Pub Date : 2020-03-17DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2020-2-132-138
N. Spirin, O. Onorin, A. Istomin, I. Gurin
A blast furnace is a complicated metallurgical facility, which is characterized by considerable delay and inertia in the flow of heat and mass exchange. Therefore, the analysis of transient processes based on modern ideas about heat transfer is an important issue in solving technological problems of blast furnace smelting managing. A two-stage heat transfer scheme along the height of a blast furnace of modern technology presented. When studying the thermal state of a blast furnace as a control object, it is advisable to divide it into two thermal zones - the upper zone and the lower zone. The border between the zones is located in the upper part of the mixed reduction region, between the start level of coke carbon gasification and the horizon below which iron oxides are directly reduced. It was shown, that the upper and lower thermal zones have fundamental differences in heat exchange conditions and are interconnected through the index of iron direct reduction degree. The transient processes of silicon variation in the hot metal studied at variation of iron ore load, natural gas flow rate, temperature and humidity of the hot blast, oxygen content in the hot blast and slag basicity. It was shown that the oscillatory transition process is observed in case, after applying the perturbation, it will have the opposite effect on the thermal conditions of the lower and the upper stages of heat exchange in the blast furnace. The iron ore load, hot blast humidity and slag basicity were found to be the most predictable input parameters affecting the concentration of silicon in hot metal. Change in oxygen concentration in hot blast and natural gas consumption have an alternating character of influence on thermal conditions of the blast-furnace hearth. At that, the characteristics of the transient processes of blast furnaces through various channels of action vary and depend significantly on the properties of the smelted raw materials, design and operational parameters of the furnaces
{"title":"Study of transient processes in a blast furnace based on the heat exchange scheme analysis","authors":"N. Spirin, O. Onorin, A. Istomin, I. Gurin","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2020-2-132-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-2-132-138","url":null,"abstract":"A blast furnace is a complicated metallurgical facility, which is characterized by considerable delay and inertia in the flow of heat and mass exchange. Therefore, the analysis of transient processes based on modern ideas about heat transfer is an important issue in solving technological problems of blast furnace smelting managing. A two-stage heat transfer scheme along the height of a blast furnace of modern technology presented. When studying the thermal state of a blast furnace as a control object, it is advisable to divide it into two thermal zones - the upper zone and the lower zone. The border between the zones is located in the upper part of the mixed reduction region, between the start level of coke carbon gasification and the horizon below which iron oxides are directly reduced. It was shown, that the upper and lower thermal zones have fundamental differences in heat exchange conditions and are interconnected through the index of iron direct reduction degree. The transient processes of silicon variation in the hot metal studied at variation of iron ore load, natural gas flow rate, temperature and humidity of the hot blast, oxygen content in the hot blast and slag basicity. It was shown that the oscillatory transition process is observed in case, after applying the perturbation, it will have the opposite effect on the thermal conditions of the lower and the upper stages of heat exchange in the blast furnace. The iron ore load, hot blast humidity and slag basicity were found to be the most predictable input parameters affecting the concentration of silicon in hot metal. Change in oxygen concentration in hot blast and natural gas consumption have an alternating character of influence on thermal conditions of the blast-furnace hearth. At that, the characteristics of the transient processes of blast furnaces through various channels of action vary and depend significantly on the properties of the smelted raw materials, design and operational parameters of the furnaces","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129301713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-17DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2020-2-123-131
Yurii S. Semenov
Under conditions of unstable supply of quality charge materials and technological fuel, the elaboration of new effective means of blast furnace heat control becomes actual for reaching acceptable technical and economic indices of its operation. Results of the studies carried out at the BF No. 3 of Enakievo steel-works (EMZ, Ukraine) during the period from October 2011 until December 2016 presented. During the period, various fuel additives to the blast were used within a wide range of their variation, and composition of charge materials was characterized by numerous components and variable quality. In the charge content, various additives were used: iron ore, limestone, BOF slag, briquettes of pellets siftings, manganese-containing additives. The new approach to the selection of rational charging programs was justified, providing stable economic BF running under variation of heat technological conditions. For the first time the temperature indices of estimation of gas stream distribution along the furnace radius were elaborated, the rational ranges of their variation at the operation under various gas-dynamic and fuel conditions determined, requirements to the gas stream temperature distribution along the furnace radius formulated. Based on analysis of information about lining temperature along the furnace height over the five year of EMZ BF No. 3 running, its values were ascertained, showing the partial or complete lining wear in the middle and upper part of the shaft. For the lining of the furnace bottom and other parts the temperature was ascertained, showing the formation in the lower zone unstable protective scull, as well the temperature characterizing its complete absence. The influence of blast mode during addition into it an increased volume of steam, natural gas and pulverized coal on variation of distribution of peripheral gas stream temperature along the furnace height from the tuyere zone to the top studied. It became a reason for an elaboration a method of the identification of the viscous-plastic state zone border in the peripheral zone of the furnace. Regulations of the blowing-in of blast furnaces after a long time stoppage without tapping the emergency hot metal elaborated. The technology of usage manganese-containing materials in the BF charge adjusted, which demonstrated the most effective washing out of the hearth under conditions of low and unstable charge materials quality and pulverized coal injection.
