Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-930-935
N. A. Glazunova, S. Stefanovich, V. S. Puteev
Increased requirements to the surface quality of hot-rolled products used in automobiles manufacturing and endeavor to decrease t rejections of the metal with surface defects, stipulate the necessity to increase the quality of the initial continuously casted billet (CCB). Cracks, formed in the process of crystallization, which are transformed into surface defects of rolled products during hot deformation are attributed to the surface defects of CCB. Classification of defects presented, reasons of cross cracks on CCB and their locations considered. In the course of the experiment the samples, cut from two CCBs in the place, where cross cracks were visually revealed after shot blasting and hot etching in the 50% solution of chloric acid. The cross cracks on the surface of a sample were revealed in the zone of the big side, and the other – on a rib. The longitudinal polished sections were cut from the place of cross cracks location. At the study of the polished sections multiple cracks were discovered. The width of cracks opening was different – from 0.01 up to 0.3 mm, depth in the section of the study – up to 10 mm. The locations of the cross cracks on the billets were marked by notches from two sides (method of “marked” defects). After that the billets were rolled at a one-stand reversible mill 850 for the diameter of 100 mm. At the visual inspection of the rolled product surface, obtained from the defect CCB, surface defects in the form of discontinuity flaws were discovered. The discontinuity flaws looked as metal ruptures of longitudinal and cross orientation and sometimes having a form of tongue. The degree of defects development depends on the depth and the crack location on the initial CCB. The defects which location corresponds to the CCB side have less opening, and defects which location corresponds to the initial billet rib looked as a rough fissure. Cross samples were cut in the places of defects locations on the surface of rolled product for metal science study. At the cross polished sections the defect cavity have several branches, the cavity walls are twisting, around the cavity branches and next to them, aggregation of small globular oxides and massive decarburization were observed. The defects of rolled products surface were classified as rolled-out cracks (cross orientation). The cracks depth in the section under study was 0.6–3.5 mm. Based on the results of the study the surface defects of rolled products were properly classified and reasons of their arising revealed, that will allow avoiding their formation in the future. Based on the proper classification and avoiding of the surface defects reasons, the rolled products rejects by surface defects will be considerably decreased.
{"title":"Transformation of cross cracks of continuously casted billet in rolled product","authors":"N. A. Glazunova, S. Stefanovich, V. S. Puteev","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-930-935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-930-935","url":null,"abstract":"Increased requirements to the surface quality of hot-rolled products used in automobiles manufacturing and endeavor to decrease t rejections of the metal with surface defects, stipulate the necessity to increase the quality of the initial continuously casted billet (CCB). Cracks, formed in the process of crystallization, which are transformed into surface defects of rolled products during hot deformation are attributed to the surface defects of CCB. Classification of defects presented, reasons of cross cracks on CCB and their locations considered. In the course of the experiment the samples, cut from two CCBs in the place, where cross cracks were visually revealed after shot blasting and hot etching in the 50% solution of chloric acid. The cross cracks on the surface of a sample were revealed in the zone of the big side, and the other – on a rib. The longitudinal polished sections were cut from the place of cross cracks location. At the study of the polished sections multiple cracks were discovered. The width of cracks opening was different – from 0.01 up to 0.3 mm, depth in the section of the study – up to 10 mm. The locations of the cross cracks on the billets were marked by notches from two sides (method of “marked” defects). After that the billets were rolled at a one-stand reversible mill 850 for the diameter of 100 mm. At the visual inspection of the rolled product surface, obtained from the defect CCB, surface defects in the form of discontinuity flaws were discovered. The discontinuity flaws looked as metal ruptures of longitudinal and cross orientation and sometimes having a form of tongue. The degree of defects development depends on the depth and the crack location on the initial CCB. The defects which location corresponds to the CCB side have less opening, and defects which location corresponds to the initial billet rib looked as a rough fissure. Cross samples were cut in the places of defects locations on the surface of rolled product for metal science study. At the cross polished sections the defect cavity have several branches, the cavity walls are twisting, around the cavity branches and next to them, aggregation of small globular oxides and massive decarburization were observed. The defects of rolled products surface were classified as rolled-out cracks (cross orientation). The cracks depth in the section under study was 0.6–3.5 mm. Based on the results of the study the surface defects of rolled products were properly classified and reasons of their arising revealed, that will allow avoiding their formation in the future. Based on the proper classification and avoiding of the surface defects reasons, the rolled products rejects by surface defects will be considerably decreased.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129680708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-936-943
