Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124800
GuanZheng Wu , Wanquan Cai , Zechang Wei , Yibo Wang , Jiawen Ji , Jing Liu , Fulin Cheng , Chenyang Cai , Yu Fu
Addressing the critical need for freshwater due to growing global demand requires advanced materials for solar evaporation. Liquid metal (LM) shows excellent potential as a photothermal material, but its use in solar evaporators is hampered by poor light absorption and low efficiency, largely because of surface plasmon resonance. To address this, we chemically modified LM with ellagic acid (EA), significantly improving its visible light absorption through strong interfacial bonding. By formulating nanocellulose-based inks, we fabricated a grid-like micropattern and a helical rising macrostructure. The micropattern enhances light harvesting via multiple internal reflections, while the helical geometry increases both air convection and effective evaporation surface area. This engineered EA-LM/cellulose foam demonstrated outstanding solar evaporation performance. Under one sun illumination, it reached a surface temperature of 70.5 °C within one hour and achieved a high evaporation rate of 1.932 kg·m−2·h−1. Moreover, the superiority of 3D evaporator was verified through the related mechanism simulation. By combining molecular-level photothermal enhancement with structural engineering, this approach offers a powerful and sustainable strategy for solar-driven water purification.
{"title":"Cellulose helical foam with multi-strategy optical metasurface via synergistic light trapping for superior interfacial solar energy generation","authors":"GuanZheng Wu , Wanquan Cai , Zechang Wei , Yibo Wang , Jiawen Ji , Jing Liu , Fulin Cheng , Chenyang Cai , Yu Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing the critical need for freshwater due to growing global demand requires advanced materials for solar evaporation. Liquid metal (LM) shows excellent potential as a photothermal material, but its use in solar evaporators is hampered by poor light absorption and low efficiency, largely because of surface plasmon resonance. To address this, we chemically modified LM with ellagic acid (EA), significantly improving its visible light absorption through strong interfacial bonding. By formulating nanocellulose-based inks, we fabricated a grid-like micropattern and a helical rising macrostructure. The micropattern enhances light harvesting via multiple internal reflections, while the helical geometry increases both air convection and effective evaporation surface area. This engineered EA-LM/cellulose foam demonstrated outstanding solar evaporation performance. Under one sun illumination, it reached a surface temperature of 70.5 °C within one hour and achieved a high evaporation rate of 1.932 kg·m<sup>−2</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>. Moreover, the superiority of 3D evaporator was verified through the related mechanism simulation. By combining molecular-level photothermal enhancement with structural engineering, this approach offers a powerful and sustainable strategy for solar-driven water purification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124800"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124797
Sheng Ke , Anqi Wang , Padraig Strappe , Bing Wang , Chirs Blanchard , Bowen Zhou , Zhongkai Zhou , Guohua Zhao
In this study, konjac glucomannan (KGM) was acetylated, followed by the investigation of its corresponding structural and physicochemical properties. Spectroscopic analyses, including FTIR and NMR, confirmed the introduction of acetyl groups. Rheological measurements found a decrease in both viscosity and gel strength of the acetylated KGM (AKGM), attributing to weaker intermolecular interactions. The current study also revealed that the acetylation of KGM led to reduced gut microbiota fermentation kinetics, followed by a lower short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generation, which may be due to the stearic hindrance raised from the introduction of acetyl groups onto its macromolecules. Interesting, although both two types of polysaccharides (before and after acetylation) improved gut microbiota profile in term of enriched probiotics profile, AKGM even generated a lower ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota compared to that of KGM, which was negatively correlated with the degree of acetylation of KGM. Importantly, this was the first time to reveal that Prevotella_9 was selectively promoted in AKGM, followed by a greatly depressed growth of pathogens, such as Escherichia-Shigella compared to KGM. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated that the change in the molecular structure of the polysaccharides targets the promotion of specific bacteria, which may highlight their potent application for individual healthy intervention.
