperature, dark electron concentration, carrier lifetime, electron diffusion coefficient, light intensity, absorption coefficient of the photoanode, and ideality factors for the optimum Ag content of 1.56 × 10−5 M on device behavior. To optimize these parameters and quantify their reliability, the model is coupled with Monte Carlo simulations, enabling probabilistic performance predictions. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance is examined using the Kerner model, where Nyquist plots illustrate how MPA affects both the real and imaginary components. The accuracy of the developed models is confirmed by comparing their predictions with experimental results, revealing a reliable performance.
{"title":"Plasmonic enhancement in dye-sensitized solar cells using MPA-capped Ag nanoparticles: modeling and experimental validation","authors":"M.R. Mohammadi , M. Khamehchi , Y. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents the development of two computational models aimed at predicting the electrical performance and impedance behavior of TiO<sub>2</sub> dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) containing Ag nanoparticles (NPs). A model based on diffusion principles is developed to estimate photovoltaic characteristics of devices with various contents of Ag NPs. The impact of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as a capping agent of silver NPs on conversion efficiency of the cells is analyzed. Furthermore, an investigation is carried out to determine various key factors, including photoanode thickness, operating temperature, dark electron concentration, carrier lifetime, electron diffusion coefficient, light intensity, absorption coefficient of the photoanode, and ideality factors for the optimum Ag content of 1.56 × 10<sup>−5</sup> M on device behavior. To optimize these parameters and quantify their reliability, the model is coupled with Monte Carlo simulations, enabling probabilistic performance predictions. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance is examined using the Kerner model, where Nyquist plots illustrate how MPA affects both the real and imaginary components. The accuracy of the developed models is confirmed by comparing their predictions with experimental results, revealing a reliable performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"723 ","pages":"Article 165556"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165581
Xiuqi Wang, Junzhe Yang, Jingyuan Ma, Xuan Miao, Dashi Lu, Lihua Zhu, Mingyu Li, Hongjun Ji
Nanotwinned materials (Ag/Cu) are increasingly promising for transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding materials in next-generation power chip packaging. This work proposes using (111)-oriented nanotwinned Ag (Nt-Ag) with coherent twin boundaries to replace polycrystalline Ag (Poly-Ag) for TLP bonding. The correlations between the wettability, interfacial reaction, microstructure, and performance of Nt-Ag-Sn joints were systematically studied. Results demonstrate that Sn achieves superior wettability on Nt-Ag with a wetting angle of 19.8° than Poly-Ag. During bonding, Ag3Sn is the sole phase formed at the interface with a specific orientation relationship (OR): (0001)Ag3Sn//(111)Ag. As temperature increases, the morphology of Ag3Sn evolves from ridge-shaped to coarse needle-shaped. The Ag3Sn grains orientation shifts gradually from (0001) preferred orientation to a random distribution due to the increased random nucleation energy. Notably, Nt-Ag maintains high microstructural stability even 250–300 °C. A full-Ag3Sn joint was successfully fabricated at 250 °C for 5–10 min, achieving a shear strength of 62.6 MPa. Here, a mixed brittle-ductile fracture occurs in Ag3Sn. After aging at 200 °C for 336 h, the shear strength of joints declines only ∼7.7 %. High reliability stem from the high-quality bonding interface and high microstructural stability of Nt-Ag. The findings offer novel insights for the process development of Nt-Ag-Sn as packaging materials.
