To enhance the interfacial adhesion and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of basalt fiber-reinforced epoxy (BF/EP) composites, a hierarchical rigid–flexible structure was constructed by sequentially depositing polyaniline (PANI) and in-situ grown ZIF-67 nanosheets on basalt fibers. The PANI coating established a conductive network that facilitated charge transport and interfacial polarization, significantly improving electromagnetic wave absorption. Concurrently, the vertically aligned ZIF-67 provided structural rigidity and abundant interfacial bonding sites, promoting mechanical interlocking and stress transfer. This synergistic architecture created a gradient modulus interface, which effectively mitigated interfacial delamination and improved stress transfer efficiency. Compared to the BF/EP composites, the optimized Z3-PBF/EP composites demonstrated significant improvements in interfacial shear strength (63.7 %), interlaminar shear strength (78.6 %), flexural strength (44.2 %), flexural modulus (68.1 %) and impact strength (61.6 %). The EMI shielding effectiveness reached 32.74 dB, dominated by absorption loss due to the integrated conductive and porous architecture. This work provides an effective and facile strategy for simultaneously improving the mechanical properties of the composite and imparting EMI shielding capability to basalt fiber composites.
{"title":"Rigid-flexible interface engineering of PANI/ZIF-67 coated basalt fibers for high-performance epoxy composites with EMI shielding capability","authors":"Wanghai Chen, Xuanyi Xu, Xinran Yang, Yuzi Jian, Jiazi Hou, Quanming Li, Yanli Dou","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the interfacial adhesion and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of basalt fiber-reinforced epoxy (BF/EP) composites, a hierarchical rigid–flexible structure was constructed by sequentially depositing polyaniline (PANI) and in-situ grown ZIF-67 nanosheets on basalt fibers. The PANI coating established a conductive network that facilitated charge transport and interfacial polarization, significantly improving electromagnetic wave absorption. Concurrently, the vertically aligned ZIF-67 provided structural rigidity and abundant interfacial bonding sites, promoting mechanical interlocking and stress transfer. This synergistic architecture created a gradient modulus interface, which effectively mitigated interfacial delamination and improved stress transfer efficiency. Compared to the BF/EP composites, the optimized Z3-PBF/EP composites demonstrated significant improvements in interfacial shear strength (63.7 %), interlaminar shear strength (78.6 %), flexural strength (44.2 %), flexural modulus (68.1 %) and impact strength (61.6 %). The EMI shielding effectiveness reached 32.74 dB, dominated by absorption loss due to the integrated conductive and porous architecture. This work provides an effective and facile strategy for simultaneously improving the mechanical properties of the composite and imparting EMI shielding capability to basalt fiber composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 111413"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111414
Wanrui Zhang , Jianchao Zou , Zongyou Wei , Zhibin Han , Lei Yang , Weizhao Zhang
In this work, shear-thickening-gel applied CFRP (SACFRP) composite laminates were developed to enhance the impact resistance of the composites under low-velocity impact (LVI) conditions, where the incorporated shear thickening gel (STG) worked as the interphase material between fibres and resin matrix. To analyse the effects of STG in its composites, static tensile and shear tests were first conducted on longitudinally and transversely positioned unidirectional (UD) SACFRP and its CFRP reference, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the corresponding reduction of the resin matrix due to the incorporation of the relatively soft STG weakened the interlaminar behaviour of the SACFRP laminates during static mechanical tests. However, the transverse tensile toughness of the SACFRP exhibited a remarkable 139 % improvement compared to the CFRP reference, demonstrating significant interfacial toughening of the developed composites, as verified through SEM analysis. To leverage the effects of the STG on the composites, this work modified the stacking sequences of SACFRP laminates. LVI tests and recurring LVI tests demonstrated the substantial improvement of impact performance for layup-designed SACFRP laminates since the impact-resistant mechanism transitioned from the local damage of CFRPs to the global flexural behaviour of SACFRPs. Timoshenko's analytical model validated the resistant mechanism transition of layup-designed SACFRP during LVI tests. Therefore, the SACFRP laminates with modified stacking sequences demonstrate outstanding potential for use under extreme loading conditions involving complex and unavoidable impacts, highlighting their broad applicability across various industries.