{"title":"Design of functional glucomannan via acetylation for targeting regulation of gut microbiota","authors":"Sheng Ke , Anqi Wang , Padraig Strappe , Bing Wang , Chirs Blanchard , Bowen Zhou , Zhongkai Zhou , Guohua Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, konjac glucomannan (KGM) was acetylated, followed by the investigation of its corresponding structural and physicochemical properties. Spectroscopic analyses, including FTIR and NMR, confirmed the introduction of acetyl groups. Rheological measurements found a decrease in both viscosity and gel strength of the acetylated KGM (AKGM), attributing to weaker intermolecular interactions. The current study also revealed that the acetylation of KGM led to reduced gut microbiota fermentation kinetics, followed by a lower short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generation, which may be due to the stearic hindrance raised from the introduction of acetyl groups onto its macromolecules. Interesting, although both two types of polysaccharides (before and after acetylation) improved gut microbiota profile in term of enriched probiotics profile, AKGM even generated a lower ratio of <em>Firmicutes</em>/<em>Bacteroidota</em> compared to that of KGM, which was negatively correlated with the degree of acetylation of KGM. Importantly, this was the first time to reveal that <em>Prevotella_9</em> was selectively promoted in AKGM, followed by a greatly depressed growth of pathogens, such as <em>Escherichia-Shigella</em> compared to KGM. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated that the change in the molecular structure of the polysaccharides targets the promotion of specific bacteria, which may highlight their potent application for individual healthy intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124797"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124775
Chunzu Cheng , Qingbo Zhao , Zhongkai Xu , Min Gao , Dong Zhang , Jia Shi , Shuo Yang , Jigang Xu , Bowen Cheng
Lyocell fibres, as eco-friendly, renewable cellulose-based materials, have seen growing production capacity. However, their flammability limits compliance with fire safety requirements. The present study aimed to enhance the flammability resistance of lyocell fibres through the incorporation of a synthesized phosphorus‑nitrogen-based polymer (FR-P) flame retardant. The flame-retardant lyocell fibres (FR-L) were prepared using an addition blending method. Analyses of NMMO solvent confirmed minimal solvent decomposition and stable rheological properties of the spinning solution. Thermal decomposition studies indicated that FR-P modified cellulose degradation by promoting dehydration and carbonization, reducing the release of flammable volatiles, thereby increasing char residue, and lowering both the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke release (TSR). Microstructural analysis revealed that a higher FR-P content elevated the limiting oxygen index (LOI) but decreased mechanical strength, increased internal microporosity, and worsened pore alignment relative to the fiber axis. Among the flame-retardant fiber samples, FR-L3 (with FRP 25.37 % content) exhibited optimal performance: after 50 washes, the LOI was retained at 28.6 % (down from the initial 31.4 %), and the mechanical strength remained at 2.86 cN/dtex. This work demonstrates the feasibility of producing high-performance flame-retardant lyocell fibres through blending modification, providing valuable insights for industrial production and performance optimization.
{"title":"Phosphorus‑nitrogen synergistic flame retardancy in lyocell fiber composites: Mechanistic investigation","authors":"Chunzu Cheng , Qingbo Zhao , Zhongkai Xu , Min Gao , Dong Zhang , Jia Shi , Shuo Yang , Jigang Xu , Bowen Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lyocell fibres, as eco-friendly, renewable cellulose-based materials, have seen growing production capacity. However, their flammability limits compliance with fire safety requirements. The present study aimed to enhance the flammability resistance of lyocell fibres through the incorporation of a synthesized phosphorus‑nitrogen-based polymer (FR-P) flame retardant. The flame-retardant lyocell fibres (FR-L) were prepared using an addition blending method. Analyses of NMMO solvent confirmed minimal solvent decomposition and stable rheological properties of the spinning solution. Thermal decomposition studies indicated that FR-P modified cellulose degradation by promoting dehydration and carbonization, reducing the release of flammable volatiles, thereby increasing char residue, and lowering both the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke release (TSR). Microstructural analysis revealed that a higher FR-P content elevated the limiting oxygen index (LOI) but decreased mechanical strength, increased internal microporosity, and worsened pore alignment relative to the fiber axis. Among the flame-retardant fiber samples, FR-L3 (with FRP 25.37 % content) exhibited optimal performance: after 50 washes, the LOI was retained at 28.6 % (down from the initial 31.4 %), and the mechanical strength remained at 2.86 cN/dtex. This work demonstrates the feasibility of producing high-performance flame-retardant lyocell fibres through blending modification, providing valuable insights for industrial production and performance optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124775"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124796
