Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-02-23DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109149
Giulia Cruz Lamas , Alexandre Nunes Cardoso , Priscila Seixas Sabaini , Sandra M. Luz , Maria dos Reis Santos Borges , Tainara da S. Costa , Thiago da Silva Gonzales , Marilia Ieda da Silveira Folegatti Matsuura , Bruno Galveas Laviola , Thiago O. Rodrigues , Patrick Rousset , Edgar A. Silveira
Aviation fuel remains the main cost and environmental burden in air transport. This study presents a well-to-wake life cycle assessment (LCA) of canola-based Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) under tropical conditions, based on primary data from Brazilian producers. The analysis encompasses agricultural, pre-processing, and conversion stages via the hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) pathway, revealing the potential of second-crop canola for low-carbon aviation. The study integrates process modeling, renewable hydrogen, and land-use efficiency to capture drivers across stages. The ReCiPe method was applied to 1 MJ of biokerosene as the functional unit. Agriculture dominates GHG emissions (34.2 g CO2 eq. MJ−1), driven primarily by fertilizer production and soil N2O emissions, while the HEFA phase contributes 12.8 g CO2 eq. MJ−1. Substituting fossil hydrogen with photovoltaic- and wind-based hydrogen for in HEFA upgrading reduces emissions by 92 to 96.6%, resulting in up to 19.6% lower total life-cycle emissions. Compared to Jet-A1, SAF decreases fossil depletion by 59% and achieves climate benefits; however, it entails higher burdens in selected non-climate impact categories. Freshwater and marine eutrophication reach approximately 0.01 g P eq. MJ−1 and 0.7 g N eq. MJ−1, respectively, while human toxicity is above 1 g 1,4-DB eq. MJ−1, with the agricultural stage accounting for over 90% of these impacts, particularly fertilizer production and use. Land occupation (0.074 m2 yr MJ−1) is optimized through canola soybean rotation, mitigating deforestation risks. The findings demonstrate canola's strategic role in Brazil's decarbonization policies, highlighting the need for improved fertilizer management and renewable hydrogen integration to advance SAF.
航空燃料仍然是航空运输的主要成本和环境负担。本研究基于巴西生产商的原始数据，提出了热带条件下油菜籽基可持续航空燃料（SAF）的井到尾流生命周期评估（LCA）。该分析涵盖了农业、预处理和通过加氢酯和脂肪酸（HEFA）途径的转化阶段，揭示了第二季油菜籽在低碳航空领域的潜力。该研究整合了过程建模、可再生氢和土地利用效率，以捕捉各个阶段的驱动因素。以1 MJ的生物煤油为功能单位，采用配方法进行反应。农业主导温室气体排放（34.2 g CO2当量MJ−1），主要由肥料生产和土壤N2O排放驱动，而HEFA阶段贡献12.8 g CO2当量MJ−1。在HEFA升级中，用光伏和风能氢替代化石氢可减少92%至96.6%的排放量，使全生命周期总排放量降低19.6%。与Jet-A1相比，SAF减少了59%的化石消耗，并实现了气候效益；然而，在某些非气候影响类别中，它带来了更高的负担。淡水和海洋富营养化分别达到约0.01 g P eq. MJ - 1和0.7 g N eq. MJ - 1，而人类毒性超过1 g 1,4- db eq. MJ - 1，其中农业阶段占90%以上，特别是肥料的生产和使用。通过油菜-大豆轮作优化了土地占用（0.074 m2 yr MJ−1），降低了森林砍伐风险。研究结果证明了油菜籽在巴西脱碳政策中的战略作用，强调了改善肥料管理和可再生氢整合以推进SAF的必要性。
{"title":"Energy–environmental nexus in green hydrogen-assisted conversion of second-crop canola to sustainable aviation fuel: Toward low-carbon bioenergy systems","authors":"Giulia Cruz Lamas , Alexandre Nunes Cardoso , Priscila Seixas Sabaini , Sandra M. Luz , Maria dos Reis Santos Borges , Tainara da S. Costa , Thiago da Silva Gonzales , Marilia Ieda da Silveira Folegatti Matsuura , Bruno Galveas Laviola , Thiago O. Rodrigues , Patrick Rousset , Edgar A. Silveira","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aviation fuel remains the main cost and environmental burden in air transport. This study presents a well-to-wake life cycle assessment (LCA) of canola-based Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) under tropical conditions, based on primary data from Brazilian producers. The analysis encompasses agricultural, pre-processing, and conversion stages via the hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) pathway, revealing the potential of second-crop canola for low-carbon aviation. The study integrates process modeling, renewable hydrogen, and land-use efficiency to capture drivers across stages. The ReCiPe method was applied to 1 MJ of biokerosene as the functional unit. Agriculture dominates GHG emissions (34.2 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup>), driven primarily by fertilizer production and soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, while the HEFA phase contributes 12.8 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup>. Substituting fossil hydrogen with photovoltaic- and wind-based hydrogen for in HEFA upgrading reduces emissions by 92 to 96.6%, resulting in up to 19.6% lower total life-cycle emissions. Compared to Jet-A1, SAF decreases fossil depletion by 59% and achieves climate benefits; however, it entails higher burdens in selected non-climate impact categories. Freshwater and marine eutrophication reach approximately 0.01 g P eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup> and 0.7 g N eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, while human toxicity is above 1 g 1,4-DB eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup>, with the agricultural stage accounting for over 90% of these impacts, particularly fertilizer production and use. Land occupation (0.074 m<sup>2</sup> yr MJ<sup>−1</sup>) is optimized through canola soybean rotation, mitigating deforestation risks. The