{"title":"Modifying stacking sequences to leverage the effects of shear thickening gel (STG) on the impact resistance of the STG applied carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (SACFRP) composite laminates","authors":"Wanrui Zhang , Jianchao Zou , Zongyou Wei , Zhibin Han , Lei Yang , Weizhao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, shear-thickening-gel applied CFRP (SACFRP) composite laminates were developed to enhance the impact resistance of the composites under low-velocity impact (LVI) conditions, where the incorporated shear thickening gel (STG) worked as the interphase material between fibres and resin matrix. To analyse the effects of STG in its composites, static tensile and shear tests were first conducted on longitudinally and transversely positioned unidirectional (UD) SACFRP and its CFRP reference, respectively. Experimental results indicated that the corresponding reduction of the resin matrix due to the incorporation of the relatively soft STG weakened the interlaminar behaviour of the SACFRP laminates during static mechanical tests. However, the transverse tensile toughness of the SACFRP exhibited a remarkable 139 % improvement compared to the CFRP reference, demonstrating significant interfacial toughening of the developed composites, as verified through SEM analysis. To leverage the effects of the STG on the composites, this work modified the stacking sequences of SACFRP laminates. LVI tests and recurring LVI tests demonstrated the substantial improvement of impact performance for layup-designed SACFRP laminates since the impact-resistant mechanism transitioned from the local damage of CFRPs to the global flexural behaviour of SACFRPs. Timoshenko's analytical model validated the resistant mechanism transition of layup-designed SACFRP during LVI tests. Therefore, the SACFRP laminates with modified stacking sequences demonstrate outstanding potential for use under extreme loading conditions involving complex and unavoidable impacts, highlighting their broad applicability across various industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 111414"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111411
Zidie Song , Kangle Xue , Yuliang Xia , Hailong Liu , Tao You , Zibo Hua , Hong Cui , Li Liu , Zhen Hu , Yudong Huang
Epoxy resins, extensively employed as the polymer matrix in composites, face significant environmental challenges owing to their non-degradability. While incorporating dynamic acetal bonds offers promise, current acetal epoxies suffer from low modulus, poor thermal stability, and unoptimized degradation kinetics/performance balance. Furthermore, upcycling their degradation products yields only low-value additives with compromised properties. We present a bio-based epoxy vitrimer reconciling performance and circularity. Synthesized from vanillin and sorbitol, its key innovation is integrating multicyclic acetal motifs within the network. This vitrimer overcomes traditional limitations, achieving a high tensile modulus (3.63 GPa) and thermal stability (Td5: 331 °C), suitable for demanding applications. Its molecular design enables ultrafast degradation (within 6 min, 65 °C) in diluted acid, facilitated by high-density labile cyclic acetal crosslinks. Crucially, the aldehyde/hydroxyl-rich degradation products are upcycled into high-performance sizing agents for carbon fiber composites. These agents achieve interfacial shear strengths of 70–80 MPa, matching industrial standards and resolving the acetal-epoxy upcycling challenge. This work establishes a scalable, sustainable framework for high-performance polymers, enabling efficient composite recycling and aligning industrial needs with circular economy principles.
{"title":"Bio-based cyclic acetal epoxy vitrimer upcycling: From composite matrix to interface","authors":"Zidie Song , Kangle Xue , Yuliang Xia , Hailong Liu , Tao You , Zibo Hua , Hong Cui , Li Liu , Zhen Hu , Yudong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epoxy resins, extensively employed as the polymer matrix in composites, face significant environmental challenges owing to their non-degradability. While incorporating dynamic acetal bonds offers promise, current acetal epoxies suffer from low modulus, poor thermal stability, and unoptimized degradation kinetics/performance balance. Furthermore, upcycling their degradation products yields only low-value additives with compromised properties. We present a bio-based epoxy vitrimer reconciling performance and circularity. Synthesized from vanillin and sorbitol, its key innovation is integrating multicyclic acetal motifs within the network. This vitrimer overcomes traditional limitations, achieving a high tensile modulus (3.63 GPa) and thermal stability (T<sub>d5</sub>: 331 °C), suitable for demanding applications. Its molecular design enables ultrafast degradation (within 6 min, 65 °C) in diluted acid, facilitated by high-density labile cyclic acetal crosslinks. Crucially, the aldehyde/hydroxyl-rich degradation products are upcycled into high-performance sizing agents for carbon fiber composites. These agents achieve interfacial shear strengths of 70–80 MPa, matching industrial standards and resolving the acetal-epoxy upcycling challenge. This work establishes a scalable, sustainable framework for high-performance polymers, enabling efficient composite recycling and aligning industrial needs with circular economy principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 111411"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111412
Wang Guo , Yanting Wei , Chen Xu , Bowen Li , Yunlei Wu , Yu Gong , Huaming Mai , Shan Wang , Yong Zhang , Yu Long