A. A. Babenko, M. V. Ushakov, A. V. Murzin, L. Mikhailova
Technology of magnesia slags forming provides increase of electric energy utilization efficiency and furnace lining resistance due to early formation of stable slag foam and decrease of aggressive slag impact on the lining. At the same time the practice of operation with magnesia slags shows, that excessive over-saturation them by magnesium oxide results in heterogenization, decrease of refining properties and deterioration of some technological, technical and economic process indices. Therefore, study and elaboration technology of rational composition magnesia slags forming by periods of a heating in EAF is an actual task. Results of numerical simulation of slag temperature and chemical composition effect on MgO saturation concentration during different melting periods in EAF presented. Besides, results of analysis of refining abilities of magnesia slags depending on MgO saturation degree also presented study of magnesia slags viscosity effect depending on MgO basicity and saturation concentration, as well as magnesia slag chemical and phase composition effect on foaming efficiency. Results of theoretical and experimental study were used as a base of elaboration rational slag composition by periods of melting in the EAF and technological techniques of their formation. A technology elaborated and implemented at PAO “Seversky pipe plant” EAF shop by leaving some amount of high-magnesia slags of the previous heat and addition in two stages high-magnesia flux of “Magma” grade during the oxidizing period. This resulted in a record resistance of the refractory EAF lining, exceeding 1900 heats within a campaign and a high level of technological, technical and economic process indices.
{"title":"Elaboration and mastering of technology of semiproduct smelting in EAF under magnesia slags","authors":"A. A. Babenko, M. V. Ushakov, A. V. Murzin, L. Mikhailova","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-936-943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-936-943","url":null,"abstract":"Technology of magnesia slags forming provides increase of electric energy utilization efficiency and furnace lining resistance due to early formation of stable slag foam and decrease of aggressive slag impact on the lining. At the same time the practice of operation with magnesia slags shows, that excessive over-saturation them by magnesium oxide results in heterogenization, decrease of refining properties and deterioration of some technological, technical and economic process indices. Therefore, study and elaboration technology of rational composition magnesia slags forming by periods of a heating in EAF is an actual task. Results of numerical simulation of slag temperature and chemical composition effect on MgO saturation concentration during different melting periods in EAF presented. Besides, results of analysis of refining abilities of magnesia slags depending on MgO saturation degree also presented study of magnesia slags viscosity effect depending on MgO basicity and saturation concentration, as well as magnesia slag chemical and phase composition effect on foaming efficiency. Results of theoretical and experimental study were used as a base of elaboration rational slag composition by periods of melting in the EAF and technological techniques of their formation. A technology elaborated and implemented at PAO “Seversky pipe plant” EAF shop by leaving some amount of high-magnesia slags of the previous heat and addition in two stages high-magnesia flux of “Magma” grade during the oxidizing period. This resulted in a record resistance of the refractory EAF lining, exceeding 1900 heats within a campaign and a high level of technological, technical and economic process indices.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127076585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-979-984
I. G. Shubin, A. Kurkin, A. R. Bazykov, F. Stolyarov
The high nuts withstand increased load for expansion, facilitating its even distribution along the bolt length. The process of increased height nut blanks plastic deformation characterized by uneven metal flow and changing of stressed state by the blank section. In the process of closed-die stamping of such nuts a risk of their geometry distortion arises. Results of study of the process of production a hex nut of increased height presented. The object of the research was to study the process of the metal deformation when broach a hole for thread in a hexagonal nut blank of increased height. To simulate the stress-strain state, the QForm-3D software package was chosen, which made it possible to predict with sufficient accuracy the metal flow in the blank, calculate the deformation forces and determine the stresses that occur in the tool. The models of the blank and the tool were created in the Compass 3D program without internal and external defects. When performing the work, the parameters of the stress-strain state of a hexagonal nut blank of increased height were calculated. The simulation results showed the need to change the geometry of the end part of the punch to a conical one with an angle of 150 degrees and a reduction in the size of the baffle height from 10.4 mm to 5.4 mm. The adopted changes allowed to reduce the energy and power costs of forming a through hole for the threads. Industrial testing confirmed the correctness of the calculations. Nuts with edges perpendicular to its base and the required geometrical parameters were obtained.