findings demonstrate canola's strategic role in Brazil's decarbonization policies, highlighting the need for improved fertilizer management and renewable hydrogen integration to advance SAF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109149"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The textile industry generates dye-contaminated wastewater and solid wastes, including biomass boiler ash, which creates significant environmental concerns. This study explores a sustainable approach using biomass boiler ash from a rubber wood-fired biomass boiler at Apparel Industry X, Colombo, Sri Lanka, as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Reactive Red 194 (Asahifix Red XP–3BF), a dye commonly used within the same industry. This is the first scientific study to investigate the removal of this dye using biomass boiler ash. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and the adsorbents were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. Two ash types, Boiler Bed Ash (BBA) and Wet Bottom Ash (WBA), were tested, with BBA showing superior adsorption capacity (63.06%) compared to WBA (32.32%). BBA was selected for further analysis under batch studies. BBA was physicochemically characterized, revealing a specific surface area of 90.9 m2/g and functional groups responsible for dye binding. C–Cl stretching in FTIR indicated consistent Reactive Red dye adsorption. Batch studies achieved a maximum removal of 98.20% at a 500 mg adsorbent dosage. However, 200 mg was selected for a 54.32% removal to balance efficiency with material economy and sustainability. Optimal shaking time was 60 min at a near-neutral pH (6.8–7). Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9681, RL = 0.018–0.155) and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating strong surface interaction. Short-bed adsorption column studies verified the continuous removal of dye using BBA at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. Industrial wastewater from Industry X achieved a 99% dye removal rate, confirming its practical effectiveness. This study promotes a circular economy by repurposing industrial waste for sustainable, cost-effective wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Biomass boiler ash as a green adsorbent for efficient removal of textile dyes","authors":"Malluwawadu Janani Chiranga , Thakshila Nadeeshani Dharmapriya , Namal Priyantha , Mishantha Karunathilaka , Ajith Manayil Parambil","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The textile industry generates dye-contaminated wastewater and solid wastes, including biomass boiler ash, which creates significant environmental concerns. This study explores a sustainable approach using biomass boiler ash from a rubber wood-fired biomass boiler at Apparel Industry X, Colombo, Sri Lanka, as a low-cost adsorbent to remove Reactive Red 194 (Asahifix Red XP–3BF), a dye commonly used within the same industry. This is the first scientific study to investigate the removal of this dye using biomass boiler ash. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and the adsorbents were characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. Two ash types, Boiler Bed Ash (BBA) and Wet Bottom Ash (WBA), were tested, with BBA showing superior adsorption capacity (63.06%) compared to WBA (32.32%). BBA was selected for further analysis under batch studies. BBA was physicochemically characterized, revealing a specific surface area of 90.9 m<sup>2</sup>/g and functional groups responsible for dye binding. C–Cl stretching in FTIR indicated consistent Reactive Red dye adsorption. Batch studies achieved a maximum removal of 98.20% at a 500 mg adsorbent dosage. However, 200 mg was selected for a 54.32% removal to balance efficiency with material economy and sustainability. Optimal shaking time was 60 min at a near-neutral pH (6.8–7). Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9681, R<sub>L</sub> = 0.018–0.155) and pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating strong surface interaction. Short-bed adsorption column studies verified the continuous removal of dye using BBA at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. Industrial wastewater from Industry X achieved a 99% dye removal rate, confirming its practical effectiveness. This study promotes a circular economy by repurposing industrial waste for sustainable, cost-effective wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109128"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diverse forest types of the Himalaya play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting biodiversity, and providing essential ecosystem services. The tree and soil carbon pools of forest ecosystems are not well explored in the Himalayan region; therefore, this study aims to examine variations in tree biomass, carbon stocks, and soil carbon pools across three oak-dominated temperate forest types (Quercus semecarpifolia, Q. floribunda and Q. leucotrichophora) in the Garhwal Himalaya. The randomly selected plots of 0.1 hectare were established for tree enumeration, and soil samples were collected from three depth intervals. Tree biomass and carbon stock were estimated using a non-destructive method based on diameter