Dong-Hui Geng , Ning Tang , Na Zhang , Kuaitian Wang , Ebenezer Asiamah , Yongqiang Cheng , Xiaoyan Zhao
The balance between inhibiting and promoting starch retrogradation is a challenge in developing low glycemic index foods, as they are important ways for preventing texture deterioration and reducing digestibility, respectively. Currently, a comprehensive analysis on how starch chain structures influence gel strength and digestibility through molecular rearrangement during retrogradation is still lacking. This paper reviewed the short-term and long-term retrogradation properties of amylose and amylopectin, and comprehensively discussed the roles of their chain structures in the ordered degree, strength, and digestibility of retrograded gels. Amylose chains, especially short-medium chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 100–2500, readily rearrange into long and stable helices during retrogradation, which enhances gel strength and reduces starch digestibility. Similarly, long amylopectin chains (≥ 25 DP) demonstrate amylose-like behavior in their rearrangement propensity. In contrast, short-medium amylopectin chains (6–24 DP) exhibit limited rearrangement capacity due to steric hindrance, resulting in the weakening of gel strength and the reduction of resistant starch content. However, these branches promote intermolecular entanglement to form microcrystals, and their α-1,6-glycosidic bonds are insensitive to digestive enzymes, demonstrating excellent potential in producing slowly digestible starch. This review provides critical theoretical insights for the production and storage of high-quality and slow-digestion starch-based foods.
{"title":"Effect of starch chain structures on the order, strength, and digestibility of retrograded starch structures: A review","authors":"Dong-Hui Geng , Ning Tang , Na Zhang , Kuaitian Wang , Ebenezer Asiamah , Yongqiang Cheng , Xiaoyan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The balance between inhibiting and promoting starch retrogradation is a challenge in developing low glycemic index foods, as they are important ways for preventing texture deterioration and reducing digestibility, respectively. Currently, a comprehensive analysis on how starch chain structures influence gel strength and digestibility through molecular rearrangement during retrogradation is still lacking. This paper reviewed the short-term and long-term retrogradation properties of amylose and amylopectin, and comprehensively discussed the roles of their chain structures in the ordered degree, strength, and digestibility of retrograded gels. Amylose chains, especially short-medium chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 100–2500, readily rearrange into long and stable helices during retrogradation, which enhances gel strength and reduces starch digestibility. Similarly, long amylopectin chains (≥ 25 DP) demonstrate amylose-like behavior in their rearrangement propensity. In contrast, short-medium amylopectin chains (6–24 DP) exhibit limited rearrangement capacity due to steric hindrance, resulting in the weakening of gel strength and the reduction of resistant starch content. However, these branches promote intermolecular entanglement to form microcrystals, and their α-1,6-glycosidic bonds are insensitive to digestive enzymes, demonstrating excellent potential in producing slowly digestible starch. This review provides critical theoretical insights for the production and storage of high-quality and slow-digestion starch-based foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124796"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124788
Zhuoyue Wang , Jiacheng Li , Yan Zhou , Shujuan Yang , Bei Yang , Weimin Xing , Gaobo Yu , Yuhong Feng
The development of biomass-based Pickering emulsions (PEs) presents a major opportunity for advanced high-efficiency delivery systems. However, synergistically optimizing both static physical stability and dynamic mechanical strength against high-speed impact remains challenging. Herein, a novel structured PE with a biomimetic “brick-and-mortar” interfacial film was in-situ designed via CD/Ad-based supramolecular host-guest recognition between alginate-β-cyclodextrin (Alg-β-CD) and adamantane-functionalized nano-silica (SNs-Ad) at the liquid-liquid interface. The supra-amphiphilic Alg-β-CD/SNs-Ad particles exhibited an interfacial tension of 21.5 mN/m and achieved 70.6 % interfacial coverage, ensuring excellent static physical stability with no phase separation after 30 days of storage. The mechanical strength of the interfacial film was enhanced through a unique multi-level energy dissipation function, improving centrifugal stability by 40 %. When a PE droplet impacts a superhydrophobic plant leaf at high speed, it shows a 14.81 % increase in spreading factor, a 41.95 % reduction in rebound factor, and a 92.78 % energy dissipation rate, effectively suppressing splashing. The dual-lock coupling anchoring effect, based on “topological interlocking matching,” enhances pesticide retention against rainwater washing by 12.4 times compared to pure polymer systems. This strategy provides an innovative approach for agricultural emulsion delivery systems with high stability, strong foliar deposition, and rainfastness.
