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Underwater Automatic Oxy arc Cutting of Thick Tubes at Water Depth up to 150m 水下自动氧弧切割厚管水深达150米
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS1943.50.972
M. Hamasaki, Y. Ogawa, M. Katsumura, Yoshiro Matsukawa, Hiroshi Nakamura
The authors have developed underwater automatic oxy-arc cutting method of tubes and this method was put into application to cutting of tubes of I m diam. and 16 mm thick used for construction of bridge pier at water depth of about 10 m. As a successful result was obtained, for the purpose of underwater cutting of beat-in-tube which is employed for preventing overturn of offshore platform, an experiment of underwater cutting using high pressure chamber was at this time carried out. Tubes used were 1 m diam. and 35 and 45 mm thick. Cutting at deep water depth was obtained the same result that at shallow water depth, however cutting oxygen pressure must be added 5-8 kg/cm2 to water pressure corresponding water depth.
作者开发了水下自动氧弧切割管材的方法,并将该方法应用于水深约10 m的桥墩施工中直径1 m、厚度16 mm的管材的切割。由于取得了成功的结果,为了防止海上平台倾覆所使用的管内加热水下切割,此时进行了高压室水下切割实验。所用的管子直径为1米,厚度分别为35和45毫米。深水切割得到与浅水切割相同的结果,但切割氧气压力必须增加到相应水深的水压5-8 kg/cm2。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Form and Size of Backing Strip on the Bending Fatigue Strength of Butt Welded Joint 背带形式和尺寸对对接焊接接头弯曲疲劳强度的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/qjjws1943.50.362
H. Nisitani, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Youichi Misawa, Nobuyuki Besho
Since a fatigue crack of the butt welded joint with a backing strip initiates at the toe of root, fatigue strength of the joint may be strongly influenced by the form and size of the backing strip. Therefore, reversed bending tests were carried out to clarify the relation between stress concentration and fatigue strength of the butt welded joint with a backing strip, by varying the form. and size of the backing strip.In a notched specimen, when a non-propagating crack exists at the root of a notch whose radius is smaller than the root radius of a notch at the branch point (the critical point where a non-propagating crack appears), the fatigue limit of the notched specimen can be estimated from the maximum stress at the root of a notch with no crack developing, whose radius is equal to that at the branch point.As the butt welded joint with a backing strip can be considered as a kind of sharp notches, the fatigue limit of the joint is estimated in a similar manner as in the case of a sharp notch.The specimens used are the simulated specimens cut out from a SS41 plate.The main results obtained are as follows;(1) As the thickness of a backing strip or the root opening decreases, fatigue strength of the butt welded joint increases.(2) In the butt welded joint with a backing strip, the existence of reinforcement increases fatigue strength of the joint.(3) When the notch radius at the toe of root is smaller than the critical radius for the existence of a nonpropagating crack, the fatigue limits of the joint are almost the same under the condition of constant thickness of the specimen and backing strip.
由于带衬条的对接焊接接头的疲劳裂纹是从根趾处产生的,因此衬条的形状和尺寸对接头的疲劳强度有很大影响。因此,进行了反向弯曲试验,以澄清应力集中和疲劳强度之间的关系与背带对接焊接接头,通过改变形式。和背衬条的尺寸。在缺口试件中,当缺口根部存在非扩展裂纹,且裂纹半径小于分支点缺口根部半径(非扩展裂纹出现的临界点)时,缺口试件的疲劳极限可由缺口根部无裂纹形成的最大应力估计,缺口根部的最大应力与分支点的最大应力相等。由于带衬条的对接焊接接头可以看作是一种尖锐的缺口,因此其疲劳极限的估计方法与尖锐缺口的估计方法类似。所使用的标本是从SS41板上切下的模拟标本。得到的主要结果如下:(1)随着衬条厚度或根开口厚度的减小,对接焊接接头的疲劳强度增大;(2)在有衬条的对接焊接接头中,钢筋的存在增加了对接接头的疲劳强度;(3)当根趾缺口半径小于非扩展裂纹存在的临界半径时,在试样厚度和衬板厚度一定的情况下,接头的疲劳极限基本相同。
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引用次数: 0
Proposal of Implant Type Torsion Test for Estimating Adhesive Strength of Sprayed Coatings 估算喷涂涂层粘接强度的植入式扭转试验的建议
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.9.561
T. Terasaki, T. Akiyama, Tomoyoshi Kaneko, H. Hisada
This paper deals with the testing method for estimating the adhesive strength of sprayed coatings by the Implant type specimen loaded torsion because sprayed coatings usually are loaded in shear stress. The shearing strength obtained from this testing method was analysed based on the concept of energy release rate. To obtain the shearing strength of sprayed coatings, we made a new testing machine which can detect as a small stress as a strength of sprayed coatings. Energy release rate was calculated using numerical analysis. The result of the strength obtained from this method was reproducible to plus or minus 10% of a stress. From numerical analysis, the conditions for specimen size, in which the energy release rate caused by the residual stress of each specimen should be equal, was clarified. The energy release rate was useful to estimate the adhesive strength of sprayed coatings.