{"title":"Research the process of cold punching of hex nut blanks of increased height","authors":"I. G. Shubin, A. Kurkin, A. R. Bazykov, F. Stolyarov","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-979-984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-979-984","url":null,"abstract":"The high nuts withstand increased load for expansion, facilitating its even distribution along the bolt length. The process of increased height nut blanks plastic deformation characterized by uneven metal flow and changing of stressed state by the blank section. In the process of closed-die stamping of such nuts a risk of their geometry distortion arises. Results of study of the process of production a hex nut of increased height presented. The object of the research was to study the process of the metal deformation when broach a hole for thread in a hexagonal nut blank of increased height. To simulate the stress-strain state, the QForm-3D software package was chosen, which made it possible to predict with sufficient accuracy the metal flow in the blank, calculate the deformation forces and determine the stresses that occur in the tool. The models of the blank and the tool were created in the Compass 3D program without internal and external defects. When performing the work, the parameters of the stress-strain state of a hexagonal nut blank of increased height were calculated. The simulation results showed the need to change the geometry of the end part of the punch to a conical one with an angle of 150 degrees and a reduction in the size of the baffle height from 10.4 mm to 5.4 mm. The adopted changes allowed to reduce the energy and power costs of forming a through hole for the threads. Industrial testing confirmed the correctness of the calculations. Nuts with edges perpendicular to its base and the required geometrical parameters were obtained.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116076736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-985-990
A. Protasov
Modern ladle treatment of liquid steel represents a wide set of technological processes and aggregates, as well as units and systems, many of them having significant cost and need expensive maintenance. Technical and economic advantages, obtained at various variants of steel ladle treatment considered, the advantages being at both metal products producers and consumers. Factors of production expenses saving at the stage of steel smelting due to transferring of the steel refining operation from melting aggregates to the stage of ladle treatment considered. It was noted, that in the process of continuous casting of metal, subjected to ladle refining, the steel casting improves considerably due to keeping the narrow temperature interval, decreased content and globular form of nonmetallic inclusions. In its turn it results in a decrease of rejects, an increase of billet drawing speed possibility and correspondent increase of production capacity, reduction of the number of the casted billet shell breaks. Technical and economic advantages of melt treatment by cored wire or by all-metal injection wire with stuff shown. Decrease of rejects is an important factor for cost decreasing. For example, application of calcium-aluminum cored wire at a steel-works enabled to decrease the rejects of well-casings made of 20ГЮ steel by a factor of 1.5–2. In many cases production of state-of-the-art steel grades, for example IF-steels, being the base of the modern motor-car construction, is not possible without ladle treatment. Therefore, absence of ladle treatment elements at a big steelworks can lead to considerable losses.