生物质基皮克林乳液（pe）的发展为先进的高效输送系统提供了一个重要的机会。然而，协同优化静态物理稳定性和对抗高速冲击的动态机械强度仍然具有挑战性。本文利用基于CD/ ad的超分子识别技术，在液-液界面上设计了一种具有仿生“砖-砂浆”界面膜的新型结构聚乙烯。超两亲性Alg-β-CD/ sn - ad颗粒的界面张力为21.5 mN/m，界面覆盖率为70.6%，存储30天后无相分离，具有良好的静态物理稳定性。通过独特的多级能量耗散功能，增强了界面膜的机械强度，使离心稳定性提高了40%。PE液滴高速撞击超疏水植物叶片时，扩散系数提高14.81%，回弹系数降低41.95%，能量耗散率降低92.78%，有效抑制飞溅。基于“拓扑联锁匹配”的双锁耦合锚定效应，与纯聚合物系统相比，可将农药滞留率提高12.4倍，防止雨水冲刷。该策略为农业乳液输送系统提供了一种创新的方法，具有高稳定性，强叶面沉积和耐雨性。
{"title":"Alginate-based supra-amphiphilic host-guest interfacial recognition reinforced the stability and foliar deposition of biomimetic “brick-and-mortar” structural Pickering emulsions","authors":"Zhuoyue Wang , Jiacheng Li , Yan Zhou , Shujuan Yang , Bei Yang , Weimin Xing , Gaobo Yu , Yuhong Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of biomass-based Pickering emulsions (PEs) presents a major opportunity for advanced high-efficiency delivery systems. However, synergistically optimizing both static physical stability and dynamic mechanical strength against high-speed impact remains challenging. Herein, a novel structured PE with a biomimetic “brick-and-mortar” interfacial film was in-situ designed via CD/Ad-based supramolecular host-guest recognition between alginate-β-cyclodextrin (Alg-β-CD) and adamantane-functionalized nano-silica (SNs-Ad) at the liquid-liquid interface. The supra-amphiphilic Alg-β-CD/SNs-Ad particles exhibited an interfacial tension of 21.5 mN/m and achieved 70.6 % interfacial coverage, ensuring excellent static physical stability with no phase separation after 30 days of storage. The mechanical strength of the interfacial film was enhanced through a unique multi-level energy dissipation function, improving centrifugal stability by 40 %. When a PE droplet impacts a superhydrophobic plant leaf at high speed, it shows a 14.81 % increase in spreading factor, a 41.95 % reduction in rebound factor, and a 92.78 % energy dissipation rate, effectively suppressing splashing. The dual-lock coupling anchoring effect, based on “topological interlocking matching,” enhances pesticide retention against rainwater washing by 12.4 times compared to pure polymer systems. This strategy provides an innovative approach for agricultural emulsion delivery systems with high stability, strong foliar deposition, and rainfastness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124788"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermosensitive, injectable chitosan-based hydrogels are a promising platform for treating critical bone defects; however, they suffer from poor mechanical properties, printability, stability, and bioactivity. This study addresses these limitations by developing a novel composite bioink. The bioink was incorporated with self-assembled nanofibrous aggregates (SNAs) of gelatin and carrageenan into a thermosensitive chitosan-β-glycerophosphate hydrogel to enhance cell binding and structural integrity. To further enhance the bioink's osteogenic potential, four different types of nanoparticles: silicon dioxide, nanohydroxyapatite, laponite and magnesium whitlockite, were added. The SNAs, with RGD sites (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) from gelatin, provide essential cell-binding sites. The synergistic effects of the nanoparticles on the bioink's printability, as well as its physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties, were evaluated. The addition of nanoparticles enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) encapsulated within the bioprinted hydrogel scaffolds. MTT cytotoxicity analysis showed cell viability of >90 % in both L929 and BM-MSCs. While all the nanoparticles improved the bioink's properties, the samples containing Mg-whitlockite nanoparticles showed the most significant enhancements. They demonstrated superior printability, along with significantly improved mechanical properties and enhanced proliferation and differentiation of BM-MSCs. Overall, bioink incorporating whitlockite nanoparticles shows excellent potential for use in bone tissue engineering.