{"title":"Elaboration and realization of new approaches to diagnostic and control of blast furnace heat","authors":"Yurii S. Semenov","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2020-2-123-131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-2-123-131","url":null,"abstract":"Under conditions of unstable supply of quality charge materials and technological fuel, the elaboration of new effective means of blast furnace heat control becomes actual for reaching acceptable technical and economic indices of its operation. Results of the studies carried out at the BF No. 3 of Enakievo steel-works (EMZ, Ukraine) during the period from October 2011 until December 2016 presented. During the period, various fuel additives to the blast were used within a wide range of their variation, and composition of charge materials was characterized by numerous components and variable quality. In the charge content, various additives were used: iron ore, limestone, BOF slag, briquettes of pellets siftings, manganese-containing additives. The new approach to the selection of rational charging programs was justified, providing stable economic BF running under variation of heat technological conditions. For the first time the temperature indices of estimation of gas stream distribution along the furnace radius were elaborated, the rational ranges of their variation at the operation under various gas-dynamic and fuel conditions determined, requirements to the gas stream temperature distribution along the furnace radius formulated. Based on analysis of information about lining temperature along the furnace height over the five year of EMZ BF No. 3 running, its values were ascertained, showing the partial or complete lining wear in the middle and upper part of the shaft. For the lining of the furnace bottom and other parts the temperature was ascertained, showing the formation in the lower zone unstable protective scull, as well the temperature characterizing its complete absence. The influence of blast mode during addition into it an increased volume of steam, natural gas and pulverized coal on variation of distribution of peripheral gas stream temperature along the furnace height from the tuyere zone to the top studied. It became a reason for an elaboration a method of the identification of the viscous-plastic state zone border in the peripheral zone of the furnace. Regulations of the blowing-in of blast furnaces after a long time stoppage without tapping the emergency hot metal elaborated. The technology of usage manganese-containing materials in the BF charge adjusted, which demonstrated the most effective washing out of the hearth under conditions of low and unstable charge materials quality and pulverized coal injection.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"61 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121001170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-07DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-12-18
S. Kornilkov, A. Dmitriev, A. Pelevin
Despite the plants of the Ural region have significant mining capacities, they are buying raw materials from other regions, therefore the task of wastes minimization is a perspective of supporting their raw materials base. A technology was proposed to increase the quality of titanium-magnetite concentrate, comprising dividing of the ore into two technological grades – a rich and a poor ones following separate crushing and concentration of the grades at separate sections. Due to this technological scheme, the ore is divided into easy-concentrated and hard-concentrated grades at the concentration stage, but not at the stages of preparation to development, mining, transporting and crushing. The advantage of the new technology is the relative simplicity of equipment modernization, since the technological scheme of the ore processing is modified only at the concentration plant. Under laboratory conditions, an iron-vanadium concentrate with iron content of 67.1% and vanadium pentoxide of 0.6% was obtained.