{"title":"Interfacial reaction and joint reliability of (1 1 1)-oriented nanotwinned Ag film and Sn solder","authors":"Xiuqi Wang, Junzhe Yang, Jingyuan Ma, Xuan Miao, Dashi Lu, Lihua Zhu, Mingyu Li, Hongjun Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165581","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotwinned materials (Ag/Cu) are increasingly promising for transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding materials in next-generation power chip packaging. This work proposes using (1<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>1<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>1)-oriented nanotwinned Ag (Nt-Ag) with coherent twin boundaries to replace polycrystalline Ag (Poly-Ag) for TLP bonding. The correlations between the wettability, interfacial reaction, microstructure, and performance of Nt-Ag-Sn joints were systematically studied. Results demonstrate that Sn achieves superior wettability on Nt-Ag with a wetting angle of 19.8° than Poly-Ag. During bonding, Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>Sn is the sole phase formed at the interface with a specific orientation relationship (OR): (0<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>0<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>0<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>1)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">Ag3Sn</ce:inf>//(1<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>1<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>1)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">Ag</ce:inf>. As temperature increases, the morphology of Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>Sn evolves from ridge-shaped to coarse needle-shaped. The Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>Sn grains orientation shifts gradually from (0<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>0<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>0<ce:hsp sp=\"0.12\"></ce:hsp>1) preferred orientation to a random distribution due to the increased random nucleation energy. Notably, Nt-Ag maintains high microstructural stability even 250–300 °C. A full-Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>Sn joint was successfully fabricated at 250 °C for 5–10 min, achieving a shear strength of 62.6 MPa. Here, a mixed brittle-ductile fracture occurs in Ag<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>Sn. After aging at 200 °C for 336 h, the shear strength of joints declines only ∼7.7 %. High reliability stem from the high-quality bonding interface and high microstructural stability of Nt-Ag. The findings offer novel insights for the process development of Nt-Ag-Sn as packaging materials.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165577
Dong Xiang, Chaoyang Lei, Xuezhong Zhang, Li Wang, Menghan Wang, Hui Li, Chunxia Zhao, Bin Wang, Yuanpeng Wu, Yafeng Ju
Silica aerogels are promising materials for high-efficiency thermal insulation due to their ultra-low density and minimal thermal conductivity. However, the structural fragility and pronounced adsorption ability of silica aerogels compromise their self-cleaning functionality. Simultaneously enhancing their exceptional thermal insulation, mechanical robustness, and self-cleaning capabilities remains a critical multidisciplinary challenge. In this study, we implemented a dual-functional modification strategy using methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) as the silicon precursor, as well as silica nanoparticle and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES). The silica nanoparticle/PFOTES-reinforced silica aerogel sample M−0.3Ss-P exhibited thermal conductivities of 0.0192 and 0.0328 W/(m·K) at ambient temperature and 150 °C, respectively. Compared to unmodified aerogel, the compressive strength increased by 226 % at 60 % strain and 700 % at 80 % strain. The achieved surface functionalization resulted in a static water contact angle of 148.9°. The equilibrium oil contact angles reached 136.6° for vacuum pump oil and 132.2° for silicone oil and decreased only slightly to 129.8° and 126.1° at 150 °C. As a highly efficient thermal insulation material with water- and oil-repellant properties, the modified aerogel of this work significantly expands the application potential of silica aerogels in oil and gas pipelines, aerospace engineering, liquid hydrogen storage and transportation, and other related fields.
{"title":"Tailored silica nanoparticle/perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane-reinforced silica aerogels with excellent thermal insulation and self-cleaning properties","authors":"Dong Xiang, Chaoyang Lei, Xuezhong Zhang, Li Wang, Menghan Wang, Hui Li, Chunxia Zhao, Bin Wang, Yuanpeng Wu, Yafeng Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165577","url":null,"abstract":"Silica aerogels are promising materials for high-efficiency thermal insulation due to their ultra-low density and minimal thermal conductivity. However, the structural fragility and pronounced adsorption ability of silica aerogels compromise their self-cleaning functionality. Simultaneously enhancing their exceptional thermal insulation, mechanical robustness, and self-cleaning capabilities remains a critical multidisciplinary challenge. In this study, we implemented a dual-functional modification strategy using methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) as the silicon precursor, as well as silica nanoparticle and perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFOTES). The silica nanoparticle/PFOTES-reinforced silica aerogel sample M−0.3Ss-P exhibited thermal conductivities of 0.0192 and 0.0328 W/(m·K) at ambient temperature and 150 °C, respectively. Compared to unmodified aerogel, the compressive strength increased by 226 % at 60 % strain and 700 % at 80 % strain. The achieved surface functionalization resulted in a static water contact angle of 148.9°. The equilibrium oil contact angles reached 136.6° for vacuum pump oil and 132.2° for silicone oil and decreased only slightly to 129.8° and 126.1° at 150 °C. As a highly efficient thermal insulation material with water- and oil-repellant properties, the modified aerogel of this work significantly expands the application potential of silica aerogels in oil and gas pipelines, aerospace engineering, liquid hydrogen storage and transportation, and other related fields.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"370 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165575