{"title":"Osteogenic evaluation of BM-MSCs in thermosensitive chitosan bioinks incorporating gelatin–carrageenan polyelectrolyte complex SNAs and nanoparticles","authors":"Tanmay Bharadwaj, Shreya Chrungoo, Aditya Narayan D.S. Jenamani, Sahasrabda Sai Pradhan, Devendra Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermosensitive, injectable chitosan-based hydrogels are a promising platform for treating critical bone defects; however, they suffer from poor mechanical properties, printability, stability, and bioactivity. This study addresses these limitations by developing a novel composite bioink. The bioink was incorporated with self-assembled nanofibrous aggregates (SNAs) of gelatin and carrageenan into a thermosensitive chitosan-β-glycerophosphate hydrogel to enhance cell binding and structural integrity. To further enhance the bioink's osteogenic potential, four different types of nanoparticles: silicon dioxide, nanohydroxyapatite, laponite and magnesium whitlockite, were added. The SNAs, with RGD sites (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) from gelatin, provide essential cell-binding sites. The synergistic effects of the nanoparticles on the bioink's printability, as well as its physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties, were evaluated. The addition of nanoparticles enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) encapsulated within the bioprinted hydrogel scaffolds. MTT cytotoxicity analysis showed cell viability of >90 % in both L929 and BM-MSCs. While all the nanoparticles improved the bioink's properties, the samples containing Mg-whitlockite nanoparticles showed the most significant enhancements. They demonstrated superior printability, along with significantly improved mechanical properties and enhanced proliferation and differentiation of BM-MSCs. Overall, bioink incorporating whitlockite nanoparticles shows excellent potential for use in bone tissue engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124791"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polysaccharide-based food-grade particles have remarkable potential to improve the physicochemical stability of emulsions. This study prepared four agar microspheres (AM1–AM4) with different surface charges via emulsion curing and investigated their effects on emulsion stability. Results showed that emulsion stability increased with the surface charge of AMs (AM1 > AM2 > AM3 > AM4). Adjusting the pH and salt ion concentration to modify the surface charge of AM1 revealed that alkaline conditions (pH 11) increased the charge to −57.00 mV, preventing oil–water separation of the emulsion within 30 days. By contrast, salt ions caused phase separation through charge neutralization. Notably, emulsion oxidative stability remained consistent across pH 5–11, demonstrating adaptability to charge fluctuations. At 55 °C, AM1 inhibited lipid oxidation with primary (11.99 mmol/kg) and secondary (1.45 mmol/kg) oxidation products, and these values were significantly lower than those of the control group. These findings indicated that charge-mediated stabilization offered dual protection, enhancing physical stability and reducing lipid oxidation, providing a basis for developing stable, clean-label emulsified foods.
{"title":"Synergistic impact of agar microsphere surface charge on the physical and oxidative stability of Pickering emulsions","authors":"Xiuling Wang , Qin Yin , Huifen Weng , Yonghui Zhang , Xiaoyan Zhuang , Anfeng Xiao , Qiong Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polysaccharide-based food-grade particles have remarkable potential to improve the physicochemical stability of emulsions. This study prepared four agar microspheres (AM1–AM4) with different surface charges via emulsion curing and investigated their effects on emulsion stability. Results showed that emulsion stability increased with the surface charge of AMs (AM1 > AM2 > AM3 > AM4). Adjusting the pH and salt ion concentration to modify the surface charge of AM1 revealed that alkaline conditions (pH 11) increased the charge to −57.00 mV, preventing oil–water separation of the emulsion within 30 days. By contrast, salt ions caused phase separation through charge neutralization. Notably, emulsion oxidative stability remained consistent across pH 5–11, demonstrating adaptability to charge fluctuations. At 55 °C, AM1 inhibited lipid oxidation with primary (11.99 mmol/kg) and secondary (1.45 mmol/kg) oxidation products, and these values were significantly lower than those of the control group. These findings indicated that charge-mediated stabilization offered dual protection, enhancing physical stability and reducing lipid oxidation, providing a basis for developing stable, clean-label emulsified foods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124792"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124784
Hongyu Wang , Ran Song , Guiru Chen , Fei Wang , Luying Wang , Jiandu Lei , Jing Liu
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels have emerged as a leading sustainable material platform for flexible electronics, distinguished by their renewable origin, excellent biocompatibility, and highly tunable physicochemical properties. This review explores material design strategies and application frontiers of CMC hydrogel-based flexible sensors, providing a critical analysis of the structure-property-application relationships. It begins by examining the unique molecular features of CMC that enable diverse chemical modifications and versatile network formation. The review then examines advanced fabrication approaches, focusing on dual-network and multi-modal crosslinking strategies. These designs synergistically combine dynamic non-covalent with stable covalent interactions to achieve breakthrough performance in mechanical robustness, self-healing, and environmental adaptability. The analysis demonstrates their remarkable sensing capabilities across physical, chemical, and biological domains, highlighting their role in enabling high-performance, skin-conformal electronic devices. Finally, the review presents a perspective on intelligent, multifunctional sensing systems, outlining how CMC hydrogels are poised to advance next-generation flexible electronics.