{"title":"Comprehensive solving tasks of deep processing of titanium-magnetite ores","authors":"S. Kornilkov, A. Dmitriev, A. Pelevin","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-12-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-12-18","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the plants of the Ural region have significant mining capacities, they are buying raw materials from other regions, therefore the task of wastes minimization is a perspective of supporting their raw materials base. A technology was proposed to increase the quality of titanium-magnetite concentrate, comprising dividing of the ore into two technological grades – a rich and a poor ones following separate crushing and concentration of the grades at separate sections. Due to this technological scheme, the ore is divided into easy-concentrated and hard-concentrated grades at the concentration stage, but not at the stages of preparation to development, mining, transporting and crushing. The advantage of the new technology is the relative simplicity of equipment modernization, since the technological scheme of the ore processing is modified only at the concentration plant. Under laboratory conditions, an iron-vanadium concentrate with iron content of 67.1% and vanadium pentoxide of 0.6% was obtained.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123130845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-07DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-59-67
Удк, Оценка Надежности, Станины Рабочей, Клети Автоматического, Стана Тпа, Длительной Эксплуатации, С. Р. Рахманов, канд. техн, S. R. Rakhmanov
Among the processes, taking place at the shells rolling at automatic mill, the least studied are a working stand housing behavior, which becomes apparent in the form of its dynamic shifting. It can be explained by the fact, that the shell interacting with the rollers and the mandrel is effected by rod mechanism of the mandrel holding at the rolling axis. The possibility of the non-controlled deformed state can be explained also by deviation from the regulation state of anchor bolts fastening system and various defects in the stand housing. It made a foundation to accomplish monitoring of the space state of the TPA 350 automatic mill stand, resulted in registration of the working stand housing stress-deformed state. Besides, it resulted in a task formulation for elaboration of the stand space model aimed at its application for the justification of the strategy of the TPA 350 mill further operation. Results of the study of stress-deformed state of the working stand housing of the TPA 350 automatic mill presented. The study was carried out by the method of finished elements at 3D models. Comprising of the obtained theoretical data with experiment studies of the housing tension confirmed the model adequateness. It was determined, that maximal stresses originate in the zones of the revealed cracks of the working stand housing. The locations of the maximal stresses concentration “migrate” at variation of fastening conditions and the stand housing loading. A function of risk obtained for the stage of a crack originating and for the stage of defect development in the housing. The automatic mill housing safety was exhausted after 50 years of operation. Currently the automatic mill housing operates in the zone of complete risk, accompanying by cracks formation. For the mixed mechanism of crushing, the periods of round defect development in the TPA 350 automatic mill housing determined.
{"title":"Estimation of reliability of the TPA 350 mill working stand housing after a long operation","authors":"Удк, Оценка Надежности, Станины Рабочей, Клети Автоматического, Стана Тпа, Длительной Эксплуатации, С. Р. Рахманов, канд. техн, S. R. Rakhmanov","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-59-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-59-67","url":null,"abstract":"Among the processes, taking place at the shells rolling at automatic mill, the least studied are a working stand housing behavior, which becomes apparent in the form of its dynamic shifting. It can be explained by the fact, that the shell interacting with the rollers and the mandrel is effected by rod mechanism of the mandrel holding at the rolling axis. The possibility of the non-controlled deformed state can be explained also by deviation from the regulation state of anchor bolts fastening system and various defects in the stand housing. It made a foundation to accomplish monitoring of the space state of the TPA 350 automatic mill stand, resulted in registration of the working stand housing stress-deformed state. Besides, it resulted in a task formulation for elaboration of the stand space model aimed at its application for the justification of the strategy of the TPA 350 mill further operation. Results of the study of stress-deformed state of the working stand housing of the TPA 350 automatic mill presented. The study was carried out by the method of finished elements at 3D models. Comprising of the obtained theoretical data with experiment studies of the housing tension confirmed the model adequateness. It was determined, that maximal stresses originate in the zones of the revealed cracks of the working stand housing. The locations of the maximal stresses concentration “migrate” at variation of fastening conditions and the stand housing loading. A function of risk obtained for the stage of a crack originating and for the stage of defect development in the housing. The automatic mill housing safety was exhausted after 50 years of operation. Currently the automatic mill housing operates in the zone of complete risk, accompanying by cracks formation. For the mixed mechanism of crushing, the periods of round defect development in the TPA 350 automatic mill housing determined.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126434853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-27DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-12-1360-1365
V. Zhuchkov, I. N. Kel’, V. Salina, A. Sychev
. To improve the quality of steel and cast iron, the micro-alloyed by boron is applied, which is introduced into the melt within a scope of complex ferroalloys. There is information about rather effective application of silicon and aluminum as reducing agents, introduced within a scope of complex ferroalloy with manganese, chrome, tungsten and molybdenum. However, no information was found about application of such a ferroalloy for reducing of boron. Therefore, the purpose of the study was the thermodynamic simulation of boron simultaneous reducing by silicon and aluminum from the CaO–SiO 2 –MgO–B 2 O 3 oxide system. The influ-ence of aluminum content within a complex reducing agent on the boron reducing degree from the oxide system of the following compositions %: 36,7 CaO; 5,6 SiO 2 ; 2,8 MgO; 54,9 B 2 О 3 was studied. For particular study, the alloys of the following composition were taken: %: 60 Si – 5 Al – 35 Fe; 55 Si – 10 Al – 35 Fe; 50 Si – 15 Al – 35 Fe and 65 Si – 35 Fe. The simulation was accom-plished within a package of applied programs HSC Chemistry 6.12 with application of Equilibrium Composition module within the temperature range 1400–1600 ° С with a step of 50 ° С . It was determined, that replace of silicon in the alloys by aluminum results in considerable growth of reducing degree, which can reach 99%. Alloys с [Al] orig = 0–52 % have the lowest reducing degree. Presence of с [Al] orig = 5 % in the original alloy enables to increase the reducing degree until 69%. The further growth of the original aluminum content until 10 and 15% enables to reach the reducing degree of 85 and 94%. Based on the study results the conclusion was made about preference to apply aluminum from the Fe–Si–Al complex ferroalloy for boron reducing from the oxide system, since the degree of boron reduction degree is much higher comparing with application only silicon at the same total reducing agent (Si + Al = 65 %) quantity.