and height measurements, while soil carbon pools were determined using standard laboratory analytical methods. The results revealed that the tree density ranged from 353.33 to 523.33 trees ha−1, while total basal area varied from 32.04 to 52.19 m2 ha−1. Total tree biomass ranged from 288.46 to 523.26 Mg ha−1, corresponding to total carbon stocks of 144.23 to 261.63 Mg ha−1. Soil organic carbon concentrations varied from 2.18 to 10.24 g ha−1, with soil organic carbon stocks (SOCS) ranging from 9.37 to 153.27 Mg ha−1. Soil labile and non-labile carbon pools ranged from 0.11 to 1.95 and 1.13–5.20, respectively, while the carbon management index (CMI) varied from 23.51 to 193.38, with generally higher values observed in surface soils. Tree biomass and carbon stock exhibited forest-specific correlations with soil carbon pools. These results support the importance of site-specific and forest-type-wise management and conservation strategies under changing environmental conditions.
{"title":"Assessment of carbon stocks and soil carbon pools in temperate oak forests of the Garhwal Himalaya, India","authors":"Pooja Uniyal , Vinod Prasad Khanduri , Deepa Rawat , Sandeep Kumar , Bhupendra Singh , Chatar Singh Dhanai , Taufiq Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diverse forest types of the Himalaya play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, supporting biodiversity, and providing essential ecosystem services. The tree and soil carbon pools of forest ecosystems are not well explored in the Himalayan region; therefore, this study aims to examine variations in tree biomass, carbon stocks, and soil carbon pools across three oak-dominated temperate forest types (<em>Quercus semecarpifolia, Q. floribunda</em> and <em>Q</em>. <em>leucotrichophora</em>) in the Garhwal Himalaya. The randomly selected plots of 0.1 hectare were established for tree enumeration, and soil samples were collected from three depth intervals. Tree biomass and carbon stock were estimated using a non-destructive method based on diameter and height measurements, while soil carbon pools were determined using standard laboratory analytical methods. The results revealed that the tree density ranged from 353.33 to 523.33 trees ha<sup>−1</sup>, while total basal area varied from 32.04 to 52.19 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>−1</sup>. Total tree biomass ranged from 288.46 to 523.26 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>, corresponding to total carbon stocks of 144.23 to 261.63 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>. Soil organic carbon concentrations varied from 2.18 to 10.24 g ha<sup>−1</sup>, with soil organic carbon stocks (SOCS) ranging from 9.37 to 153.27 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>. Soil labile and non-labile carbon pools ranged from 0.11 to 1.95 and 1.13–5.20, respectively, while the carbon management index (CMI) varied from 23.51 to 193.38, with generally higher values observed in surface soils. Tree biomass and carbon stock exhibited forest-specific correlations with soil carbon pools. These results support the importance of site-specific and forest-type-wise management and conservation strategies under changing environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109100"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-02-23DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109150
Matthew Dyck , Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir , David Cook
Iceland’s fishing sector currently accounts for approximately a quarter of total domestic energy related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and meeting looming climate targets for the fleet will require a transition to low-carbon fuels. While e-fuels have captured much of the Icelandic academic and policy attention in this regard, these fuels face crucial short-term barriers to their domestic development and deployment, which warrants a more robust assessment of the potential of biofuels. Addressing this gap, the present study draws together existing literature on the domestic production potential of various biofuel pathways, and evaluates their technical, economic, environmental and social performance in the context of Iceland’s fishing fleet. The results of the initial review identified six biofuels as potential candidates for further consideration, with fatty-acid methyl-ester (FAME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) emerging as especially promising alternatives based on their performance in the comparative assessment. On average, these fuels ranked either first or second in each of the technical, economic, and social criteria among the assessed biofuels, which makes them particularly attractive options to contribute towards the short-term GHG emissions reductions and renewable fuel share goals Iceland has set for 2030. Between these options, the lower price of FAME but superior technical performance of HVO represents a potentially important trade-off to consider. These case-study specific results offer policy-relevant insights for the Icelandic fishing fleet, while the broader framework can be adapted to other contexts to help prepare for the looming fuel transition elsewhere.