由于喷涂涂层通常受剪切应力的影响,本文讨论了用加载扭转的植入型试样来估计喷涂涂层粘接强度的试验方法。基于能量释放率的概念,对该试验方法得到的抗剪强度进行了分析。为了获得喷涂涂层的抗剪强度,研制了一种新型试验机,可以在很小的应力下检测喷涂涂层的抗剪强度。通过数值分析计算能量释放率。从这种方法获得的强度结果可重复到±10%的应力。通过数值分析,明确了各试样残余应力引起的能量释放率相等的试样尺寸条件。能量释放率可用于评价喷涂涂层的粘结强度。
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引用次数: 2
Effect of Grain Boundary Structure on Weld Decay of Austenitic Stainless Steel (Part 2) : Grain Boundary Structure and Carbide Precipitation in Type 304 Stainless Steel Weld Heat Affected Zone 晶界组织对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝衰减的影响(二):304型不锈钢焊缝热影响区的晶界组织与碳化物析出
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.9.264
H. Kokawa, T. Kuwana
Grain boundary carbide precipitation in weld heat affected zone of type 304 and 304L, austenitic stainless steels was observed using transmission electron microscope to make clear the effects of grain boundary misorientation and structure on carbide precipitation at grain boundaries in stainless steel welds from a crystallographic viewpoint. Grain boundary carbides were detected in grain boundary precipitation region of the 304 steel weld heat affected zone. In that region, some grain boundaries had carbide precipitates, but some were precipitation-free. Kikuchi line analyses showed that grain boundaries with ordered atomic structures had no carbide precipitates. This tendency was valid in 304L steel weld, although grain boundary carbide precipitates were finer in 304L, steel than in 304 steel. These facts have suggested that grain boundary precipitation and corrosion in stainless steel weld heat affected zone depend sensitively on crystallographic character of grain boundary.
采用透射电镜观察了304型和304L型奥氏体不锈钢焊缝热影响区晶界碳化物析出情况,从结晶学角度研究了晶界取向错误和晶界组织对不锈钢焊缝晶界碳化物析出的影响。在304钢焊缝热影响区晶界析出区检测到晶界碳化物。该区域部分晶界有碳化物析出,部分晶界无碳化物析出。菊池线分析表明,具有有序原子结构的晶界无碳化物析出。这种趋势在304L钢的焊缝中也存在,尽管304L钢的晶界碳化物析出物比304钢细。这些事实表明,不锈钢焊缝热影响区晶界的析出和腐蚀与晶界的结晶学特征密切相关。
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引用次数: 1
Weldability of High Strength Martensitic Stainless Steels 高强度马氏体不锈钢的可焊性
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS1943.50.458
Shigetsugu Asakura, M. Nihei
Influences of the conditions of weld thermal cycle and postweld heat treatment on the notch toughness, tensile properties and crack sensitivity in the HAZ of two high strength (80 kg/mm2 type and 100 kg/ mm2 type) martensitic stainless steels containing Ni, Mo, Nb and Cu were investigated by means of welding thermal cycle simulating method and the slit type cracking test. The results of these tests are sum-marizsed as follows.(1) In the case of 80 kg/mm2 type steel (base metal A), the impact value steeply falls when thermal cycle above 1, 300°C peak temperature is experienced, and recovery of the impact value due to the postheating is little even with postheating at 650°C for 2 hours.(2) In case of the 100 kg, /mm2 type (base metal B; precipitation hardening) steel, the impact value does not almost decrease even though peak temperature of the thermal cycle is changed within the range of Ac1 point-1, 300°C. However, postweld aged at 500°C for 4 hours after exposure to the tehrmal cycle, the impact value drops remarkably when the peak temperature of the thermal cycle exceeds 950°C.(3) In the multipass weld joint tests on two test steels which was carried out under optimum welding procedure and postweld haet treatment as shown in Table 4, satisfactory notch toughness and tensile properties were obtained.(4) In the slit type cracking test, the HAZ cracking can be perfectly prevented when the preheating temperature was higher than 200°C for base metal A and 100°C for base metal B, and holding temperature after welding was at 100°C for each kinds of the test steels and then postheated at 600°C for 10 minutes.