． 为了提高钢和铸铁的质量，硼微合金化被引入到复杂铁合金范围内的熔体中。在锰、铬、钨、钼复合铁合金的范围内，介绍了硅和铝作为还原剂的较有效应用。然而，目前还没有发现这种铁合金在硼还原中的应用。因此，本研究的目的是模拟cao - sio2 - mgo - b2o3氧化体系中硅和铝同时还原硼的热力学过程。复合还原剂中铝含量对以下组合物氧化体系中硼还原度的影响%:36,7 CaO;5,6 sio2;2、8分别;54,9 b2 О 3进行了研究。在具体的研究中，采用了以下成分的合金:%:60 Si - 5 Al - 35 Fe;55 Si - 10 Al - 35 Fe;50si - 15al - 35fe和65si - 35fe。模拟在HSC Chemistry 6.12应用程序包中完成，应用平衡成分模块，温度范围为1400-1600°С，步长为50°С。结果表明，用铝代替硅后，合金的还原度明显提高，可达99%。[Al]合金的还原度最低。原合金中含有5%的[Al]合金，可使合金的还原度提高到69%。原铝含量进一步增加至10%和15%，可达到85%和94%的还原度。根据研究结果，在总还原剂(Si + Al = 65%)用量相同的情况下，硼的还原程度远高于只使用硅，因此在氧化体系中首选使用Fe-Si-Al复合铁合金中的铝来还原硼。
{"title":"Thermodynamic simulation of metal-thermal boron reducing","authors":"V. Zhuchkov, I. N. Kel’, V. Salina, A. Sychev","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-12-1360-1365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-12-1360-1365","url":null,"abstract":". To improve the quality of steel and cast iron, the micro-alloyed by boron is applied, which is introduced into the melt within a scope of complex ferroalloys. There is information about rather effective application of silicon and aluminum as reducing agents, introduced within a scope of complex ferroalloy with manganese, chrome, tungsten and molybdenum. However, no information was found about application of such a ferroalloy for reducing of boron. Therefore, the purpose of the study was the thermodynamic simulation of boron simultaneous reducing by silicon and aluminum from the CaO–SiO 2 –MgO–B 2 O 3 oxide system. The influ-ence of aluminum content within a complex reducing agent on the boron reducing degree from the oxide system of the following compositions %: 36,7 CaO; 5,6 SiO 2 ; 2,8 MgO; 54,9 B 2 О 3 was studied. For particular study, the alloys of the following composition were taken: %: 60 Si – 5 Al – 35 Fe; 55 Si – 10 Al – 35 Fe; 50 Si – 15 Al – 35 Fe and 65 Si – 35 Fe. The simulation was accom-plished within a package of applied programs HSC Chemistry 6.12 with application of Equilibrium Composition module within the temperature range 1400–1600 ° С with a step of 50 ° С . It was determined, that replace of silicon in the alloys by aluminum results in considerable growth of reducing degree, which can reach 99%. Alloys с [Al] orig = 0–52 % have the lowest reducing degree. Presence of с [Al] orig = 5 % in the original alloy enables to increase the reducing degree until 69%. The further growth of the original aluminum content until 10 and 15% enables to reach the reducing degree of 85 and 94%. Based on the study results the conclusion was made about preference to apply aluminum from the Fe–Si–Al complex ferroalloy for boron reducing from the oxide system, since the degree of boron reduction degree is much higher comparing with application only silicon at the same total reducing agent (Si + Al = 65 %) quantity.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134282979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1258-1264
S. Semykin, T. Golub, S. Dudchenko, V. V. Vakul’chuk
. Technological, technical and economic indicators of BOF heat largely depend on the organization of the blowing mode. Under the current conditions of instable supply and the quality of charge materials and energy carriers, as well as the need to increase the intensity and quality of the blowing process, the studies on developing new design of tip for oxygen lance, the base element of it being a composite annular coaxial nozzle. The studies were carried out on “cold” physical models and on models of BOF convertor with hot metal. Comparative analysis of the interaction of oxygen jet with a liquid bath, using an annular coaxial nozzle (the experimental tip), and a tip having four nozzles (the comparative tip) were accomplished. It was determined, that the jet from experimental tip has a higher dynamic pressure and depth of penetration into the liquid melt without increased metal splash. While blowing through the lance with the experimental tip, a “hard” blowing pattern with the formation of a smaller amount of slag were observed. The “hard” nature of the blowing was eliminated due to the additional lateral cylindrical nozzles. As a result of the changes more active absorption of lime than at comparative heats was reached. It was revealed that the use of the perfected experimental lance tip contributes to a higher bath heating and a decrease of dust emission.