Complex bone defects caused by trauma or disease represent a significant challenge in the field of bone tissue engineering. Additive manufacturing (AM)-based functionalized bone scaffolds offer promising potential for providing personalized solutions to treat such complex defects. Among these, epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (AESO), as an attractive bio-based photocurable resin, has enormous application potential in tissue engineering; however, issues such as high viscosity and low photosensitivity hinder its widespread use in vat photopolymerization (VPP). This study proposes improving the digital light processing (DLP) printing performance of AESO systems by incorporating isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA), and simultaneously developing a shape-memory polymer (SMP) resin system. Furthermore, the scaffolds are endowed with near-infrared (NIR)-triggered photothermal functionality through the incorporation of calcium lignosulfonate (CL), with the aim of enabling photothermal-mediated wireless remote shape memory and tumor suppression. Results show that DLP-fabricated triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) composite bone scaffolds exhibit controllable biomimetic porous surfaces and tunable mechanical properties. The addition of CL endows the scaffolds with composition-dependent and NIR irradiation-modulated controllable photothermal response behaviors under simulated physiological conditions, facilitating remote, controlled shape memory activation and mild, safe tumor cell suppression via photothermal therapy. Moreover, CL enhances scaffold hydrophilicity, promotes degradation through preferential dissolution and micro-porous surface formation, and enables sustained calcium ion release. These features improve biomineralization, supporting cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. This research provides a promising solution for the fabrication of biomimetic porous bone scaffolds using soybean oil-based photoreactive materials via VPP technology, with multiple functions to address complex, irregular, and tumor-associated bone defects.
{"title":"Functionalized degradable soybean oil-based biomimetic porous scaffolds for complex bone defects: Vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing, photothermal-mediated shape memory and tumor thermotherapy","authors":"Wang Guo , Yanting Wei , Chen Xu , Bowen Li , Yunlei Wu , Yu Gong , Huaming Mai , Shan Wang , Yong Zhang , Yu Long","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Complex bone defects caused by trauma or disease represent a significant challenge in the field of bone tissue engineering. Additive manufacturing (AM)-based functionalized bone scaffolds offer promising potential for providing personalized solutions to treat such complex defects. Among these, epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (AESO), as an attractive bio-based photocurable resin, has enormous application potential in tissue engineering; however, issues such as high viscosity and low photosensitivity hinder its widespread use in vat photopolymerization (VPP). This study proposes improving the digital light processing (DLP) printing performance of AESO systems by incorporating isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA), and simultaneously developing a shape-memory polymer (SMP) resin system. Furthermore, the scaffolds are endowed with near-infrared (NIR)-triggered photothermal functionality through the incorporation of calcium lignosulfonate (CL), with the aim of enabling photothermal-mediated wireless remote shape memory and tumor suppression. Results show that DLP-fabricated triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) composite bone scaffolds exhibit controllable biomimetic porous surfaces and tunable mechanical properties. The addition of CL endows the scaffolds with composition-dependent and NIR irradiation-modulated controllable photothermal response behaviors under simulated physiological conditions, facilitating remote, controlled shape memory activation and mild, safe tumor cell suppression via photothermal therapy. Moreover, CL enhances scaffold hydrophilicity, promotes degradation through preferential dissolution and micro-porous surface formation, and enables sustained calcium ion release. These features improve biomineralization, supporting cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. This research provides a promising solution for the fabrication of biomimetic porous bone scaffolds using soybean oil-based photoreactive materials via VPP technology, with multiple functions to address complex, irregular, and tumor-associated bone defects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 111412"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145359653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111409
Nan Zhou , Long Xia , Jingwei Li , Hongyan Zhang , Naiyu Jiang , Wenbo Liu , Dongxing Zhang
To address the inherent trade-off between electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and impact resistance, this study proposes a hierarchical dual-scale decoupling strategy. (1) Macro-scale spatial decoupling: Asymmetric distribution of aramid fibers (AFs) for the impact-resistant layer and carbon fibers for the EMI shielding layer in polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrix, (2) Micro-scale EMI decoupling: Dual-layer CF architecture comprising MXene/PEI-CB interfacial engineered absorption layer (top) and MXene modified high-conductivity reflection substrate (bottom). Specifically, the strategy synergizes with AF surface modification via PI/CNT-COOH/ANF sizing and the construction of the MXene/PEI-CB and MXene conductive network on the CF surface. This design effectively separates the low-conductivity impact-resistant layer (AF) from the high-conductivity shielding layer (CF) in space, thereby eliminating the concentration conflict associated with interface modification. As a result, compared to the CM/PEEK composite, the asymmetric gradient design (ACM/PEEK) leads to a 26.9 % increase in the absorption coefficient (A), with the overall shielding effectiveness reaching 38.04 dB. Simultaneously, the nano-engineered interface, in conjunction with the intrinsic toughness of AF, effectively dissipates impact stress. Under an 8 J impact load, the peak load increases by 102.25 %, and the damage area is significantly reduced. This study successfully overcomes the traditional trade-off between mechanical robustness and EMI shielding performance. It offers a novel paradigm for the development of lightweight, structure-function integrated electromagnetic protection materials suitable for extreme service environment.