{"title":"A comparative analysis of the opportunities and challenges for domestic biofuel development and deployment in Iceland's fishing fleet","authors":"Matthew Dyck , Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir , David Cook","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iceland’s fishing sector currently accounts for approximately a quarter of total domestic energy related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and meeting looming climate targets for the fleet will require a transition to low-carbon fuels. While e-fuels have captured much of the Icelandic academic and policy attention in this regard, these fuels face crucial short-term barriers to their domestic development and deployment, which warrants a more robust assessment of the potential of biofuels. Addressing this gap, the present study draws together existing literature on the domestic production potential of various biofuel pathways, and evaluates their technical, economic, environmental and social performance in the context of Iceland’s fishing fleet. The results of the initial review identified six biofuels as potential candidates for further consideration, with fatty-acid methyl-ester (FAME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) emerging as especially promising alternatives based on their performance in the comparative assessment. On average, these fuels ranked either first or second in each of the technical, economic, and social criteria among the assessed biofuels, which makes them particularly attractive options to contribute towards the short-term GHG emissions reductions and renewable fuel share goals Iceland has set for 2030. Between these options, the lower price of FAME but superior technical performance of HVO represents a potentially important trade-off to consider. These case-study specific results offer policy-relevant insights for the Icelandic fishing fleet, while the broader framework can be adapted to other contexts to help prepare for the looming fuel transition elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109150"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>Cashew apple bagasse (CAB), a lignocellulosic residue from cashew processing, represents an abundant yet underutilized renewable resource for biorefinery applications. Global cashew nut production exceeds 4.2 million metric tons annually, generating an estimated 1.6-2.0 million tons of CAB concentrated in West Africa, India, Brazil, and Vietnam. Despite containing substantial carbohydrates (50-55% combined cellulose and hemicellulose) and valuable bioactive compounds, CAB valorization is constrained by structural recalcitrance, high moisture content, and lignin-carbohydrate complexes that limit enzymatic accessibility. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in deep eutectic solvent (DES) and caustic pretreatment strategies specifically for CAB, addressing a critical gap in the literature through the first systematic, biomass-specific comparative assessment of these technologies.</div><div>Analysis reveals that caustic pretreatment, particularly with sodium hydroxide, effectively disrupts lignin matrices through saponification of ester bonds and cleavage of ether linkages, achieving delignification efficiencies exceeding 80% under optimized conditions. However, this approach generates alkaline waste streams requiring neutralization and presents challenges related to chemical consumption and environmental burden. In contrast, DES systems, comprising tunable combinations of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors such as choline chloride, lactic acid, and quaternary ammonium salts, offer selective lignin solubilization under milder conditions with negligible volatility and enhanced biodegradability. The review synthesizes evidence demonstrating superior cellulose preservation and enhanced enzymatic saccharification yields with DES pretreatment, while significantly reducing energy input and inhibitory byproduct formation compared to conventional alkaline systems.</div><div>Critical to industrial implementation, our comparative techno-economic and life cycle assessment synthesis reveals that DES pretreatment can reduce processing costs by 25-40% when solvent recovery systems achieve 85-95% efficiency over multiple cycles. Environmental impact analysis indicates 30-45% reduction in global warming potential for DES systems compared to caustic approaches, though economic viability depends critically on facility scale and product portfolio. For integrated biorefineries targeting both fermentable sugars and high-value bioactive compounds, DES-based fractionation schemes enable phenolic compound retention rates of 75-92% versus 40-65% for caustic methods, while maintaining pectin recovery yields of 60-75%.</div><div>Emerging hybrid caustic-DES workflows represent a promising frontier, potentially exploiting complementary strengths to maximize polysaccharide recovery while enabling co-extraction of phenolic antioxidants and other value-added compounds. The review identifies critical research priorities including optimization of high-solid