{"title":"Study of the features of interaction of gas jets with liquid bath at top blowing through an annular coaxial nozzle","authors":"S. Semykin, T. Golub, S. Dudchenko, V. V. Vakul’chuk","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1258-1264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1258-1264","url":null,"abstract":". Technological, technical and economic indicators of BOF heat largely depend on the organization of the blowing mode. Under the current conditions of instable supply and the quality of charge materials and energy carriers, as well as the need to increase the intensity and quality of the blowing process, the studies on developing new design of tip for oxygen lance, the base element of it being a composite annular coaxial nozzle. The studies were carried out on “cold” physical models and on models of BOF convertor with hot metal. Comparative analysis of the interaction of oxygen jet with a liquid bath, using an annular coaxial nozzle (the experimental tip), and a tip having four nozzles (the comparative tip) were accomplished. It was determined, that the jet from experimental tip has a higher dynamic pressure and depth of penetration into the liquid melt without increased metal splash. While blowing through the lance with the experimental tip, a “hard” blowing pattern with the formation of a smaller amount of slag were observed. The “hard” nature of the blowing was eliminated due to the additional lateral cylindrical nozzles. As a result of the changes more active absorption of lime than at comparative heats was reached. It was revealed that the use of the perfected experimental lance tip contributes to a higher bath heating and a decrease of dust emission.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127856245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1251-1257
A. Babachenko, A. A. Коnonenko, К. G. Demina
. Intensification of railway motion leads to toughening of requirements to both railway wheels design and quality of the material, used for their manufacturing. To provide the level of railway wheels strength not less that 1020 MPa and increased stability to defects formation on the surface of rolling, an elaboration of technological parameters of their heat strengthening was accomplished. Based on laboratory experiments and analytical studies results, recommendations presented on chemical composition of the new experimental steel for railway wheels. For industrial trial production of the railway wheels with hardness not less than 320 HB manufacturing, a steel micro-alloyed by vanadium decreased carbon content and increased silicon and manganese content was recommended. For the first time the regularities of phase transformations during continuous steel cooling was determined for railway wheels of trial chemical composition. Intervals of cooling rates were determined, within which variation of mechanism of structure formation at austenite disintegration observed. Using the finite-element method, the mathematical models of cooling rates calculation were elaborated in the ANSYS software package environment. The models were applied to calculate the cooling rates of the wheels rim while cooling at the vertical hardening machine. Results of the study of austenite disintegration kinetic were used to elaborate modes of thermal treatment of the experimental heat. Comparative studies of the railway wheels resistance against heat impact during braking were accomplished, as well as the work of the wheel rim stroke at negative temperature, the durability of wheels made of various steel grades. It was shown, that the trial steel has a high complex of service and operational properties comparing with steels, used for railway wheels of freight cars in the CIS countries.