{"title":"Technical and economic aspects of development and running ladle treatment aggregates","authors":"A. Protasov","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-985-990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-985-990","url":null,"abstract":"Modern ladle treatment of liquid steel represents a wide set of technological processes and aggregates, as well as units and systems, many of them having significant cost and need expensive maintenance. Technical and economic advantages, obtained at various variants of steel ladle treatment considered, the advantages being at both metal products producers and consumers. Factors of production expenses saving at the stage of steel smelting due to transferring of the steel refining operation from melting aggregates to the stage of ladle treatment considered. It was noted, that in the process of continuous casting of metal, subjected to ladle refining, the steel casting improves considerably due to keeping the narrow temperature interval, decreased content and globular form of nonmetallic inclusions. In its turn it results in a decrease of rejects, an increase of billet drawing speed possibility and correspondent increase of production capacity, reduction of the number of the casted billet shell breaks. Technical and economic advantages of melt treatment by cored wire or by all-metal injection wire with stuff shown. Decrease of rejects is an important factor for cost decreasing. For example, application of calcium-aluminum cored wire at a steel-works enabled to decrease the rejects of well-casings made of 20ГЮ steel by a factor of 1.5–2. In many cases production of state-of-the-art steel grades, for example IF-steels, being the base of the modern motor-car construction, is not possible without ladle treatment. Therefore, absence of ladle treatment elements at a big steelworks can lead to considerable losses.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134224445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-944-954
O. I. Nokhrina, I. D. Rozhikhina, V. I. Dmitrienko, I. E. Proshunin, M. Golodova
Considerable reserves of improvement of steel quality and reduction of costs of its production are concealed in a possibility of active and purposeful formation their structure and the properties by introduction into the melt modifiers, alloying and microalloying additives. Due to the task of decreasing costs, studies on alloying and modifying of metal by natural and man-caused materials are very actual. Thermodynamic regularities of steel alloying and modifying processes by natural and man-caused materials, including manganese ores of various structures, BOF vanadium slag, barium- strontium modifier, obtained from the complex ores containing barium and strontium considered. Possibilities of wide application of various structure manganese ores for steel alloying by manganese without use of standard manganese alloys as well as vanadium slag for microalloying by vanadium demonstrated. Metallurgical properties barium-strontium natural modifier obtained and the possible mechanism of the modifying impact of barium and strontium on quality of metal studied. It was determined, that the effect of modifying by barium can revealed in steels, deoxidized only by silicon, and for modifying by strontium or joint modifying by barium and strontium it is necessary to apply aluminum as deoxidizing agent. Industrial testing of the above-stated materials showed reliability of studies, accomplished at thermodynamic modeling and laboratory studies of calculations and conclusions. Recommendations on optimization of technologies of steel alloying and modifying made. It was proved that use of the materials of the study allows to improve technical and economic indices of the process of production of steels and to increase considerably quality of final steel products. Conclusions on significant expansion of natural and man-caused materials prospects worded.
{"title":"Peculiarities of application of natural and man-caused materials for steel alloying and modifying","authors":"O. I. Nokhrina, I. D. Rozhikhina, V. I. Dmitrienko, I. E. Proshunin, M. Golodova","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-944-954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-944-954","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable reserves of improvement of steel quality and reduction of costs of its production are concealed in a possibility of active and purposeful formation their structure and the properties by introduction into the melt modifiers, alloying and microalloying additives. Due to the task of decreasing costs, studies on alloying and modifying of metal by natural and man-caused materials are very actual. Thermodynamic regularities of steel alloying and modifying processes by natural and man-caused materials, including manganese ores of various structures, BOF vanadium slag, barium- strontium modifier, obtained from the complex ores containing barium and strontium considered. Possibilities of wide application of various structure manganese ores for steel alloying by manganese without use of standard manganese alloys as well as vanadium slag for microalloying by vanadium demonstrated. Metallurgical properties barium-strontium natural modifier obtained and the possible mechanism of the modifying impact of barium and strontium on quality of metal studied. It was determined, that the effect of modifying by barium can revealed in steels, deoxidized only by silicon, and for modifying by strontium or joint modifying by barium and strontium it is necessary to apply aluminum as deoxidizing agent. Industrial testing of the above-stated materials showed reliability of studies, accomplished at thermodynamic modeling and laboratory studies of calculations and conclusions. Recommendations on optimization of technologies of steel alloying and modifying made. It was proved that use of the materials of the study allows to improve technical and economic indices of the process of production of steels and to increase considerably quality of final steel products. Conclusions on significant expansion of natural and man-caused materials prospects worded.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130296281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-05DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-903-911
Н. Г. Зиновьева
Analysis of main indices of world steel industry presented, as well as those of some countries and of Russia for 2017– 2018. Dynamics and structure of production, consumption, export and import of main kinds of Russian steel industry products by results of 2018. In 2018 growth of world consumption amounted to near 80 Mt to the level of 2017, the main input made by Asian region. Its share amounted to near 90% of the growth, mainly by China. Excluding China, the Asian region amounted to 13% of the growth. Russia takes the 7th place in the world rating by steel consumption in 2018, by consumption per capita – the 16th position. In 2018 in Russia, 71.8 Mt of steel were produced, amounting to 6th place in the world rating. By results of 2018 Russian plants increased production of steel, finished rolled products and steel pipes comparing with 2017. The volumes of world trading by steel products keep growing. The world export by volume is estimated as 454.5 Mt. Countries with the biggest share of steel export of production volume presented. By the results of 2018 the steel industry of Russia is still export-oriented industry and keeps the 5th position among countries with the highest share of steel products export in the production and the 3rd place by the volumes of export shipping. During the last years the Russia’ external trade by ferrous metals is characterized by increase of export and import volumes. Structure of Russian finished rolled products export and import presented, as well as geography of supplies. The share of import rolled products in the domestic consumption amounted to about 14%. Main countries – net exporters and net importers of steel products presented. Russia being a net importer on the whole, takes the 3rd position by volumes. However, during several years by some groups of rolled products, Russia is a net importer. The domestic market is surely a key one for Russian plants. Howeve, the Russian plant not always manage to compete with cheaper import. Besides, some kinds of products are produced in insufficient volumes.