采用焊接热循环模拟方法和缝型开裂试验,研究了焊接热循环条件和焊后热处理条件对80 kg/mm2型和100 kg/mm2型高强度含Ni、Mo、Nb和Cu马氏体不锈钢热影响区缺口韧性、拉伸性能和裂纹敏感性的影响。试验结果总结如下:(1)对于80 kg/mm2型钢(母材A),在1300℃以上的热循环峰值温度下,冲击值急剧下降,即使在650℃下保温2小时,由于保温而恢复的冲击值也很小。在Ac1 ~ 1300℃范围内,即使改变热循环的峰值温度,冲击值也几乎不降低。然而,热循环后500℃时效4h,当热循环峰值温度超过950℃时,冲击值明显下降。(3)在表4所示的最佳焊接工艺和焊后热处理条件下,对两种试验钢进行了多道次焊缝连接试验,获得了满意的缺口韧性和拉伸性能。当母材A和母材B的预热温度分别高于200°C和100°C时,焊后保温温度均为100°C,然后在600°C下保温10分钟,可完全防止热影响区开裂。
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引用次数: 0
Blast Erosion Properties of Sintered Ceramics and Sprayed Coatings 烧结陶瓷和喷涂涂层的鼓风侵蚀性能
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.9.74
Y. Itoh, Masashi Takahashi, M. Saitoh, H. Kashiwaya
The final properties of our study is to discuss the selection of surface modification processes and/or materials from a viewpoint of blast erosion properties. In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out on the blast erosion resistance of sintered ceramics and ceramic sprayed coatings. Three different coatings of WC-12Co, Al2O3 and Cr2O3, which were produced by FLSP and PSP, were examined in comparison with the sintered ceramics. The effect of test conditions, such as blast angle and blast particle size, on the erosion resistance were made clear. The better correlation between volume erosion rate and Vickers hardness after erosion could not be obtained from the experimental results. It appears that the blast erosion properties of sintered ceramics and ceramic sprayed coatings may be affected by not only the hardness but also the fracture toughness. It was also confirmed by experiments that the material (process) selection could be easily conducted using the relationship of the erosion resistance between the blast angle 30° and 90°. It made clear that the effect of blast angle on the volume erosion rate of the sintered ceramics and sprayed coatings could be approximately estimated by the assumption of sinΨ (Ψ: blast angle) dependency.
我们研究的最后一个特性是从爆蚀特性的角度讨论表面改性工艺和/或材料的选择。本文对烧结陶瓷和陶瓷喷涂涂层的抗风蚀性能进行了试验研究。采用FLSP和PSP制备了WC-12Co、Al2O3和Cr2O3三种不同的涂层,并与烧结陶瓷进行了对比研究。研究了爆破角度、爆破粒度等试验条件对抗冲蚀性能的影响。从实验结果中无法得到体积侵蚀速率与侵蚀后维氏硬度之间较好的相关性。结果表明,烧结陶瓷和喷涂陶瓷涂层的冲蚀性能不仅受其硬度的影响,还受其断裂韧性的影响。实验还证实,利用30°和90°爆破角之间的抗冲蚀性关系,可以方便地进行材料(工艺)的选择。研究表明,爆破角对烧结陶瓷和喷涂涂层体积侵蚀速率的影响可以通过sinΨ (Ψ:爆破角)依赖的假设来近似估计。
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引用次数: 1
Study on Liquid Phase Diffusion Welding of Nickel Base Superalloy Used Ni-B System Alloyed Layer Formed on Bonding Surface with Sputtering. 用溅射法在键合表面形成Ni-B系合金层液相扩散焊接镍基高温合金的研究。
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.9.365
Takao Funamoto, Kato Mitsuo, R. Kajiwara, K. Yasuda, T. Shida, F. Matsuda
Liquid phase diffusion welding of Ni-base superalloy (IN738LC) was studied. In this study, the surface of IN738LC was cleaned by Ar ion bombardment and an alloyed layer (Ni-B alloy, Ni-Cr-Si-B alloy) was deposited on the bonding surface by sputtering.In this report, the effect of Ar ion bombardment on melting temperature of alloyed layer formed on base metal, penetration of alloyed layer into base metal and weldability, and the effect of composition of alloyed layer on melting temperature of alloyed layer, penetration of alloyed layer into base metal and weldability were investigated.The main results indicated that : (1) The penetration was increased by cleaning with Ar ion bombardment.(2) Penetration of Ni-Cr-Si-B alloyed layer was larger than penetration of Ni-B alloyed layer and melting temperature range of Ni-Cr-Si-B alloyed layer was larger than melting temperature range of Ni-B alloyed layer.(3) Pressure of welding used Ni-Cr-Si-B alloyed layer was lower than pressure of welding used Ni-B alloyed layer. (4) Weldability with cleaning was better than weldability without cleaning (5) Tensile strength of welded joint was the same as tensile strength of base metal, but elongation and reduction of area were lower than elongation and reduction of area of base metal. But mechanical property was improved by diffusion heat treatment.