{"title":"Elaboration of a new steel for high-strength railway wheels","authors":"A. Babachenko, A. A. Коnonenko, К. G. Demina","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1251-1257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1251-1257","url":null,"abstract":". Intensification of railway motion leads to toughening of requirements to both railway wheels design and quality of the material, used for their manufacturing. To provide the level of railway wheels strength not less that 1020 MPa and increased stability to defects formation on the surface of rolling, an elaboration of technological parameters of their heat strengthening was accomplished. Based on laboratory experiments and analytical studies results, recommendations presented on chemical composition of the new experimental steel for railway wheels. For industrial trial production of the railway wheels with hardness not less than 320 HB manufacturing, a steel micro-alloyed by vanadium decreased carbon content and increased silicon and manganese content was recommended. For the first time the regularities of phase transformations during continuous steel cooling was determined for railway wheels of trial chemical composition. Intervals of cooling rates were determined, within which variation of mechanism of structure formation at austenite disintegration observed. Using the finite-element method, the mathematical models of cooling rates calculation were elaborated in the ANSYS software package environment. The models were applied to calculate the cooling rates of the wheels rim while cooling at the vertical hardening machine. Results of the study of austenite disintegration kinetic were used to elaborate modes of thermal treatment of the experimental heat. Comparative studies of the railway wheels resistance against heat impact during braking were accomplished, as well as the work of the wheel rim stroke at negative temperature, the durability of wheels made of various steel grades. It was shown, that the trial steel has a high complex of service and operational properties comparing with steels, used for railway wheels of freight cars in the CIS countries.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123589246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1276-1284
S. A. Rakhmanov
Цель. Составление алгоритма расчета силовых параметров процесса прокатки гильзы, формирующих динамическую устойчивость функционирования стержневой системы механизма удержания оправки на автоматическом стане ТПА. Методика. Рассматриваем процесс прокатки гильзы в валках с круглыми калибрами с округлёнными выпусками с применением оправки, состоящей из конического и цилиндрического участков. Исходными параметрами технологического процесса продольной прокатки считаем такие: ось прокатки совпадает с геометрическим центром калибра и осью симметрии оправки; оправка установлена таким образом, что линия центров валков проходит через середину её цилиндрического пояска. Выбираем цилиндрическую систему координат, начало которой фиксировано и постоянно (независимо от расположения оправки и валков) находится в точке пересечения линии центров валков с осью прокатки. После определения силовых параметров очага деформации рассмотрим уточненную задачу о совместном функционировании механической системы «гильза (труба) – оправка – стержень» автоматического стана ТПА, которая достаточно близка к реальному технологическому процессу прокатки гильз на автоматическом стане. Это позволит глубже отразить динамические явления в стержне механизме удержания оправки автоматического стана ТПА. Результаты. Математическим моделированием динамических процессов за время реализации всего технологического процесса продольной прокатки гильз на автоматическом стане ТПА 350 получено уточненная картина виброактивности механической системы и подтверждена достоверность амплитудно – частотных характеристик при колебаниях стержня с оправкой. Доказано, что полученные результаты с достаточно высокой степенью точности описывают динамику стержня механизма удержания оправки автоматического стана ТПА. Научная новизна. Представлено уточненное решение дифференциального уравнения вынужденных колебаний стержня с оправкой в направлении оси прокатки с учетом интенсивности воздействия очага деформации и изменяющейся во времени массы прокатываемой гильзы. Практическая ценность. Возможность комплексного математического моделирования режимов прокатки гильз, на этапе назначения технологических процессов, имеет важное практическое значение и существенно отличает полученные результаты от результатов ранее известных работ в области исследования динамической устойчивости стержневой системы механизма удержания оправки автоматического стана ТПА.