{"title":"Export and import trends of Russia’ steel products in 2017–2018","authors":"Н. Г. Зиновьева","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-903-911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-903-911","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of main indices of world steel industry presented, as well as those of some countries and of Russia for 2017– 2018. Dynamics and structure of production, consumption, export and import of main kinds of Russian steel industry products by results of 2018. In 2018 growth of world consumption amounted to near 80 Mt to the level of 2017, the main input made by Asian region. Its share amounted to near 90% of the growth, mainly by China. Excluding China, the Asian region amounted to 13% of the growth. Russia takes the 7th place in the world rating by steel consumption in 2018, by consumption per capita – the 16th position. In 2018 in Russia, 71.8 Mt of steel were produced, amounting to 6th place in the world rating. By results of 2018 Russian plants increased production of steel, finished rolled products and steel pipes comparing with 2017. The volumes of world trading by steel products keep growing. The world export by volume is estimated as 454.5 Mt. Countries with the biggest share of steel export of production volume presented. By the results of 2018 the steel industry of Russia is still export-oriented industry and keeps the 5th position among countries with the highest share of steel products export in the production and the 3rd place by the volumes of export shipping. During the last years the Russia’ external trade by ferrous metals is characterized by increase of export and import volumes. Structure of Russian finished rolled products export and import presented, as well as geography of supplies. The share of import rolled products in the domestic consumption amounted to about 14%. Main countries – net exporters and net importers of steel products presented. Russia being a net importer on the whole, takes the 3rd position by volumes. However, during several years by some groups of rolled products, Russia is a net importer. The domestic market is surely a key one for Russian plants. Howeve, the Russian plant not always manage to compete with cheaper import. Besides, some kinds of products are produced in insufficient volumes.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115956161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-08DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-840-843
D. Bashkatov, D. S. Mordovkin, I. N. Chmyrev, E. S. Zakharov
In the process of metal reheating before rolling, its losses as a result of high temperature oxidation (metal losses) reach 1–2%. At that the heat transfer for the flame jet to the metal decreases, which results in an increase of fuel consumption and increase of danger of surface defects formation. One of the ways to decrease metal losses in the form of scale during heating due to the organization of the stage burning of fuel considered. This principle implies creation of a neutral or reducing atmosphere of the furnace in the end zones in the direction of metal movement. This is achieved by supplying less amount of air to these zones than necessary for the complete combustion of the fuel. Afterburning of fuel occurs in the first zones of the furnace. Thus, the amount of air required for complete combustion of the fuel does not change and there is no increase in the formation of CO emissions. The technology implementation has been carried out on a reheating furnace equipped with instruments for monitoring the atmospheric composition along the entire furnace length. The values of the excess air factors were varied within the existing process schedule. The application of the stage mode on three walking beam furnaces of a wide-strip hot rolling mill made it possible to reduce metal losses to scale by an average of 9.3% (1.3 kg/t). At the same time, there were no cases of deterioration of other parameters of the heating process, such as fuel consumption, heating quality, formation of hard-to-remove scale.