研究了ni基高温合金(IN738LC)的液相扩散焊接。本研究采用氩离子轰击法对IN738LC表面进行清洗,并通过溅射在结合表面沉积合金层(Ni-B合金,Ni-Cr-Si-B合金)。本文研究了氩离子轰击对合金层在母材上熔化温度、合金层侵彻母材和可焊性的影响,以及合金层成分对合金层熔化温度、合金层侵彻母材和可焊性的影响。主要结果表明:(1)氩离子轰击清洗提高了熔深,(2)Ni-Cr-Si-B合金层的熔深大于Ni-B合金层,Ni-Cr-Si-B合金层的熔化温度范围大于Ni-B合金层的熔化温度范围,(3)Ni-Cr-Si-B合金层的焊接压力小于Ni-B合金层的焊接压力。(5)焊接接头的抗拉强度与母材的抗拉强度相同,但伸长率和面积收缩率低于母材的伸长率和面积收缩率。但通过扩散热处理提高了材料的力学性能。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Ambient Temperature on Steel Weldability 环境温度对钢材可焊性的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.9.252
T. Kasuya, N. Yurioka
It is well known that there are four main factors for cold cracking probability in a heat affected zone (HAZ), i.e., carbon equivalent, diffusible hydrogen content, welding thermal history and residual stress. Using these four factors, several criteria have been presented to avoid cold crack-ng. At low ambient temperaturel welding without prehaeting is sometimes preculded, because the surface of a welded plate might be frozen. On the other hand, high tensile strength modern steels have low carbon equivalent owing to such newly developed processes as thermomechanical control, which means that steeleweldability is much higher than that of the old days. And because of this tendency, reducing carbon equivalent, many opportunities will occur that welding, sometimes without preheating, is condicted at low ambient temperature. However, there are few research reports which examine the effect of ambient temperature on steel weldability. The authors examined the eqect of ambient temperature on cold cracking susceptibility. Temperatures chosen were 20°C, -10°C and -30°C. The Tekken test method was applied to steels, and five macro sections were machined from every tets piece to observe cold cracking in hte HAZ. From the experimental results, it is concluded that it must be considered as an additional independent factor for cold cracking susceptibility. To assess this effect, the modified carbon equivalent is introduced.
众所周知,影响热影响区(HAZ)冷裂概率的主要因素有四个,即碳当量、扩散氢含量、焊接热历史和残余应力。利用这四个因素,提出了避免冷裂的几个准则。在较低的环境温度下,不进行预热的焊接有时会被禁止,因为焊接板的表面可能会结冰。另一方面,高抗拉强度的现代钢由于热机械控制等新技术的发展,具有低碳当量,这意味着钢的可焊性比过去高得多。由于这种减少碳当量的趋势,将有许多机会在低环境温度下进行焊接,有时没有预热。然而,关于环境温度对钢材可焊性影响的研究报道很少。研究了环境温度对冷裂敏感性的影响。温度选择为20°C, -10°C和-30°C。采用Tekken试验方法,在每个试件上加工5个宏截面,观察热影响区冷裂情况。从实验结果中得出结论,它必须作为冷裂敏感性的一个附加独立因素加以考虑。为了评估这种效果,引入了改性碳当量。