{"title":"Deep eutectic solvent and caustic pretreatment strategies for cashew apple bagasse: A comprehensive review","authors":"Fatai Alade Aderibigbe , Raheez Babatunde Abdulafeez , Harvis Bamidele Saka , Muinat Olanike Kazeem , Esther Olubunmi Babatunde , Kehinde Monsurudeen Alamutu , Sodiq Ayo Afolabi","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cashew apple bagasse (CAB), a lignocellulosic residue from cashew processing, represents an abundant yet underutilized renewable resource for biorefinery applications. Global cashew nut production exceeds 4.2 million metric tons annually, generating an estimated 1.6-2.0 million tons of CAB concentrated in West Africa, India, Brazil, and Vietnam. Despite containing substantial carbohydrates (50-55% combined cellulose and hemicellulose) and valuable bioactive compounds, CAB valorization is constrained by structural recalcitrance, high moisture content, and lignin-carbohydrate complexes that limit enzymatic accessibility. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in deep eutectic solvent (DES) and caustic pretreatment strategies specifically for CAB, addressing a critical gap in the literature through the first systematic, biomass-specific comparative assessment of these technologies.</div><div>Analysis reveals that caustic pretreatment, particularly with sodium hydroxide, effectively disrupts lignin matrices through saponification of ester bonds and cleavage of ether linkages, achieving delignification efficiencies exceeding 80% under optimized conditions. However, this approach generates alkaline waste streams requiring neutralization and presents challenges related to chemical consumption and environmental burden. In contrast, DES systems, comprising tunable combinations of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors such as choline chloride, lactic acid, and quaternary ammonium salts, offer selective lignin solubilization under milder conditions with negligible volatility and enhanced biodegradability. The review synthesizes evidence demonstrating superior cellulose preservation and enhanced enzymatic saccharification yields with DES pretreatment, while significantly reducing energy input and inhibitory byproduct formation compared to conventional alkaline systems.</div><div>Critical to industrial implementation, our comparative techno-economic and life cycle assessment synthesis reveals that DES pretreatment can reduce processing costs by 25-40% when solvent recovery systems achieve 85-95% efficiency over multiple cycles. Environmental impact analysis indicates 30-45% reduction in global warming potential for DES systems compared to caustic approaches, though economic viability depends critically on facility scale and product portfolio. For integrated biorefineries targeting both fermentable sugars and high-value bioactive compounds, DES-based fractionation schemes enable phenolic compound retention rates of 75-92% versus 40-65% for caustic methods, while maintaining pectin recovery yields of 60-75%.</div><div>Emerging hybrid caustic-DES workflows represent a promising frontier, potentially exploiting complementary strengths to maximize polysaccharide recovery while enabling co-extraction of phenolic antioxidants and other value-added compounds. The review identifies critical research priorities including optimization of high-solid","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147279842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bio-based polyol esters are sustainable, biodegradable alternatives to mineral oils. This study explores the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a low-cost byproduct of palm oil refining, with neopentyl glycol (NPG), trimethylolpropane (TMP), and di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP) to produce biolubricants using Amberlyst-15 as a heterogeneous acid catalyst. Under optimal conditions (20 wt% catalyst, 120 °C, 6 h), PFAD conversion reached 89-97%, with high selectivity for NPG diester (98.3%), TMP triester (92.3%), and Di-TMP tetraester (80.8%). Esterification efficiency depended on polyol structure, with lower steric hindrance enhancing reactivity. Amberlyst-15 remained stable over three cycles for NPG esterification but showed gradual deactivation with bulkier polyols due to desulfonation and pore deterioration, as confirmed by physicochemical characterization (SEM, acid capacity, and textural analysis). The synthesized NPG diester exhibited excellent lubricant properties (viscosity index 194, flash point 225 °C, thermal stability (Tmax 450 °C), oxidation stability 20.8 h), meeting ISO VG 32 hydraulic fluids specification. This study demonstrates an efficient and recyclable catalytic route for PFAD valorization into high-performance biolubricants within a circular economy framework.