{"title":"Stage fuel combustion as an effective method to decrease metal losses in reheating furnaces","authors":"D. Bashkatov, D. S. Mordovkin, I. N. Chmyrev, E. S. Zakharov","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-840-843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-840-843","url":null,"abstract":"In the process of metal reheating before rolling, its losses as a result of high temperature oxidation (metal losses) reach 1–2%. At that the heat transfer for the flame jet to the metal decreases, which results in an increase of fuel consumption and increase of danger of surface defects formation. One of the ways to decrease metal losses in the form of scale during heating due to the organization of the stage burning of fuel considered. This principle implies creation of a neutral or reducing atmosphere of the furnace in the end zones in the direction of metal movement. This is achieved by supplying less amount of air to these zones than necessary for the complete combustion of the fuel. Afterburning of fuel occurs in the first zones of the furnace. Thus, the amount of air required for complete combustion of the fuel does not change and there is no increase in the formation of CO emissions. The technology implementation has been carried out on a reheating furnace equipped with instruments for monitoring the atmospheric composition along the entire furnace length. The values of the excess air factors were varied within the existing process schedule. The application of the stage mode on three walking beam furnaces of a wide-strip hot rolling mill made it possible to reduce metal losses to scale by an average of 9.3% (1.3 kg/t). At the same time, there were no cases of deterioration of other parameters of the heating process, such as fuel consumption, heating quality, formation of hard-to-remove scale.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131704038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-08DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-854-859
Удк, Наилучшие Доступные Технологии, Переработки Отходов, ГОРНО-МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОЙ Отрасли, I. Butorina
Mining and metallurgical industries are referred to high wastes productions. To decrease the damage to environment, progressive equipment and technologies are required. It was shown, that the modern approach to the environment protection should be based on implementation best available technologies (BAT). In the elaborated industry technical information BAT reference-book for the mining and metallurgical industries recommendation presented for utilization of main technological wastes of metallurgical production. A brief review of technologies presented, implementation of which allow providing practically complete processing of non-organic wastes, arising during raw materials mining and production of them ferrous metals. To choose the methods of construction and operation wastes utilization, one should be guided by recommendations, related to the thermal sterilization technologies for organic wastes as well as recommendations for utilization of organic wastes. It was noted, that the part of BAT reference book devoted to storing and disposal of production and consumption wastes is an evidence of high level of technologies used in Russia to realize the process. It was indicated, that in the BAT reference books the foreign experience of wastes utilization was not taken into account. Besides, a possibility to sterilize the wastes by thermal method in metallurgical furnaces was not also described. As a whole the application of the information presented in the BAT reference books, will allow to guide specialists of mining and metallurgical plants to choose best available technologies of handling with production wastes.
{"title":"Best available technologies of wastes processing in mining and metallurgical industries","authors":"Удк, Наилучшие Доступные Технологии, Переработки Отходов, ГОРНО-МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОЙ Отрасли, I. Butorina","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-854-859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-854-859","url":null,"abstract":"Mining and metallurgical industries are referred to high wastes productions. To decrease the damage to environment, progressive equipment and technologies are required. It was shown, that the modern approach to the environment protection should be based on implementation best available technologies (BAT). In the elaborated industry technical information BAT reference-book for the mining and metallurgical industries recommendation presented for utilization of main technological wastes of metallurgical production. A brief review of technologies presented, implementation of which allow providing practically complete processing of non-organic wastes, arising during raw materials mining and production of them ferrous metals. To choose the methods of construction and operation wastes utilization, one should be guided by recommendations, related to the thermal sterilization technologies for organic wastes as well as recommendations for utilization of organic wastes. It was noted, that the part of BAT reference book devoted to storing and disposal of production and consumption wastes is an evidence of high level of technologies used in Russia to realize the process. It was indicated, that in the BAT reference books the foreign experience of wastes utilization was not taken into account. Besides, a possibility to sterilize the wastes by thermal method in metallurgical furnaces was not also described. As a whole the application of the information presented in the BAT reference books, will allow to guide specialists of mining and metallurgical plants to choose best available technologies of handling with production wastes.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130085568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-07DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-834-839
V. Rubtsov, O. Shevchenko, V. V. Kurochkin, A. Oparin
During the high hardness grinding balls production the following to the process parameters is the key requirement. The temperature and the deformation uniformity are main parameters at the high hardness grinding balls rolling. Reduction forces can be estimated by modeling, but in this case, they were determined analytically, based on the distribution of the real specific reduction force over the observed temperature fields on the surface of the ball. Revealed a significant increase in the temperature of ball during the cross-helical rolling from equator to the poles from 880 °С to 940 °С. Established temperature increase (up to 60 °C) was observed in the area of the roll flange penetration into the workpiece, where significant deformations occur. Maximum average power of rolling generated on the top of the roll flanges has been determined, which reaches 350 MPa and decreases linearly with the distance from the top of the flange of the deformation tool and is practically reduced to zero on the equator of the ball. It was shown that linear nature of the change of the specific power of rolling is in good agreement with the linear dependence of the mill roll flange growth when it is introduced into the workpiece.
