Chemosphere最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing water efficiency in the processing of leafy greens: Efficacy of inline chlorine and pH control systems in reducing microbial contamination and limiting DBP formation","authors":"Tessa Tuytschaever,&nbsp;Michael Chys,&nbsp;Kiara Viaene,&nbsp;Imca Sampers","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing water use in the food industry is crucial due to its increasing scarcity. Disinfectants extend the lifespan of wash water by inhibiting bacterial growth and reducing cross-contamination risks. Chlorine is commonly chosen for its affordability, ease of use, and availability. Maintaining a pH of 5.5–6 maximizes free chlorine effectiveness. However, maintaining stable pH and chlorine levels is challenging. Continuous inline monitoring systems for chlorine levels offer significant advantages over offline point measurements, addressing fluctuating chlorine and pH levels<em>.</em> The Automated SmartWash Analytical platform (ASAP) unit, an inline dosing and monitoring (i.e. control) system, was tested at full scale during the washing of iceberg and Lollo Rossa lettuce, using different lettuce-to-water ratios, simulating various processing conditions. Inline and offline free chlorine and pH measurements were compared with those of the ASAP unit. Additional physicochemical parameters, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and turbidity, were also monitored. Microbiological analysis (total plate count, coliforms, and <em>Pseudomonas</em> spp.) assessed cross-contamination risks, while trihalomethanes and chlorate levels in wash water and final products were evaluated to monitor DBP. Propylene glycol and orthophosphate, processing aids from SmartWash Original acidulant (i.e.T-128, a chlorine stabilizer), were also measured. Results demonstrated the control unit's ability to maintain stable chlorine and pH levels despite increasing organic loads, reducing cross-contamination risks and ensuring microbiological stability. DBP levels and processing aids remained within legal limits in the final product. Moreover, the sensory quality of fresh-cut lettuce was unaffected, regardless of chlorine use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144205"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influencing factors on performance of electro-oxidation and UV/electro-oxidation for removal of atrazine: Kinetics, long-term stability and toxicity","authors":"Phattaraphol Boontham,&nbsp;Songkeart Phattarapattamawong","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Performance of electro-oxidation (EO) and UV/electro-oxidation (UV/EO) on atrazine (ATZ) removal was investigated under various operating factors. Because of synergistic effect on ATZ removal, UV/EO was the most effective process, followed by UV/chlorine, EO, UV irradiation, and chlorination, respectively. Although the energy consumption of UV/EO for 90% removal was similar to that of EO, UV/EO removed ATZ 1.8 times faster than EO. Boron doped diamond (BDD) exhibited greater ATZ removal than dimensionally stable anode (DSA), and performance of BDD was stable for treatment of 50 cycle times (100 h). Performance of EO and UV/EO on ATZ removal increased with higher current density and low pH. ATZ removal by EO and UV/EO was independent to NaCl concentrations (300–1000 mg.L⁻¹). HO• played a major role on ATZ removal, while the role of RCS was minor. The 2nd-order reaction rate constant of HO• with ATZ (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>T</mi><mi>Z</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>H</mi><mi>O</mi><mo>•</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) was 1.36 × 10⁹ M⁻¹s⁻¹. Although phytotoxicity was a sensitive endpoint to ATZ, different inhibition on germination of <em>Ipomoea aquatica</em> and <em>Oryza sativa L.</em> (Khao Dawk Mali 105) seeds was observed. UV/EO was the most effective process for ATZ detoxication. Germination index of <em>Ipomoea aquatica</em> and <em>Oryza sativa L.</em> (Khao Dawk Mali 105) seeds for samples treated by UV/EO was equivalent or greater than the control sample.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144187"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining region-specific soil quality standards for pesticides in China","authors":"Yabi Huang,&nbsp;Zijian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China is a vast, pesticide-dependent agricultural country. Given that pesticide exposure patterns and dissipation vary across regions, there is a need to establish region-specific soil pesticide standards to protect human health. This study proposed a regulatory framework that can derive pesticide soil standards (PSSs) for the average (PSS_A) and ceiling (PSS_C) values. This framework consists of two components: human exposure assessment and pesticide dissipation. The former computes the region-specific exposure frequency and duration of the children and provides a comprehensive health risk assessment to derive PSS_A. The latter calculates the region-specific pesticide dissipation and pesticide application intervals and determines the relationship between average and ceiling concentration after pesticide application to derive PSS_C. Employing this framework, a spreadsheet-based simulation tool was developed to calculate standards for the four most widely used pesticides in China. The results showed that the simulated PSS_A values of acetochlor, atrazine, carbofuran, and chlorpyrifos varied considerably among different provinces, ranging from 33.3–121.6, 300.7–683.4, 1.9–5.1, and 10.1–33.9 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Children in the southern provinces tended to have