Xiaoye Fan, Haiou Liang, Xingwei Sun, Man Zhang, Tong Xu, Jie Bai
{"title":"In-situ hydrothermal fabrication of Bi25FeO40/BiFeO3 heterojunction with trinary synergy of piezo-photocatalysis and peroxymonosulfate activation for efficient tetracycline degradation","authors":"Xiaoye Fan, Haiou Liang, Xingwei Sun, Man Zhang, Tong Xu, Jie Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165575","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"165 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165579
Yang Tang, Yuxin Wang, Dayong Li, Yuling Shao, Peipei Yang, Jianang Sha, Songwei Li, Chuntai Liu
Extracting nicotine from aqueous solution faces enormous challenges. Here, we designed a structurally stable nicotine imprinting membrane (ATP-MIM) with high adsorption efficiency and selectivity based on amino-functionalized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for selectively recognizes nicotine. Polyacrylamide (PAM) binds with the surface and pores of (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES)-tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)-modified PVDF membrane (A-T/PVDF) via covalent bonds, providing numerous specific sites for nicotine. The adsorption capacity of ATP-MIM for nicotine was 22.16 mg g−1 (C0 = 600 μg mL−1, t = 30 min, T = 25 °C). After 10 cycles, the ATP-MIM has a high removal rate (78 %) of nicotine and chemical stability. The adsorption mechanism is that the interaction of hydrogen bond between nicotine and the amino groups of the ATP-MIM. Owing to its strong adsorption performance and simple preparation, ATP-MIM is a promising material for nicotine extraction from aqueous solution.
从水溶液中提取尼古丁面临着巨大的挑战。本研究以氨基功能化聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）为基础，设计了一种结构稳定、吸附效率高、选择性好的尼古丁印迹膜（ATP-MIM），用于尼古丁的选择性识别。聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）通过共价键与（3-氨基丙基）三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)-正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)-改性PVDF膜（A-T/PVDF）的表面和孔结合，为尼古丁提供了许多特异性位点。ATP-MIM对尼古丁的吸附量为22.16 mg g - 1 （C0 = 600 μg - 1, t = 30 min, t = 25℃）。经过10个循环后，ATP-MIM对尼古丁的去除率高达78%，化学性质稳定。其吸附机理是烟碱氢键与ATP-MIM的氨基相互作用。ATP-MIM具有较强的吸附性能和制备简单等优点，是一种很有前途的提取烟碱水溶液的材料。
{"title":"Functional polyvinylidene fluoride molecularly imprinted membranes with high stability and selectivity","authors":"Yang Tang, Yuxin Wang, Dayong Li, Yuling Shao, Peipei Yang, Jianang Sha, Songwei Li, Chuntai Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165579","url":null,"abstract":"Extracting nicotine from aqueous solution faces enormous challenges. Here, we designed a structurally stable nicotine imprinting membrane (ATP-MIM) with high adsorption efficiency and selectivity based on amino-functionalized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for selectively recognizes nicotine. Polyacrylamide (PAM) binds with the surface and pores of (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES)-tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)-modified PVDF membrane (A-T/PVDF) via covalent bonds, providing numerous specific sites for nicotine. The adsorption capacity of ATP-MIM for nicotine was 22.16 mg g<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> (C<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0</ce:inf> = 600 μg mL<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, t = 30 min, T = 25 °C). After 10 cycles, the ATP-MIM has a high removal rate (78 %) of nicotine and chemical stability. The adsorption mechanism is that the interaction of hydrogen bond between nicotine and the amino groups of the ATP-MIM. Owing to its strong adsorption performance and simple preparation, ATP-MIM is a promising material for nicotine extraction from aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Efficient carrier separation and photocatalytic reactions in heterojunctions are strongly dependent on the magnitude of interfacial resistance and the nature of charge transfer pathways. Herein, a novel MnIn2S4/Co3O4 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst with covalent S–O interfacial bonds was successfully fabricated via a calcination-hydrothermal method. The optimized MIS/CO-22 heterojunction exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a 96.9 % chlortetracycline degradation rate within 60 min and effectively treating real pharmaceutical wastewater by reducing its COD from 8115 mg/L to 1858 mg/L, substantially outperforming its single-component counterparts. Through systematic experimental characterization and theoretical calculations, this work proposes a cooperative Z-scheme photocatalytic degradation mechanism based on interfacial covalent bonds. Within this mechanism, the Z-scheme mode established a defined pathway for charge transmission, while the S–O covalent bonds effectively reduced interfacial charge transfer resistance and acted as charge transfer channels, thereby significantly enhancing the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Besides, this study further combined mass spectrometry analysis with DFT calculation to analyze the possible degradation pathways of chlortetracycline, and evaluated the toxicity of the degradation intermediates through toxicological calculations. This work establishes a strategic design principle for reinforced charge separation toward advanced antibiotic degradation and environmental remediation.