{"title":"Carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels for flexible electronics: From design to applications","authors":"Hongyu Wang , Ran Song , Guiru Chen , Fei Wang , Luying Wang , Jiandu Lei , Jing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels have emerged as a leading sustainable material platform for flexible electronics, distinguished by their renewable origin, excellent biocompatibility, and highly tunable physicochemical properties. This review explores material design strategies and application frontiers of CMC hydrogel-based flexible sensors, providing a critical analysis of the structure-property-application relationships. It begins by examining the unique molecular features of CMC that enable diverse chemical modifications and versatile network formation. The review then examines advanced fabrication approaches, focusing on dual-network and multi-modal crosslinking strategies. These designs synergistically combine dynamic non-covalent with stable covalent interactions to achieve breakthrough performance in mechanical robustness, self-healing, and environmental adaptability. The analysis demonstrates their remarkable sensing capabilities across physical, chemical, and biological domains, highlighting their role in enabling high-performance, skin-conformal electronic devices. Finally, the review presents a perspective on intelligent, multifunctional sensing systems, outlining how CMC hydrogels are poised to advance next-generation flexible electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124784"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124785
Xinping Wang , Han Zhou , Xi Liang , Yue Li , Shimei Shen , Yuxin Li , Qingfeng Niu , Bi Ning Zhang , Shuying Xu , Guangli Yu , Guoyun Li
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a structurally unique glycosaminoglycan involved in various physiological processes. Dysregulated KS levels and sulfation modifications are associated with the development of various disorders. However, the absence of commercial KS standards and specific hydrolases has hindered accurate quantification and functional studies. To overcome these limitations, we prepared two structurally distinct KS disaccharide standards (Gal–GlcNAc6S and Gal6S–GlcNAc6S) from corneal and cartilaginous tissues, and obtained recombinant KS hydrolase through heterologous expression. Given that the total abundance of various sulfated KS disaccharides reflects overall KS content, a robust UPLC–MS/MS method was further developed for simultaneous quantification of multiple sulfated KS disaccharides. The developed methodology demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, achieving KS quantification from minimal biological inputs (500–1,000 cells or 1 mg tissue). Quantitative analysis revealed significant variation in KS distribution among distinct human ocular cell populations, with stromal cells exhibiting the highest abundance, followed by endothelial and epithelial cells. Notably, total KS expression in corneal specimens from macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) patients was reduced by over 90 % relative to keratoconus (KC). This study establishes a comprehensive platform for KS quantification and offers novel insights into its structure–function relationships within ocular tissues.