longer outdoor activity time (i.e., higher outdoor soil exposure frequency) than in the northern provinces due to the warm weather, hence these regions require stricter (i.e., lower) average soil standards. Pesticide dissipation rates in the northern provinces were slower than in the southern provinces. Nevertheless, due to the higher frequency of pesticide applications in the southern regions, the PSS_C values in these areas are still generally lower than in the northern regions. In addition, a comparison was conducted between the current standards and simulated values for 13 regulated pesticides. The results found that there is a lack of ceiling standards in China to manage pesticide application patterns and the existing standards for some pesticides (e.g., chlordane, HCB, and lindane) may be too lenient for certain southern provinces to protect human health. Taken together, it is recommended that China's environmental agencies update the pesticide standard system. The regulatory framework and simulation tool proposed in this study are expected to provide scientific and reasonable support for establishing region-specific standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144198"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abating a micropollutant epinastine by UV-based advanced oxidation processes: Comparison for UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/persulfate, and UV/chlorine, impacts of bromide contents, and formation of DBPs during post-chlorination","authors":"Yuichiro Murata,&nbsp;Hiroshi Sakai","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthropogenic organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, contaminate water, posing toxicological risks caused by either their parent compounds or transformation products. This study compares ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation processes (UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/persulfate, and UV/chlorine) for the abatement of an antihistamine drug epinastine. UV light at 254 nm was irradiated upon solutions containing 10 μM epinastine and 100 μM oxidant. UV/chlorine degraded epinastine most effectively at pH 6.0–8.0; considerable contributions by reactive chlorine species and hydroxyl radicals were quantified using probe compounds. Furthermore, the degradation efficiency of the UV/chlorine treatment persisted with a halved chlorine dosage. Additionally, the types and concentrations of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) produced during UV/chlorine treatment with or without post-chlorination varied depending on the concentrations of chlorine or bromide. By comparing estimated DBP formations at a constant degradation rate of epinastine, UV/chlorine formed smaller concentrations of DBPs. Consequently, this study experimentally revealed that UV/chlorine is superior to UV/hydrogen peroxide and UV/persulfate for degrading epinastine at the possible pH and bromide content in the environment and controlling toxicological risks caused by disinfection DBPs formation by optimising chlorine dosage and UV fluence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144206"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead and cadmium exposure was associated with faster epigenetic aging in a representative sample of adults aged 50 and older in the United States","authors":"Seung-Woo Ryoo ,&nbsp;Baek-Yong Choi ,&nbsp;Seok-Yoon Son ,&nbsp;Ji-Hyeon Lee ,&nbsp;Jin-Young Min ,&nbsp;Kyoung-Bok Min","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lead and cadmium are among the most prevalent environmental toxicants and are highly detrimental to human health. While prior studies link heavy metal exposure to reduced telomere length and increased DNA methylation age, their relationship with epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) remains understudied. This study investigates whether exposure to lead and cadmium accelerates biological aging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 2201 participants aged 50 or older from the 1999–2002 NHANES. Blood lead and cadmium levels were measured using simultaneous multi-element atomic absorption spectrometry. Eight DNA-methylation-based epigenetic clocks were included in the analysis: Hannum Age, Horvath pan-tissue Age, PhenoAge, GrimAge, GrimAge version 2, Skin Blood Age, epiTOC, and DNAmTL. EAA for each individual was calculated as the residuals from the regression of estimated epigenetic age on chronological age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 2201 American older adults, the mean (SE, standard error) chronological age was 65.75 (0.21), which was closest to the mean GrimAge (65.99; SE = 0.19). After adjusting for demographics, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and cell type composition, multivariate linear regression analyses revealed associations of blood lead and cadmium levels with significantly higher Hannum Age, Grim Age, Grim Age2, Skin Blood Age (associated with lead only), as well as Phenotypic Age and DNAmTL (associated with cadmium only). Quartile-based analyses of blood lead and cadmium levels according to quartiles revealed consistent and strong associations between greater exposure to lead or cadmium (e.g., the fourth quartile of the metals) and EAA. Among lifestyle factors, smoking had a pronounced impact on accelerated aging, especially in the Grim Age and Grim Age2.