{"title":"Dynamics of mandrel holding mechanism of pipe-rolling line automatic mill","authors":"S. A. Rakhmanov","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1276-1284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1276-1284","url":null,"abstract":"Цель. Составление алгоритма расчета силовых параметров процесса прокатки гильзы, формирующих динамическую устойчивость функционирования стержневой системы механизма удержания оправки на автоматическом стане ТПА. \u0000Методика. Рассматриваем процесс прокатки гильзы в валках с круглыми калибрами с округлёнными выпусками с применением оправки, состоящей из конического и цилиндрического участков. Исходными параметрами технологического процесса продольной прокатки считаем такие: ось прокатки совпадает с геометрическим центром калибра и осью симметрии оправки; оправка установлена таким образом, что линия центров валков проходит через середину её цилиндрического пояска. Выбираем цилиндрическую систему координат, начало которой фиксировано и постоянно (независимо от расположения оправки и валков) находится в точке пересечения линии центров валков с осью прокатки. После определения силовых параметров очага деформации рассмотрим уточненную задачу о совместном функционировании механической системы «гильза (труба) – оправка – стержень» автоматического стана ТПА, которая достаточно близка к реальному технологическому процессу прокатки гильз на автоматическом стане. Это позволит глубже отразить динамические явления в стержне механизме удержания оправки автоматического стана ТПА. \u0000Результаты. Математическим моделированием динамических процессов за время реализации всего технологического процесса продольной прокатки гильз на автоматическом стане ТПА 350 получено уточненная картина виброактивности механической системы и подтверждена достоверность амплитудно – частотных характеристик при колебаниях стержня с оправкой. Доказано, что полученные результаты с достаточно высокой степенью точности описывают динамику стержня механизма удержания оправки автоматического стана ТПА. \u0000Научная новизна. Представлено уточненное решение дифференциального уравнения вынужденных колебаний стержня с оправкой в направлении оси прокатки с учетом интенсивности воздействия очага деформации и изменяющейся во времени массы прокатываемой гильзы. \u0000Практическая ценность. Возможность комплексного математического моделирования режимов прокатки гильз, на этапе назначения технологических процессов, имеет важное практическое значение и существенно отличает полученные результаты от результатов ранее известных работ в области исследования динамической устойчивости стержневой системы механизма удержания оправки автоматического стана ТПА.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131055829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1225-1230
N. Svechnikova, V. Petukhov, S. V. Yudina, O. V. Kuklina, A. S. Puzina, T. N. Akhmetzyanov, Y. Gavryushina
Involvement of production wastes into the economy turnover, in particular flotation wastes at coal concentration is an actual task. OJSC “MMK-Ugol” flotation wastes studied aimed at their utilization in facilities for burning high-ash coals, as well as utilization as thinning and combustible additive to clay burden for production of ceramic bricks. In the course of thermo-analytical study by applying the STA 449 NETZSCH synchronous thermal analyzer in a dynamic mode with a heating speed of 10 oC/min in an airflow 30 sm 3 /min within the temperature interval 30–1000 oC, the lowest combustion heat of the carbon-bearing material determined. Besides, the following parameters were determined: mass variation during calcination, variation and speed of the sample mass variation, the process heat effect, the temperature of the beginning, end and maximum progress of thermal effects. It was determined, that the biggest mass loss was observed within the temperature range of 450–600° С , that makes 65–67% of the whole mass of organic share of the coal. The maximum speed of combustion corresponds to the temperature 540–563° С . The lowest combustion heat of the wastes under study was 15.9 MJ/kg. Based on results of the thermo-analytical study, technical analysis and heat-engineering calculations, a possibility of flotation wastes utilization justified. The wastes should be used in the mixture up to 20% with a regular coal as a raw material in the furnaces of low temperature boiling bedchamber for coal concentrate drying. Analysis of flotation wastes chemistry showed, that they have high specific surface (56.8×10 3 m 2 /kg), high dispersion, soaking ability, swelling ability and due to considerable clay substance content they are a plastic material. It enables to use them as a fuel-bearing and thinning additive into the clay burden for production of ceramic bricks. Optimal amount of thinning and combustible additive to clay burden for production of ceramic bricks by semi-dry method determined, application of which after more uniform sintering will result in improving strength indices of the bricks (up to 30–40%), energy saving (up to 30%). Besides, it will exclude necessity to add black coal to the burden and increase productivity of sintering furnaces.