{"title":"Reinforced charge transfer on MnIn2S4/Co3O4 for the efficient treatment of chlortetracycline and real pharmaceutical wastewater: Z-scheme collaborating with S–O bridging bond","authors":"Xiaofei Fu, Jitao Yan, Chenyang Zhu, Xinru Lu, Zuming He, Yongmei Xia, Wenqian Lian, Qiangshun Wu, Yu Gong, Yunhao Li, Tinghai Yang, Yong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165573","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient carrier separation and photocatalytic reactions in heterojunctions are strongly dependent on the magnitude of interfacial resistance and the nature of charge transfer pathways. Herein, a novel MnIn<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>S<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>/Co<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>O<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst with covalent S–O interfacial bonds was successfully fabricated via a calcination-hydrothermal method. The optimized MIS/CO-22 heterojunction exhibited exceptional performance, achieving a 96.9 % chlortetracycline degradation rate within 60 min and effectively treating real pharmaceutical wastewater by reducing its COD from 8115 mg/L to 1858 mg/L, substantially outperforming its single-component counterparts. Through systematic experimental characterization and theoretical calculations, this work proposes a cooperative Z-scheme photocatalytic degradation mechanism based on interfacial covalent bonds. Within this mechanism, the Z-scheme mode established a defined pathway for charge transmission, while the S–O covalent bonds effectively reduced interfacial charge transfer resistance and acted as charge transfer channels, thereby significantly enhancing the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Besides, this study further combined mass spectrometry analysis with DFT calculation to analyze the possible degradation pathways of chlortetracycline, and evaluated the toxicity of the degradation intermediates through toxicological calculations. This work establishes a strategic design principle for reinforced charge separation toward advanced antibiotic degradation and environmental remediation.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165576
Young Yun Mun, Min Kyu Yang, Gun Hwan Kim
Selector-only memories (SOM) based on chalcogenide materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-density, low-power memory applications. The SOM exhibited more than two threshold voltages within a single device programmed using a bipolar bias application. Although each voltage-dependent threshold-switching phenomenon is similar to that of ovonic threshold-switching devices, the detailed mechanism of the reversible switching of the threshold voltage of SOM has not yet been disclosed. In previous reports on SOM, the bias polarity-dependent switching direction of the threshold voltage of SOM devices was found to vary. Revealing the origin of this phenomenon would be a meaningful step toward elucidating the fundamental mechanisms of SOM. In this study, we prepared two SOM devices with different chemical compositions and investigated their composition-dependent electrical characteristics. The results show that one of the SOM devices has relatively high and low threshold voltages with programming bias polarities of positive and negative, respectively, while the other demonstrates the opposite. We performed various analyses to reveal the microscopic mechanism of this phenomenon as well as the SOM operation. Additionally, the reliability characteristics of the two SOM devices were systematically examined. These findings highlight the critical role of compositional tuning in optimizing the electrical performance of SOM devices and emphasize the necessity of materials engineering to improve the reliability of SOM technologies.