{"title":"Valorization of palm fatty acid distillate into polyol-based biolubricants via solid acid catalysis","authors":"Amornrat Suemanotham , Supranee Lao-ubol , Wanchana Sisuthog , Punyaporn Khamdaeng , Yoothana Thanmongkhon , Lalita Attanatho","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-based polyol esters are sustainable, biodegradable alternatives to mineral oils. This study explores the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a low-cost byproduct of palm oil refining, with neopentyl glycol (NPG), trimethylolpropane (TMP), and di-trimethylolpropane (Di-TMP) to produce biolubricants using Amberlyst-15 as a heterogeneous acid catalyst. Under optimal conditions (20 wt% catalyst, 120 °C, 6 h), PFAD conversion reached 89-97%, with high selectivity for NPG diester (98.3%), TMP triester (92.3%), and Di-TMP tetraester (80.8%). Esterification efficiency depended on polyol structure, with lower steric hindrance enhancing reactivity. Amberlyst-15 remained stable over three cycles for NPG esterification but showed gradual deactivation with bulkier polyols due to desulfonation and pore deterioration, as confirmed by physicochemical characterization (SEM, acid capacity, and textural analysis). The synthesized NPG diester exhibited excellent lubricant properties (viscosity index 194, flash point 225 °C, thermal stability (T<sub>max</sub> 450 °C), oxidation stability 20.8 h), meeting ISO VG 32 hydraulic fluids specification. This study demonstrates an efficient and recyclable catalytic route for PFAD valorization into high-performance biolubricants within a circular economy framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109188"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109161
Xuan Zhao , Yuejiao Jia , Zhiqianli Ma , Siyu Chen , Hexiang Wang , Chunxiao Liu , Wenting Zhao
This study aimed to compare the properties and tetracycline (TC) adsorption performance of modified magnetic biochars derived from three types of biomass waste—coffee grounds, coconut shells, and bamboo—using dipotassium ferrate (K2FeO4) as a modifying agent. The results demonstrated that the modified magnetic biochar prepared from coffee grounds at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C (Fe6+-CB) exhibited the highest adsorption capacity and magnetic separation efficiency. This superior performance could be attributed to the dual effects of K2FeO4 modification, which enhanced the biochar's physicochemical properties through functional group enrichment and pore expansion via alkaline etching. The primary mechanisms for TC adsorption on Fe6+-CB included pore filling, hydrogen bonding, and complexation. The adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, as well as the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. Moreover, Fe6+-CB maintained a TC removal efficiency of over 63% after five adsorption–desorption cycles, indicating moderate reusability with acceptable performance retention. This study provided a practical approach for selecting optimal biomass waste materials to prepare modified magnetic biochar for effective tetracycline removal from wastewater.
{"title":"Adsorption performance of modified magnetic biochar for tetracycline removal from water","authors":"Xuan Zhao , Yuejiao Jia , Zhiqianli Ma , Siyu Chen , Hexiang Wang , Chunxiao Liu , Wenting Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to compare the properties and tetracycline (TC) adsorption performance of modified magnetic biochars derived from three types of biomass waste—coffee grounds, coconut shells, and bamboo—using dipotassium ferrate (K<sub>2</sub>FeO<sub>4</sub>) as a modifying agent. The results demonstrated that the modified magnetic biochar prepared from coffee grounds at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C (Fe<sup>6+</sup>-CB) exhibited the highest adsorption capacity and magnetic separation efficiency. This superior performance could be attributed to the dual effects of K<sub>2</sub>FeO<sub>4</sub> modification, which enhanced the biochar's physicochemical properties through functional group enrichment and pore expansion via alkaline etching. The primary mechanisms for TC adsorption on Fe<sup>6+</sup>-CB included pore filling, hydrogen bonding, and complexation. The adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, as well as the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. Moreover, Fe<sup>6+</sup>-CB maintained a TC removal efficiency of over 63% after five adsorption–desorption cycles, indicating moderate reusability with acceptable performance retention. This study provided a practical approach for selecting optimal biomass waste materials to prepare modified magnetic biochar for effective tetracycline removal from wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109195
Luana Maria Tavares Rosa , Reynaldo Palacios-Bereche , Milagros Cecilia Palacios-Bereche , Antonio Garrido Gallego , Rodolfo Sbrolini Tiburcio , Rafael Augusto Sotana de Souza , Lais Galileu Speranza , Ana Maria Pereira Neto
Brazil is one of the world's leading producers and processors of oranges, reaching 13 million tons in the 2024/25 harvest, which represents nearly 29% of global output. Approximately half of the fruit's weight corresponds to pulp, comprising peel, membranes, and seeds, a co-product with substantial potential for use in thermal energy conversion systems. This review aimed to map and assess recent research on the valorization of orange peel waste (OPW), examining the relationship between global productivity, the types of waste generated, their applicability in alternative energy conversion routes, and advances reported in the scientific literature. The combined bibliometric and technical analysis revealed sustained growth in publications and enabled the identification of emerging trends, innovative methodological approaches, and persistent research gaps concerning the energy use of OPW. The findings indicate a growing interest in sustainable solutions aligned with the bioeconomy and the broader energy transition. In this context, the energetic valorization of OPW emerges as a promising strategy to mitigate environmental impacts, support decarbonization, and foster the development of renewable energy conversion technologies.