{"title":"Study of physical and chemical properties of coal concentration wastes with a purpose of their utilization as secondary raw materilal","authors":"N. Svechnikova, V. Petukhov, S. V. Yudina, O. V. Kuklina, A. S. Puzina, T. N. Akhmetzyanov, Y. Gavryushina","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1225-1230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-11-1225-1230","url":null,"abstract":"Involvement of production wastes into the economy turnover, in particular flotation wastes at coal concentration is an actual task. OJSC “MMK-Ugol” flotation wastes studied aimed at their utilization in facilities for burning high-ash coals, as well as utilization as thinning and combustible additive to clay burden for production of ceramic bricks. In the course of thermo-analytical study by applying the STA 449 NETZSCH synchronous thermal analyzer in a dynamic mode with a heating speed of 10 oC/min in an airflow 30 sm 3 /min within the temperature interval 30–1000 oC, the lowest combustion heat of the carbon-bearing material determined. Besides, the following parameters were determined: mass variation during calcination, variation and speed of the sample mass variation, the process heat effect, the temperature of the beginning, end and maximum progress of thermal effects. It was determined, that the biggest mass loss was observed within the temperature range of 450–600° С , that makes 65–67% of the whole mass of organic share of the coal. The maximum speed of combustion corresponds to the temperature 540–563° С . The lowest combustion heat of the wastes under study was 15.9 MJ/kg. Based on results of the thermo-analytical study, technical analysis and heat-engineering calculations, a possibility of flotation wastes utilization justified. The wastes should be used in the mixture up to 20% with a regular coal as a raw material in the furnaces of low temperature boiling bedchamber for coal concentrate drying. Analysis of flotation wastes chemistry showed, that they have high specific surface (56.8×10 3 m 2 /kg), high dispersion, soaking ability, swelling ability and due to considerable clay substance content they are a plastic material. It enables to use them as a fuel-bearing and thinning additive into the clay burden for production of ceramic bricks. Optimal amount of thinning and combustible additive to clay burden for production of ceramic bricks by semi-dry method determined, application of which after more uniform sintering will result in improving strength indices of the bricks (up to 30–40%), energy saving (up to 30%). Besides, it will exclude necessity to add black coal to the burden and increase productivity of sintering furnaces.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131731106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-923-929
Удк, Разработка Экологически, Чистой Технологии Обогащения, Сидеритовых Руд
Decrease of iron content in siderite ores, mined in mines stipulated a necessity to elaborate technologies of their concentration, which allow increasing iron content at least 35%. As a result of analysis of existing technologies of minerals concentration it was determined, that X-ray radiometric method is the most promising one for siderite ores concentration. Its essence is in a controlled supply of lump material of definite size, distribution of lump flows by streams and by the piece supply of ore lumps into analysis-division zone, in which the X-ray fluorescent analysis of main chemical elements takes place. Special microprocessor means of the measuring-control system make comparison of measuring results with the set threshold of separation and make decisions to direct the particular piece to one of the grading product. As the result, the particular piece comes to a chute either with rich product or by free fall comes to the chute of poor product. Tests of the technology of lump siderite ore separation accomplished by using industrial X-ray radiometric separators. Influence of ore size on the concentration process indices studied. It was determined, that at implementation the X-ray radiometric method of separation it is reasonable to limit by machine classes of 250– 100 mm and 100–30 mm. A technological flowchart proposed to provide the concentrate obtaining with the size of 30–10 mm and iron content of 35%. The concentrate can be used for reducing roasting of it in shaft furnaces. The formed screenings after concentration in the high intensity fields were proposed to subject to metallization in the rotating furnaces or rotating hearth furnaces. The metallized product can be smelted in an ore-thermal furnace to obtain steel semi-product used in large-scale EAF.
{"title":"Elaboration of an environmentally appropriate technology of siderite ores concentration","authors":"Удк, Разработка Экологически, Чистой Технологии Обогащения, Сидеритовых Руд","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-923-929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-923-929","url":null,"abstract":"Decrease of iron content in siderite ores, mined in mines stipulated a necessity to elaborate technologies of their concentration, which allow increasing iron content at least 35%. As a result of analysis of existing technologies of minerals concentration it was determined, that X-ray radiometric method is the most promising one for siderite ores concentration. Its essence is in a controlled supply of lump material of definite size, distribution of lump flows by streams and by the piece supply of ore lumps into analysis-division zone, in which the X-ray fluorescent analysis of main chemical elements takes place. Special microprocessor means of the measuring-control system make comparison of measuring results with the set threshold of separation and make decisions to direct the particular piece to one of the grading product. As the result, the particular piece comes to a chute either with rich product or by free fall comes to the chute of poor product. Tests of the technology of lump siderite ore separation accomplished by using industrial X-ray radiometric separators. Influence of ore size on the concentration process indices studied. It was determined, that at implementation the X-ray radiometric method of separation it is reasonable to limit by machine classes of 250– 100 mm and 100–30 mm. A technological flowchart proposed to provide the concentrate obtaining with the size of 30–10 mm and iron content of 35%. The concentrate can be used for reducing roasting of it in shaft furnaces. The formed screenings after concentration in the high intensity fields were proposed to subject to metallization in the rotating furnaces or rotating hearth furnaces. The metallized product can be smelted in an ore-thermal furnace to obtain steel semi-product used in large-scale EAF.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122825422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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