{"title":"Composition-dependent electrical characteristics of GeSeTe-based selector-only memory device","authors":"Young Yun Mun, Min Kyu Yang, Gun Hwan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165576","url":null,"abstract":"Selector-only memories (SOM) based on chalcogenide materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-density, low-power memory applications. The SOM exhibited more than two threshold voltages within a single device programmed using a bipolar bias application. Although each voltage-dependent threshold-switching phenomenon is similar to that of ovonic threshold-switching devices, the detailed mechanism of the reversible switching of the threshold voltage of SOM has not yet been disclosed. In previous reports on SOM, the bias polarity-dependent switching direction of the threshold voltage of SOM devices was found to vary. Revealing the origin of this phenomenon would be a meaningful step toward elucidating the fundamental mechanisms of SOM. In this study, we prepared two SOM devices with different chemical compositions and investigated their composition-dependent electrical characteristics. The results show that one of the SOM devices has relatively high and low threshold voltages with programming bias polarities of positive and negative, respectively, while the other demonstrates the opposite. We performed various analyses to reveal the microscopic mechanism of this phenomenon as well as the SOM operation. Additionally, the reliability characteristics of the two SOM devices were systematically examined. These findings highlight the critical role of compositional tuning in optimizing the electrical performance of SOM devices and emphasize the necessity of materials engineering to improve the reliability of SOM technologies.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165585
Candan Cengiz, Osman Duman, Sibel Tunç, Uğur Cengiz
Thin film coatings enhance surface functionality in diverse applications such as semiconductors, biosensors, optoelectronics, and microfluidics. The sol–gel method is particularly attractive for its low-temperature processability and ability to yield functional hybrid films. However, conventional techniques struggle to achieve uniform and durable coatings, especially on complex geometries like microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microreactors, and lab-on-chip (LOC) devices. To overcome these challenges, this study presents an innovative drainage-based sol–gel coating method developed under supercritical CO2 (scCO2) conditions. In literature, this technique was applied for the first time to coat the surface of glass with the coating formulation including halloysite nanotube (HNT) and methyltriethoxysilane (METES). It enabled the successful deposition of HNT-METES hybrid structures onto glass surfaces, yielding coatings with low surface roughness (RMS ≈ 47 nm), high optical transmittance, and tunable surface hydrophobicity. This technique, applied fort he first time, enabled the successful deposition of HNT-METES hybrid structures onto glass surfaces, yielding coatings with low surface roughness (RMS ≈ 47 nm), high optical transmittance, and tunable surface hydrophobicity. Thanks to the low surface tension, high diffusivity, and environmentally friendly nature of scCO2, this approach emerges as a promising alternative for next-generation conformal coating applications that demand precise control at the micro- and nanoscale.
{"title":"Enhanced performance of METES-modified halloysite nanotube-coated glass surfaces via sol–gel deposition in supercritical CO2 environments","authors":"Candan Cengiz, Osman Duman, Sibel Tunç, Uğur Cengiz","doi":"10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.165585","url":null,"abstract":"Thin film coatings enhance surface functionality in diverse applications such as semiconductors, biosensors, optoelectronics, and microfluidics. The sol–gel method is particularly attractive for its low-temperature processability and ability to yield functional hybrid films. However, conventional techniques struggle to achieve uniform and durable coatings, especially on complex geometries like microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microreactors, and lab-on-chip (LOC) devices. To overcome these challenges, this study presents an innovative drainage-based sol–gel coating method developed under supercritical CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> (scCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>) conditions. In literature, this technique was applied for the first time to coat the surface of glass with the coating formulation including halloysite nanotube (HNT) and methyltriethoxysilane (METES). It enabled the successful deposition of HNT-METES hybrid structures onto glass surfaces, yielding coatings with low surface roughness (RMS ≈ 47 nm), high optical transmittance, and tunable surface hydrophobicity. This technique, applied fort he first time, enabled the successful deposition of HNT-METES hybrid structures onto glass surfaces, yielding coatings with low surface roughness (RMS ≈ 47 nm), high optical transmittance, and tunable surface hydrophobicity. Thanks to the low surface tension, high diffusivity, and environmentally friendly nature of scCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>, this approach emerges as a promising alternative for next-generation conformal coating applications that demand precise control at the micro- and nanoscale.","PeriodicalId":247,"journal":{"name":"Applied Surface Science","volume":"288 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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