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One welfare state emerging? Convergence versus divergence in 16 western countries 一个福利国家正在兴起?16个西方国家的趋同与分化
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830903189931
P. Achterberg, M. Yerkes
In this article we try to investigate the empirical validity of the convergence thesis, which assumes that welfare states are increasingly similar because more generous universal welfare states are adopting policies of retrenchment and neo-liberalization. Using data on the popularity of neo-liberal ideology, welfare state expenditures and the generosity of this spending for 16 western countries, we find that there is no general trend towards neo-liberalization and retrenchment. However, we do find that there is a trend towards convergence. More generous, universal welfare states are becoming more liberalized, and liberal welfare states are expanding, which causes convergence in the middle. At the end of the article we attempt to explain why welfare states are converging. We find that although they do not converge on neo-liberalization as is often thought, two common explanations used to support the neo-liberal convergence arguments, globalization and Europeanization, can explain the “middle-of-the-road” convergence found here.
在本文中,我们试图调查趋同理论的实证有效性,该理论假设福利国家越来越相似,因为更多慷慨的普遍福利国家正在采取紧缩和新自由化的政策。通过对16个西方国家的新自由主义意识形态的普及程度、福利国家支出和这种支出的慷慨程度的数据分析,我们发现,新自由主义和紧缩并没有普遍的趋势。然而,我们确实发现有趋同的趋势。更加慷慨、普遍的福利国家正变得更加自由化,而自由福利国家正在扩张,这导致了中间的趋同。在文章的最后,我们试图解释为什么福利国家正在趋同。我们发现,尽管它们并不像人们通常认为的那样在新自由化上趋同,但用于支持新自由主义趋同论点的两种常见解释——全球化和欧洲化——可以解释本文中发现的“中间道路”趋同。
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引用次数: 39
The politics of development 发展的政治
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830903190020
Brij Mohan
Global poverty and inequality, in the context of current capitalist crisis, will remain a daunting challenge in the twenty-first century. This reality will unleash an era of post-democracy bedeviled by multifaceted meltdowns in political, cultural and economic structures. The outcome will be a catastrophe that will be beyond any human intervention unless we think self-critically and fast. This article seeks to theorize the main processes that thwart the rational–humane logic of development in the “post-American world”.
在当前资本主义危机的背景下,全球贫困和不平等仍将是二十一世纪的一项艰巨挑战。这一现实将开启一个被政治、文化和经济结构的多方面崩溃所困扰的后民主时代。结果将是一场人类无法干预的灾难,除非我们进行自我批判和快速思考。本文试图对阻碍“后美国世界”理性-人文发展逻辑的主要过程进行理论化。
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引用次数: 0
Development-induced impoverishment among involuntarily displaced populations 非自愿流离失所人口因发展而陷入贫困
Pub Date : 2009-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830903189972
P. P. Hong, Shweta Singh, Juliane Ramic
Over the past few years, involuntary resettlement has incurred adverse social and economic consequences for those displaced due to the shortcomings of resettlement and rehabilitation policies. Poor planning, implementation, and monitoring during the involuntary resettlement process resulted in unnecessary resettlement that interrupted provision of basic necessities to the people affected. This article attempts to address the severity and scope of this problem by comparatively reviewing past development projects that were accompanied with involuntary resettlement. The article proposes alternative models of development and resettlement that can potentially inform an internationally viable set of standards to be used as an evaluation tool for domestic policies surrounding displacement.
在过去几年中,由于重新安置和恢复政策的缺点,非自愿重新安置给那些流离失所者造成了不利的社会和经济后果。在非自愿重新安置过程中,规划、执行和监测不当导致了不必要的重新安置,从而中断了向受影响人民提供基本必需品的工作。本文试图通过比较审查过去伴随非自愿重新安置的发展项目来解决这一问题的严重性和范围。这篇文章提出了发展和重新安置的替代模式,这些模式有可能为一套国际上可行的标准提供信息,作为国内有关流离失所政策的评估工具。
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引用次数: 15
Welfare pluralism and the future of retirement-income protection in the United States 福利多元化与美国退休收入保障的未来
Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830902789772
J. Midgley
Like other Western countries, the United States has a pluralist system of retirement provision that has been managed by the state and has worked well. However, this system is changing as defined-benefit occupational pensions are gradually being replaced by individual retirement accounts and as efforts to privatise the Social Security system have intensified. This trend is indicative of a gradual shift towards a welfare consumerist system in which retirement accounts play a vital role. The implications of this trend for the future of retirement-income protection in the United States are considered.