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>We found that exposure to lead and cadmium was associated with accelerated epigenetic age. These findings suggest the potential role of lead and cadmium in EAA and propose the integration of environmental factors to refine epigenetic age prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144194"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can poly(butylene succinate) degrade in seawater?","authors":"Yuya Tachibana ,&nbsp;Yuta Sawanaka ,&nbsp;Toyokazu Tsutsuba ,&nbsp;Miwa Suzuki ,&nbsp;Manami Hiraishi ,&nbsp;Momoka Kudo ,&nbsp;Junko Torii ,&nbsp;Ken-ichi Kasuya","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu) is a promising biodegradable polymer in natural environments. However, its biodegradability in marine environments is debatable. It is well known that the biodegradability of biodegradable polymers depends on their molecular weight. In this study, we explored the effect of the molecular weight of PBSu on its biodegradability through biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing in seawater. PBSu samples with different molecular weights were prepared by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). After biodegradation testing, we extracted the residual organic matter from seawater to evaluate changes in the molecular weight by SEC, revealing that PBSu was enzymatically hydrolysed in seawater. Low-molecular-weight (LMW)-PBSu exhibited higher biodegradability in seawater while high-molecular-weight PBSu underwent hydrolysis over an extended period. Moreover, we evaluated the changes in microbial flora during biodegradation testing using amplicon sequencing of the culture media, which revealed that the microbial flora changed in response to the presence of PBSu. These findings suggest that PBSu is a potential biodegradable polymer at a sufficiently low molecular weight or when the degradation period is sufficiently long.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144203"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent occurrence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater, emerging treatment technologies, and future considerations: A review","authors":"Ojima Zechariah Wada ,&nbsp;David Bamidele Olawade","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceuticals represent an emerging class of pollutants raising significant environmental health concerns, with their presence in freshwater systems linked to adverse aquatic ecosystem impacts and acceleration of antibiotic resistance development. This narrative review examines recent (2019–2024) pharmaceutical occurrences in freshwater globally, analyzes contamination pathways, evaluates compound-specific degradability, and assesses treatment technologies.</div><div>Analysis revealed significant pharmaceutical contamination in freshwater sources across the six major continents, primarily entering through wastewater treatment plant effluents, groundwater recharge processes, and inadequate sanitation infrastructure/septic systems. Stark geographical disparities were observed, with regions lacking centralized treatment infrastructure showing multiple-fold higher concentrations, particularly in Africa and Latin America (exemplified by amoxicillin levels reaching 272,156 ng/L in Lagos, Nigeria). Pharmaceutical profiles reflected local healthcare patterns, with antimalarials and antiretrovirals prevalent in endemic regions. Globally prevalent compounds included caffeine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and diclofenac. While some compounds like caffeine showed relatively good removal in conventional treatment systems, their high usage rates overwhelmed treatment capacity. Others, particularly carbamazepine, demonstrated high recalcitrance to conventional treatment methods. Advanced oxidation processes and membrane technologies showed high removal efficiencies, while biochar-based systems emerged as promising, cost-effective alternatives using locally available resources.</div><div>The findings underscore the need for both centralized and decentralized treatment approaches. Point-of-use technologies emerge as crucial immediate interventions for regions with inadequate infrastructure, while advanced technologies show promise for large-scale applications. The review emphasizes that municipalities should conduct systematic screening to identify locally prevalent pharmaceuticals, as treatment requirements vary significantly with local usage patterns, making a one-size-fits-all approach ineffective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144153"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biotransformation of bis(2-chloroethyl)2-chloroethylphosphphonate, and its effects on metabolism of lipid molecules in primary mouse hepatocytes","authors":"Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Jianan Huang,&nbsp;Pingping Kang,&nbsp;Guanyong Su","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bis(2-chloroethyl)2-chloroethylphosphphonate (B2CE2CEPP) was recently reported as a contaminant in underground water samples, however, information regarding its biotransformation and adverse effects is relatively rare. In this study, B2CE2CEPP and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP; a typical organophosphate triester with a very similar structure as compared to B2CE2CEPP) were used as target contaminants to comparatively investigate their cytotoxicity, biotransformation, and alteration of lipid metabolism by use of an in vitro primary hepatocyte assay of ICR mice. This study aims to thoroughly investigate the cytotoxicity, biotransformation, and lipid metabolism effects of B2CE2CEPP and TCEP on primary hepatocytes of ICR mice, in order to reveal the potential health risks of these two organophosphorus compounds. The results showed that both B2CE2CEPP and TCEP were cytotoxic with LC50 values of 456 μM (B2CE2CEPP) and 1250 μM (TCEP), respectively. Both compounds underwent significant metabolic transformation follow exposure to primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs), and a total of 4 potential metabolites were identified based on high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry technique. Exposure to TCEP and B2CE2CEPP led to lipid metabolism disorders in PMHs. TG (16:0/16:1/18:1) showed high sensitivity to B2CE2CEPP exposure and exhibited a significant upregulation trend, making it a potential biomarker significantly influenced by B2CE2CEPP exposure. Lipidomic analysis showed that B2CE2CEPP affected lipid metabolic pathways including thiamine metabolism, one carbon pool by folate, and folatesteroid hormone biosynthesis. The present study filled a knowledge gap in the current research on the biotransformation and adverse effects of B2CE2CEPP, and emphasized the importance on consistent monitoring of B2CE2CEPP and its structure-like compounds in various environmental samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144195"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the efficacy of phosphate and lime amendments in immobilizing three forms of lead in contaminated soil: An in vivo study on C57/BL6 mice simulating environmentally realistic exposure pathways","authors":"Nyein Chan Soe ,&nbsp;Takashi Fujimori ,&nbsp;Kenji Shiota ,&nbsp;Rio Doya ,&nbsp;Walubita Mufalo ,&nbsp;Mayumi Ito ,&nbsp;Tsutomu Sato ,&nbsp;Toshifumi Igarashi ,&nbsp;Yoshinori Ikenaka ,&nbsp;Mayumi Ishizuka ,&nbsp;Shouta M.M. Nakayama","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lead (Pb) bioavailability differs depending on the specific Pb species present in the area. Adding organic and inorganic soil amendments can ameliorate the mobility of Pb in the soil. However, there is a scarcity of in vivo studies investigating the impact of these amendments on mammals via environmentally realistic exposure pathways. We evaluated the accumulation of Pb in blood and tissues of mice living on soils spiked with one of three Pb species (hydrocerussite [2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂], lead sulfate [PbSO₄], and lead sulfide [PbS]) and compared the efficacy of phosphate (triple super phosphate [TSP] or phosphoric acid) or liming (calcined dolomite) amendments in reducing Pb accumulation from these soils via realistic exposure pathways. The Pb species in the spiked soil were investigated via X-ray absorption near edge structures (XANES) spectroscopy. C57/BL6 mice (six per group) were exposed to both Pb-spiked and amended soils by housing them on the soil for three months and thus simulating realistic exposure pathways. XANES analysis revealed that Pb carbonates were the dominant phase in all Pb-spiked soils. The group exposed to 2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂ had the greatest Pb accumulation in brain, trachea, kidneys, liver, bone, and blood, but not lungs, whereas the PbS-exposed group accumulated more Pb in the lungs. TSP was the most effective chemical stabilizer of the three amendments, facilitating reductions in the 2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂, PbSO₄, and PbS exposure groups of 68–88%, 44–62%, and 6–49%, respectively. This suggests that chemical remediation using phosphate sources may be effective for immobilizing various Pb species in soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144201"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143388069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of PM measurement results due to subsampling of filters and water content analysis","authors":"Dmytro Chyzhykov ,&nbsp;Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca ,&nbsp;Barbara Mathews","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of filter cutting on particulate matter (PM) analysis using gravimetric measurements, Karl Fischer titration (KF), and ion chromatography. Six Whatman™ Quartz fiber filters were exposed to PM at an urban background site in Zabrze, Poland, collecting PM1 and PM2.5 fractions. Filters were conditioned before and after exposure, and their masses were measured gravimetrically. Cutting was performed using a 3D-printed plate under controlled humidity and temperature to minimize material loss or addition. KF titration assessed water content in PM sub-samples, while ion chromatography analyzed water-soluble ions before and after titration to examine potential changes in ion composition due to the KF oven's heating process. Results show significant material loss when filters were cut into sectors during sub-sampling. For PM1 filters, the average material loss was 0.060 ± 0.073 mg, while PM2.5 filters experienced a loss of 0.192 ± 0.142 mg. Relative deposit mass losses for PM1 filters were 3.34%, 3.35%, and 3.54%, and for PM2.5 filters, 5.96%, 7.53%, and 9.65%, highlighting variations based on deposit amount and composition. The relative variability in water content measured in filter sectors ranged from 2.65% to 4.79%, whereas variability from cutting sectors ranged from 0.0011% to 0.0304%, indicating that water content contributes more significantly to variability in PM assessment. ANOVA revealed negligible effects of sub-sampling timing on material loss (p = 0.7908).</div><div>This study highlights uncertainties in filter sub-sampling (cutting) during PM analysis and their implications for PM measurement accuracy. By combining analytical techniques, it underscores the need to refine sub-sampling methodologies. The findings contribute to improving the reliability of PM assessments, particularly regarding water content variability and deposit losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":276,"journal":{"name":"Chemosphere","volume":"374 ","pages":"Article 144177"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}