{"title":"Distribution of temperature fields and specific reductions at grinding balls rolling","authors":"V. Rubtsov, O. Shevchenko, V. V. Kurochkin, A. Oparin","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-834-839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-834-839","url":null,"abstract":"During the high hardness grinding balls production the following to the process parameters is the key requirement. The temperature and the deformation uniformity are main parameters at the high hardness grinding balls rolling. Reduction forces can be estimated by modeling, but in this case, they were determined analytically, based on the distribution of the real specific reduction force over the observed temperature fields on the surface of the ball. Revealed a significant increase in the temperature of ball during the cross-helical rolling from equator to the poles from 880 °С to 940 °С. Established temperature increase (up to 60 °C) was observed in the area of the roll flange penetration into the workpiece, where significant deformations occur. Maximum average power of rolling generated on the top of the roll flanges has been determined, which reaches 350 MPa and decreases linearly with the distance from the top of the flange of the deformation tool and is practically reduced to zero on the equator of the ball. It was shown that linear nature of the change of the specific power of rolling is in good agreement with the linear dependence of the mill roll flange growth when it is introduced into the workpiece.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124810264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-810-817
B. Yur'ev, O. Sheshukov, V. Dudko
Heat capacity is one of most important thermal physic characteristics of materials, allowing determining dependence between amount of heat, input to a body or taken away from it, and alteration of its temperature. The labor intensiveness of the test determination of the heat capacity is rather big. Particularly it is difficult to take into account the influence of changes of chemical composition in the process of heating on changes of their heat capacity. A method of calculation of heat capacity of materials proposed using the additivity method. Difficulties of its determination shown, related to insufficient knowledge of additivity method application. The temperature limits determined, until which it is reasonable to make the calculations of materials heat capacity by the proposed method. An example of calculation of siderite ore physical heat capacity considered. Good enough convergence of the results obtained by calculation and heat capacity data, obtained by experiments shown. Divergence between results of heat capacity determination by experiment method and by calculation using additivity method does not exceed 5%. The considered method of physical heat capacity determination can be used also for other materials providing the content of separate components and their changes within the temperature range under the study is known.
{"title":"Determination of physical heat capacity of metallurgical production materials by additivity method","authors":"B. Yur'ev, O. Sheshukov, V. Dudko","doi":"10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-810-817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-7-810-817","url":null,"abstract":"Heat capacity is one of most important thermal physic characteristics of materials, allowing determining dependence between amount of heat, input to a body or taken away from it, and alteration of its temperature. The labor intensiveness of the test determination of the heat capacity is rather big. Particularly it is difficult to take into account the influence of changes of chemical composition in the process of heating on changes of their heat capacity. A method of calculation of heat capacity of materials proposed using the additivity method. Difficulties of its determination shown, related to insufficient knowledge of additivity method application. The temperature limits determined, until which it is reasonable to make the calculations of materials heat capacity by the proposed method. An example of calculation of siderite ore physical heat capacity considered. Good enough convergence of the results obtained by calculation and heat capacity data, obtained by experiments shown. Divergence between results of heat capacity determination by experiment method and by calculation using additivity method does not exceed 5%. The considered method of physical heat capacity determination can be used also for other materials providing the content of separate components and their changes within the temperature range under the study is known.","PeriodicalId":259995,"journal":{"name":"Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121478425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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