与其他西方国家一样,美国也有一个由国家管理的多元化退休保障体系,并且运行良好。然而,随着固定收益职业养恤金逐渐被个人退休帐户所取代,以及社会保障制度私有化的努力加强,这一制度正在发生变化。这一趋势表明,中国正逐步转向福利消费主义体系,在这种体系中,退休账户扮演着至关重要的角色。本文考虑了这一趋势对美国未来退休收入保障的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Collective agreements on pensions as a source of solidarity 关于养老金的集体协议是团结的源泉
Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830902789715
Christine Trampusch
Within the literature of welfare state retrenchment, the “solidarity-decline thesis” is discussed. It is argued that the privatisation of pension schemes leads to a decrease of solidarity. On the basis of an empirical analysis of collective agreements on pension in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and France, this article discusses this thesis. It reviews concepts of solidarity used in the literature and develops a two-dimensional scheme of four different concepts. It is argued that pensions based on industrial agreements may compensate to a certain degree for solidarity losses caused by retrenchment policies.
在福利国家紧缩的文献中,讨论了“团结-衰落理论”。有人认为,养老金计划的私有化导致了团结的减少。本文在对荷兰、丹麦、德国和法国养老金集体协议进行实证分析的基础上,对本文进行了探讨。它回顾了文献中使用的团结概念,并开发了四个不同概念的二维方案。有人认为,以产业协议为基础的养恤金可以在一定程度上弥补紧缩政策造成的团结损失。
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引用次数: 14
Transforming employer responsibilities: the privatisation of occupational pensions 转变雇主责任:职业养老金私有化
Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830902789764
K. Mann
This article examines the role of employers in providing retirement pensions in three countries that are often characterised as “liberal/Anglo” welfare regimes; the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. It will be suggested that despite some similarities, with a drift away from public welfare rights and industrial/collective rights occurring in all three, there are some differences in how this has been managed. It is suggested that welfare retrenchment and a retreat from collective rights, in both the public and industrial/occupational arenas, is not primarily about public expenditures but rather about shifting the balance of individual, state and employer rights and responsibilities.
本文考察了雇主在三个通常被描述为“自由/盎格鲁”福利制度的国家提供退休金方面的作用;英国、美国和澳大利亚。本文认为,尽管三者有一些相似之处,即公益权利和产业/集体权利的偏离,但在管理方式上存在一些差异。有人建议,在公共和工业/职业领域削减福利和放弃集体权利,主要不是关于公共支出,而是关于改变个人、国家和雇主权利和责任之间的平衡。
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引用次数: 1
A demographic–economic model for adolescent substance abuse and crime prevention 青少年药物滥用和犯罪预防的人口-经济模型
Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830902789780
W. Cartwright, P. Kitsantas, Steven R. Rose
A demographic–economic model is used to estimate the impact of evidenced-based, substance-abuse social intervention that addresses delinquent crime. If ramped-up with more extensive financing, prevention would have many beneficial effects on drug and behavioral problems of delinquent youth. Historical data show drug use accelerates in the 14–15 year age group and peaks in the 18–20 year age group and then begins to decline until age 30. Over a 1-year interval, African Americans aged 12–17 have been found to use illicit drugs at a rate of 14% and Whites at 17%; however, African American youth drug offenses are 51% higher than comparable White youth offenses. Significant economic costs are generated by the disproportionate criminal justice outcomes experienced by African American adolescents, and cost savings are calculated. Two scenarios are developed to illustrate the effect of expanded programming for at-risk youths. A decline in residential placement in the juvenile justice system is projected along with cost savings to taxpayers and victims.