{"title":"Keratan sulfate revisited: UPLC–MS/MS-based quantitative profiling reveals structural heterogeneity and deficiency in ocular pathologies","authors":"Xinping Wang , Han Zhou , Xi Liang , Yue Li , Shimei Shen , Yuxin Li , Qingfeng Niu , Bi Ning Zhang , Shuying Xu , Guangli Yu , Guoyun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Keratan sulfate (KS) is a structurally unique glycosaminoglycan involved in various physiological processes. Dysregulated KS levels and sulfation modifications are associated with the development of various disorders. However, the absence of commercial KS standards and specific hydrolases has hindered accurate quantification and functional studies. To overcome these limitations, we prepared two structurally distinct KS disaccharide standards (Gal–GlcNAc6S and Gal6S–GlcNAc6S) from corneal and cartilaginous tissues, and obtained recombinant KS hydrolase through heterologous expression. Given that the total abundance of various sulfated KS disaccharides reflects overall KS content, a robust UPLC–MS/MS method was further developed for simultaneous quantification of multiple sulfated KS disaccharides. The developed methodology demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, achieving KS quantification from minimal biological inputs (500–1,000 cells or 1 mg tissue). Quantitative analysis revealed significant variation in KS distribution among distinct human ocular cell populations, with stromal cells exhibiting the highest abundance, followed by endothelial and epithelial cells. Notably, total KS expression in corneal specimens from macular corneal dystrophy (MCD) patients was reduced by over 90 % relative to keratoconus (KC). This study establishes a comprehensive platform for KS quantification and offers novel insights into its structure–function relationships within ocular tissues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124785"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124786
Ting Liu , Guorong Chen , Chunxiang Zhao , Jiajia Fu , Agui Xie , Beilei Cai , Luyong Zhang , Huixia Lv
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress. Effective therapy requires strategies that improve local drug retention while addressing both inflammation and barrier repair. In this study, hyaluronic acid–butyrate (HAB) conjugates with different molecular weights were synthesized and evaluated as dual-functional therapeutics for AD. IVPT using normal and AD-like skin demonstrated that HAB, particularly 5 k-HAB, achieved superior penetration and markedly enhanced skin retention (6.47-fold) compared with free butyrate. These improvements were attributed to inflammation-responsive mechanisms: CD44 overexpression in diseased skin, which promotes HA-mediated targeting, and elevated CES2 activity, which triggers local butyrate release. In a DNFB-induced mouse model, 5 k-HAB significantly accelerated lesion resolution, reduced trans-epidermal water loss and erythema, restored hydration, and normalized epidermal structure. Mechanistic studies revealed that 5 k-HAB synergistically promotes keratinocyte proliferation, mitigates oxidative stress, upregulates key barrier proteins, and suppresses inflammatory cytokines more effectively than HA, free butyrate, or higher-MW conjugates. These results highlight the critical importance of using disease-relevant skin models for evaluating dermal drug delivery and show that enhancing local retention is more impactful than penetration alone. Collectively, 5 k-HAB demonstrates a rational, multifunctional approach for targeted transdermal therapy of AD and other inflammatory skin disorders.
{"title":"Hyaluronic acid–butyrate conjugates for barrier restoration in atopic dermatitis: CD44-mediated retention and inflammation-responsive release","authors":"Ting Liu , Guorong Chen , Chunxiang Zhao , Jiajia Fu , Agui Xie , Beilei Cai , Luyong Zhang , Huixia Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress. Effective therapy requires strategies that improve local drug retention while addressing both inflammation and barrier repair. In this study, hyaluronic acid–butyrate (HAB) conjugates with different molecular weights were synthesized and evaluated as dual-functional therapeutics for AD. IVPT using normal and AD-like skin demonstrated that HAB, particularly 5 k-HAB, achieved superior penetration and markedly enhanced skin retention (6.47-fold) compared with free butyrate. These improvements were attributed to inflammation-responsive mechanisms: CD44 overexpression in diseased skin, which promotes HA-mediated targeting, and elevated CES2 activity, which triggers local butyrate release. In a DNFB-induced mouse model, 5 k-HAB significantly accelerated lesion resolution, reduced trans-epidermal water loss and erythema, restored hydration, and normalized epidermal structure. Mechanistic studies revealed that 5 k-HAB synergistically promotes keratinocyte proliferation, mitigates oxidative stress, upregulates key barrier proteins, and suppresses inflammatory cytokines more effectively than HA, free butyrate, or higher-MW conjugates. These results highlight the critical importance of using disease-relevant skin models for evaluating dermal drug delivery and show that enhancing local retention is more impactful than penetration alone. Collectively, 5 k-HAB demonstrates a rational, multifunctional approach for targeted transdermal therapy of AD and other inflammatory skin disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":261,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymers","volume":"375 ","pages":"Article 124786"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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