{"title":"Energy potential of orange peel waste in the Brazilian context","authors":"Luana Maria Tavares Rosa , Reynaldo Palacios-Bereche , Milagros Cecilia Palacios-Bereche , Antonio Garrido Gallego , Rodolfo Sbrolini Tiburcio , Rafael Augusto Sotana de Souza , Lais Galileu Speranza , Ana Maria Pereira Neto","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brazil is one of the world's leading producers and processors of oranges, reaching 13 million tons in the 2024/25 harvest, which represents nearly 29% of global output. Approximately half of the fruit's weight corresponds to pulp, comprising peel, membranes, and seeds, a co-product with substantial potential for use in thermal energy conversion systems. This review aimed to map and assess recent research on the valorization of orange peel waste (OPW), examining the relationship between global productivity, the types of waste generated, their applicability in alternative energy conversion routes, and advances reported in the scientific literature. The combined bibliometric and technical analysis revealed sustained growth in publications and enabled the identification of emerging trends, innovative methodological approaches, and persistent research gaps concerning the energy use of OPW. The findings indicate a growing interest in sustainable solutions aligned with the bioeconomy and the broader energy transition. In this context, the energetic valorization of OPW emerges as a promising strategy to mitigate environmental impacts, support decarbonization, and foster the development of renewable energy conversion technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109195"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-04DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109180
Shanku Pratim Borah, Anindita Das, Vaibhav V. Goud, Kaustubha Mohanty
The intrinsic characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) are highly encouraging for crafting numerous valuable downstream energy commodities. The present study addressed the valorization of LCB waste Luffa cylindrica, towards the production of Levulinic acid (LA). LA is a promising platform chemical with an amplified perspective in several industries like pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and petroleum. In pursuit of a direct and promising thermochemical strategy, we manifested a water-driven hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process for the AlCl3, FeCl3, ZnCl2 and CaCl2 assisted hydrolysis of cellulosic components to LA. The water-methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) system under sub-critical conditions (210 °C, 30 bar, and 30 min) achieved the highest LA yield (45.25 ± 2.21%) with carbon closure of 91.3%. The addition of AlCl3 increased Brønsted-Lewis acidity, boosting LA production, as confirmed by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). In addition, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was used to quantify catalyst leaching, showing residual Al in the liquid products was only 0.01 wt%. The solid by-product (humins) was structurally proposed to consist of highly oxygenated, cross-linked polymeric networks, exhibiting dense O/C ratios of 42%, 46%, and 51% in Al, Fe, and Ca-catalyzed residues, respectively. Moreover, an LCA-based assessment integrating lab-scale precision and regional energy dynamics reveals global warming potential (0.55 kg CO2 eq. per 1 kg of LA produced) as the most significant environmental impact. The outcomes of this study provides new insights into implementing the HTL process for designing a green pathway to synthesize LA from LCB waste.
木质纤维素生物质（LCB）的内在特性对于制造许多有价值的下游能源商品非常令人鼓舞。本文研究了利用白茅丝瓜废液生产乙酰丙酸（LA）。LA是一种很有前途的平台化学品，在制药、农业和石油等几个行业有着广阔的前景。为了寻求一种直接而有前途的热化学策略，我们展示了一种水驱动的水热液化（HTL）工艺，用于AlCl3， FeCl3， ZnCl2和CaCl2辅助水解纤维素组分到LA。水-甲基异丁基酮（MIBK）体系在亚临界条件下（210℃，30 bar, 30 min）获得了最高的LA产率（45.25±2.21%），碳闭合率为91.3%。高性能液相色谱（HPLC）和核磁共振波谱（1H NMR）证实，AlCl3的加入增加了Brønsted-Lewis酸度，促进了LA的产生。此外，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）对催化剂浸出进行了定量分析，结果表明，液体产品中残余Al仅为0.01% wt%。固体副产物（人蛋白）在结构上被认为是由高氧、交联的聚合物网络组成的，在Al、Fe和ca催化的残留物中，O/C比率分别为42%、46%和51%。此外，基于lca的综合实验室尺度精度和区域能源动态的评估显示，全球变暖潜力（每生产1公斤LA产生0.55 kg CO2当量）是最显著的环境影响。本研究结果为实施HTL工艺设计从LCB废物合成LA的绿色途径提供了新的见解。
{"title":"Green hydrothermal valorization of waste Luffa cylindrica to levulinic acid","authors":"Shanku Pratim Borah, Anindita Das, Vaibhav V. Goud, Kaustubha Mohanty","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intrinsic characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) are highly encouraging for crafting numerous valuable downstream energy commodities. The present study addressed the valorization of LCB waste <em>Luffa cylindrica</em>, towards the production of Levulinic acid (LA). LA is a promising platform chemical with an amplified perspective in several industries like pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and petroleum. In pursuit of a direct and promising thermochemical strategy, we manifested a water-driven hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process for the AlCl<sub>3</sub>, FeCl<sub>3</sub>, ZnCl<sub>2</sub> and CaCl<sub>2</sub> assisted hydrolysis of cellulosic components to LA. The water-methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) system under sub-critical conditions (210 °C, 30 bar, and 30 min) achieved the highest LA yield (45.25 ± 2.21%) with carbon closure of 91.3%. The addition of AlCl<sub>3</sub> increased Brønsted-Lewis acidity, boosting LA production, as confirmed by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H NMR). In addition, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis was used to quantify catalyst leaching, showing residual Al in the liquid products was only 0.01 wt%. The solid by-product (humins) was structurally proposed to consist of highly oxygenated, cross-linked polymeric networks, exhibiting dense O/C ratios of 42%, 46%, and 51% in Al, Fe, and Ca-catalyzed residues, respectively. Moreover, an LCA-based assessment integrating lab-scale precision and regional energy dynamics reveals global warming potential (0.55 kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. per 1 kg of LA produced) as the most significant environmental impact. The outcomes of this study provides new insights into implementing the HTL process for designing a green pathway to synthesize LA from LCB waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109180"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-03-04DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109197
Yidong Xia, Nepu Saha, Yingqian Lin, Jordan Klinger
Herbaceous energy crops like miscanthus offer significant potential for bioenergy but suffer from poor flowability during material handling and feeding, leading to costly process upsets such as jamming and clogging. This study investigates the use of a densification (i.e., pelletization) method as an additional preprocessing step after milling to overcome these challenges, comparing the flow performance of miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) pellets against baseline milled miscanthus. A pilot-scale ring die pellet mill was used to produce pellets from 6-mm milled miscanthus, which were then characterized for physical properties including diameter, length, density, and stiffness. Using a physical experiment-informed modeling approach, the study developed discrete element method simulations to analyze the criticality of pellet properties (aspect ratio, stiffness, friction) and wedge hopper geometries (wall inclination angle, opening width) on discharge flow rate. Simulations revealed that initial packing of pellets can occasionally induce jamming but is only likely with long pellets. Results demonstrated that pellet length and hopper opening are the most influential parameters, and pellets, especially short, stiff pellets, significantly outperformed milled miscanthus, achieving continuous, stable flow rates exceeding the industrial target of 2000 metric tons/day (or 83 metric tons/hour). More importantly, hopper flow rate of pellets can be accurately controlled with outlet opening for design needs. A deep neural network model was subsequently trained on the simulation data to create a predictive design chart. The findings confirm that pelletization effectively eliminates downtime risks associated with herbaceous biomass, validating its benefit as a promising process for scalable biorefinery operations.
{"title":"Solving the bottleneck of industrial-scale biomass feeding: An experimental-informed modeling study of pellet flow","authors":"Yidong Xia, Nepu Saha, Yingqian Lin, Jordan Klinger","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herbaceous energy crops like miscanthus offer significant potential for bioenergy but suffer from poor flowability during material handling and feeding, leading to costly process upsets such as jamming and clogging. This study investigates the use of a densification (i.e., pelletization) method as an additional preprocessing step after milling to overcome these challenges, comparing the flow performance of miscanthus (<em>Miscanthus × giganteus</em>) pellets against baseline milled miscanthus. A pilot-scale ring die pellet mill was used to produce pellets from 6-mm milled miscanthus, which were then characterized for physical properties including diameter, length, density, and stiffness. Using a physical experiment-informed modeling approach, the study developed discrete element method simulations to analyze the criticality of pellet properties (aspect ratio, stiffness, friction) and wedge hopper geometries (wall inclination angle, opening width) on discharge flow rate. Simulations revealed that initial packing of pellets can occasionally induce jamming but is only likely with long pellets. Results demonstrated that pellet length and hopper opening are the most influential parameters, and pellets, especially short, stiff pellets, significantly outperformed milled miscanthus, achieving continuous, stable flow rates exceeding the industrial target of 2000 metric tons/day (or 83 metric tons/hour). More importantly, hopper flow rate of pellets can be accurately controlled with outlet opening for design needs. A deep neural network model was subsequently trained on the simulation data to create a predictive design chart. The findings confirm that pelletization effectively eliminates downtime risks associated with herbaceous biomass, validating its benefit as a promising process for scalable biorefinery operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 109197"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147360839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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