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引用次数: 0
Wettability and Interaction of Silver-base Brazing Alloy Melts to Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron 银基钎焊合金熔体对球墨铸铁的润湿性及相互作用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/QJJWS.9.354
Y. Ono, K. Ōgi
フェライ ト球状黒鉛鋳鉄 は鋼 に匹敵 する強度を持 ち, また靱性 に も優れ るため産業用機械 や自動車部 品な どに 幅広 く利 用されてい る.こ の鋳鉄を鋼等の異種材料 と接 合する ときアー クな どを用い る融接法で は,鋳 鉄 の再溶 解部 のチル化 に よる脆化が問題 とな る.ま た鋳鉄 を共 析変態点以上 に加熱すると,基 地が オーステナイ ト化 し 冷却過程でパーライ ト及びマルテンサイ ト変態 して靱性 を劣化 させ る可能性 がある. ろう材 の中で銀 ろうは比較 的融点が低 く接合強度 も大 きいため,鋼 をはじめ高強度合金の接合に幅広 く利用 さ れている.フ ェライ ト鋳鉄用の銀ろうとしては融点が共 析温度以下のJIS.BAg1~3が あるが,こ れ らはCdを 含有 し有害なCdヒ ューム を発生す る.Cdヒ ューム発生 量 は温度 の上 昇 とともに増加 し,適 正 ろ う付温 度の100 K以 上 になる と,溶 接作業管理基準(WES9007)に おけ るCdの 管理濃度 を大 き く越 え る.Cdを 含有 しない低 融点の銀 ろう としてRA。Hardingは49Ag-16Cu-23Zn -4.5Ni-7.5Mn合 金 を開発 し,フ ェライ ト球状黒鉛鋳鉄 との接合実験 を行 い,母 材 に匹敵する接合強度 を得てい る.ろ う付 において確実 で健全な接合 を得 るためには, ろうが継手 間隙 に流入 し十分広がる必要があ り,母 材 に 対 するろうのぬれ性の良い ことが重要である.フ ェライ ト球状黒鉛鋳鉄 はフェライ ト基地中に黒鉛が分散 した複 合組織であるため,ろ うとのぬれ性 は黒鉛一銀 ろう,フ エライ トー銀 ろう間のぬれの平均的 なものになる と予測 され る.ま た,界 面では合金層や拡散層の ような反応層 の形成,母 材 の溶 け出 しな ど複雑な反応 が生 じ,ぬ れや 接合強 度な ど界面に依存 した性質 に影響 する もの と考え られるが,上 記 のNi,Mn含 有銀 ろうは じめ,ろ うと鋳 鉄 との接合過程の詳細 に関す る研 究 は少 ない.そ こで本 研究 で は,フ ェライ ト球状黒鉛鋳鉄に対 する銀 ろうのぬ れ挙動 及び両者の界面反応 について,銀 ろうの化学組成, 雰囲気 及び温度 との関係で研究 した.
球状石墨铸铁具有与钢相匹敌的强度,另外,由于韧性好,被广泛应用于工业机械和汽车零件等。在将铸铁与钢等异种材料接合时,采用电弧等的熔接法中,铸铁的再熔解部分由于熔化引起的脆化是问题。另外,如果将铸铁加热到共析变态点以上,基体就会变成奥氏体,在冷却过程中也有可能变态成帕来特和马氏体,使韧性恶化。在蜡材中,银蜡的熔点较低,接合强度也较大,因此被广泛应用于钢等高强度合金的接合中。作为熔点和铸铁用的银蜡,其熔点是一致的。析温度以下的JIS.BAg1~3,它们含有Cd,会产生有害的Cd丰度。Cd丰度的产生量随着温度的上升而增加,适合正劳动温度100当达到K以上时,大大超过了熔接工作管理标准(WES9007)中醇Cd的管理浓度。Harding开发出49ag - 16cu - 23zn -4.5 nic -7.5Mn合金,并进行了与石墨球状石墨铸铁的接合实验,获得了与母材相媲美的接合强度。为了得到确切而健全的接合,由于蜡必须流入接头间隙并充分扩大,因此对母材来说,蜡的润湿性良好是非常重要的。由于铁坯球状石墨铸铁是石墨在铁坯基地中分散的复合组织,因此铁坯预计石墨一银蜡和石墨一银蜡之间的光的湿性是平均的。另外,在界面上,合金层和扩散层等反应层的形成,母材的溶解等。会产生复杂的反应,这可能会影响到粘结强度等依赖界面的性质。以上是Ni、Mn含有银蜡,以及蜡与铸铁的粘结过程的详细情况。在此研究中,关于银蜡对球状石墨铸铁的浸湿行为及两者的界面反应,研究了银蜡的化学组成、气氛及温度的关系。
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引用次数: 1
Wetting and Reaction Products Formed at the Interface Between SiC and Cu-Ti Alloys SiC与Cu-Ti合金界面形成的润湿和反应产物
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2207/qjjws.9.519
T. Nishino, S. Urai, I. Okamoto, M. Naka
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Transactions of the Japan Welding Society
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