{"title":"Synergistic EMI shielding and impact resistance in nano-engineered aramid/carbon-PEEK composites via gradient architecture design","authors":"Nan Zhou , Long Xia , Jingwei Li , Hongyan Zhang , Naiyu Jiang , Wenbo Liu , Dongxing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the inherent trade-off between electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and impact resistance, this study proposes a hierarchical dual-scale decoupling strategy. (1) Macro-scale spatial decoupling: Asymmetric distribution of aramid fibers (AFs) for the impact-resistant layer and carbon fibers for the EMI shielding layer in polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrix, (2) Micro-scale EMI decoupling: Dual-layer CF architecture comprising MXene/PEI-CB interfacial engineered absorption layer (top) and MXene modified high-conductivity reflection substrate (bottom). Specifically, the strategy synergizes with AF surface modification via PI/CNT-COOH/ANF sizing and the construction of the MXene/PEI-CB and MXene conductive network on the CF surface. This design effectively separates the low-conductivity impact-resistant layer (AF) from the high-conductivity shielding layer (CF) in space, thereby eliminating the concentration conflict associated with interface modification. As a result, compared to the CM/PEEK composite, the asymmetric gradient design (ACM/PEEK) leads to a 26.9 % increase in the absorption coefficient (A), with the overall shielding effectiveness reaching 38.04 dB. Simultaneously, the nano-engineered interface, in conjunction with the intrinsic toughness of AF, effectively dissipates impact stress. Under an 8 J impact load, the peak load increases by 102.25 %, and the damage area is significantly reduced. This study successfully overcomes the traditional trade-off between mechanical robustness and EMI shielding performance. It offers a novel paradigm for the development of lightweight, structure-function integrated electromagnetic protection materials suitable for extreme service environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 111409"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111408
Shanshan Chen , Jianbin Chen , Zhaoqing Lu , Rui Cheng , Li Hua , Dinggen Hu , Wenbo Wang , Nana Wang , Zhijian Li
Developing novel transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXene)-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites with excellent mechanical properties and oxidation resistance is urgently demanded but remains hugely challenging thanks to the increasingly sophisticated application scenarios. Herein, we demonstrated an interfacial engineering and sequential assembling strategy to synergistically address the above problems. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were utilized to assist the splitting preparation of aramid nanofibers (ANF) and chemical cross-linking to construct a substrate layer that served to provide mechanical properties. Polydopamine (PDA) was modified onto MXene surface (PMXene) by in situ polymerization and binding, generating an adhesive layer to prevent oxygen penetration effectively. The resultant Janus-structured PMXene-CNT/ANF films exhibited outstanding mechanical performances including high tensile strength (366.8 MPa) and toughness (69.3 MJ m−3), superb electrical conductivity (3548.8 S cm−1), impressive EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE 55.5 dB) and EMI SE/t (14128.2 dB cm−1), as well as excellent oxidation stability. Furthermore, the flexible films displayed distinguished Joule-heating performances and fast and sensitive temperature response at external voltage. Therefore, such composite films with excellent mechanical properties and environmental stability have great practical value in flexible electronics and military electronic equipment for EMI shielding, and the polar-exploration equipment for anti-icing and de-icing.