一个人口经济模型被用来估计以证据为基础的影响,药物滥用的社会干预,解决不良犯罪。如果有更广泛的资金投入,预防将对不良青年的毒品和行为问题产生许多有益的影响。历史数据显示,吸毒在14-15岁年龄组加速,在18-20岁年龄组达到高峰,然后开始下降,直到30岁。在一年的间隔中,12-17岁的非裔美国人使用非法药物的比例为14%,白人为17%;然而,非裔美国青少年的毒品犯罪率比白人青少年高出51%。非裔美国青少年所经历的不成比例的刑事司法结果产生了重大的经济成本,并计算了成本节约。本文提出了两种方案,以说明扩大高危青少年方案的效果。预计青少年司法系统中寄宿安置的减少将为纳税人和受害者节省成本。
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引用次数: 8
Eveline M. Burns: a tribute 伊芙琳·m·伯恩斯:致敬
Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830902789707
J. Dixon, Mark S. Hyde
Social policy analysis I take to be the study of the organised efforts of society to meet identifiable personal needs of, or social problems presented by, groups or individuals, evaluating them by reference to their adequacy and effectiveness in attaining certain goals, their economy in the use of scarce resources and their consistency with accepted social values. (Eveline M. Burns, cited in Shlakman, 1969, p. 4)
我认为社会政策分析是研究社会为满足可识别的个人需求或群体或个人提出的社会问题而进行的有组织的努力,通过参考它们在实现某些目标方面的充分性和有效性、它们在使用稀缺资源方面的经济性以及它们与公认的社会价值观的一致性来评估它们。(伊芙琳·m·伯恩斯,引自Shlakman, 1969年,第4页)
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引用次数: 0
Can private pension funds be socially responsible? The US experience 私人养老基金能承担社会责任吗?美国的经验
Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830902789731
Tessa Hebb, L. Beeferman
For much of the relevant literature, the “Anglo-liberal” model is the least satisfactory approach to the provision of retirement pensions. This article addresses a particular aspect of the Anglo-liberal model, the investment of retirement savings in equities and other interest-bearing assets, to augment retirement benefits. The management of such investment pays insufficient attention to the externalities that may arise from corporate decision-making. Nevertheless, several US pension funds have embraced labour-friendly investment practices, which are vital to the well-being of employees, as well as the maintenance of sustainable and vibrant communities. In this respect, the Anglo-liberal model is not necessarily at variance with the demands of social justice and inclusion.
在许多相关文献中,“盎格鲁-自由主义”模式是提供退休养老金的最不令人满意的方法。本文讨论了盎格鲁自由主义模式的一个特殊方面,即将退休储蓄投资于股票和其他有息资产,以增加退休福利。这类投资的管理对企业决策可能产生的外部性关注不足。尽管如此,几家美国养老基金已经采取了对劳工友好的投资做法,这对员工的福祉以及维持可持续和充满活力的社区至关重要。在这方面,盎格鲁-自由主义模式不一定与社会正义和包容的要求相悖。
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引用次数: 8
Individual and collective responsibility: mandated private pensions in a comparative perspective 个人和集体责任:从比较的角度看强制性私人养恤金
Pub Date : 2009-06-01 DOI: 10.1080/17486830902789749
Mark S. Hyde, J. Dixon
For a growing number of social policy analysts, the privatisation of pensions should be understood as an integral element of welfare retrenchment. Driven by the core values of “neo-liberalism”, it is intended to diminish collective responsibility for retirement income futures. We take issue with this characterisation of pensions privatisation. A cross-national comparative analysis of mandated private pensions suggests that the market orientation of their design is generally ambivalent. While the architects of these arrangements have embraced market principles, they have also accepted the principle of collective responsibility. The privatisation of pensions has not been informed, universally or comprehensively, by the core values of neo-liberalism.
对于越来越多的社会政策分析家来说,养老金私有化应该被理解为福利紧缩的一个组成部分。在“新自由主义”核心价值观的推动下,它旨在减少对退休收入未来的集体责任。我们不同意这种对养老金私有化的描述。对强制性私人养老金的跨国比较分析表明,其设计的市场导向通常是矛盾的。虽然这些安排的设计者接受了市场原则,但他们也接受了集体责任的原则。新自由主义的核心价值观并没有普遍或全面地指导养老金私有化。
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引用次数: 7
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Journal of Comparative Social Welfare
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