开发具有优异机械性能和抗氧化性能的新型过渡金属碳化物/氮化物（MXene）基电磁干扰（EMI）屏蔽复合材料是迫切需要的，但由于应用场景日益复杂，仍然具有巨大的挑战性。在此，我们展示了一种界面工程和顺序组装策略来协同解决上述问题。碳纳米管（CNT）被用于辅助芳纶纳米纤维（ANF）的分裂制备和化学交联，以构建提供机械性能的衬底层。通过原位聚合和结合将聚多巴胺（PDA）修饰在MXene表面（PMXene）上，形成一层有效阻止氧渗透的粘附层。所得到的janus结构PMXene-CNT/ANF薄膜具有出色的机械性能，包括高拉伸强度（366.8 MPa）和韧性（69.3 MJ m−3），卓越的导电性（3548.8 S cm−1），令人印象深刻的EMI屏蔽效果（EMI SE 55.5 dB）和EMI SE/t (14128.2 dB cm−1)，以及出色的氧化稳定性。此外，柔性薄膜具有优异的焦耳加热性能和快速灵敏的外部电压温度响应。因此，这种具有优异力学性能和环境稳定性的复合薄膜在柔性电子和军用电子设备中屏蔽电磁干扰、极地探测设备防冰除冰等方面具有很大的实用价值。
{"title":"Mechanically strong and environmentally stable MXene films reinforced by CNT-embedded aramid nanofibers for electromagnetic interference shielding","authors":"Shanshan Chen , Jianbin Chen , Zhaoqing Lu , Rui Cheng , Li Hua , Dinggen Hu , Wenbo Wang , Nana Wang , Zhijian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing novel transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXene)-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites with excellent mechanical properties and oxidation resistance is urgently demanded but remains hugely challenging thanks to the increasingly sophisticated application scenarios. Herein, we demonstrated an interfacial engineering and sequential assembling strategy to synergistically address the above problems. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were utilized to assist the splitting preparation of aramid nanofibers (ANF) and chemical cross-linking to construct a substrate layer that served to provide mechanical properties. Polydopamine (PDA) was modified onto MXene surface (PMXene) by in situ polymerization and binding, generating an adhesive layer to prevent oxygen penetration effectively. The resultant Janus-structured PMXene-CNT/ANF films exhibited outstanding mechanical performances including high tensile strength (366.8 MPa) and toughness (69.3 MJ m<sup>−3</sup>), superb electrical conductivity (3548.8 S cm<sup>−1</sup>), impressive EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE 55.5 dB) and EMI SE/t (14128.2 dB cm<sup>−1</sup>), as well as excellent oxidation stability. Furthermore, the flexible films displayed distinguished Joule-heating performances and fast and sensitive temperature response at external voltage. Therefore, such composite films with excellent mechanical properties and environmental stability have great practical value in flexible electronics and military electronic equipment for EMI shielding, and the polar-exploration equipment for anti-icing and de-icing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 111408"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111410
Chia-Wei Lee , Chia-Hsing Lin , Lyu-Ying Wang , Yi-Huan Lee
Producing high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding foams through chemical upcycling of waste plastics is a promising solution for reducing plastic waste and electromagnetic radiation pollution. Here, we successfully integrated chemical upcycling of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET); eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) liquid metal (LM); and supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) foaming to develop an EMI shielding foam system. First, a bis(6-aminohexyl)terephthalamide–adipic acid (BAHT–AA) salt from the aminolysis of rPET was copolymerized with a bio-based 1,10-decanediamine–sebacic acid (DA–SA) salt and polyetheramine to form a polyamide (PA) system. The introduction of BAHT enabled the circular utilization of rPET. Moreover, the benzene of BAHT effectively promoted the PA system's melt strength, thereby improving its sc-CO2 foaming ability for producing microporous foams. Subsequently, EGaIn and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were incorporated into the PA system through a cryogenic freezing–mechanical grinding hybrid strategy. SWCNTs served as synergistic fillers that allowed the formation of a SWCNT/EGaIn dual network within the PA; thus, the produced composites could be used to manufacture conductive foams for EMI shielding. Under the optimized addition of 2 wt% SWCNTs and 60 wt% LM, the conductivity and specific shielding effectiveness (SSE) of the system reached excellent levels of 1.8 × 103 S/cm and 157 dB cm3 g−1, respectively. Moreover, the composite foam system possessed high durability and favorable heat dissipation. It not only maintained its shielding performance after multiple bending or twisting cycles but also mitigated heat accumulation. This research represents a breakthrough in the development of sustainable, advanced EMI shielding systems.
通过废旧塑料的化学升级回收生产高性能电磁干扰（EMI）屏蔽泡沫是减少塑料废物和电磁辐射污染的一种很有前途的解决方案。在这里，我们成功地整合了回收的聚对苯二甲酸乙酯（rPET）的化学升级利用；共晶镓铟液态金属（LM）；超临界二氧化碳（sc-CO2）发泡，开发电磁干扰屏蔽泡沫系统。首先，将rPET氨解所得的双（6-氨基己基）对苯二甲酸（BAHT-AA）盐与生物基1,10-癸二酸（DA-SA）盐和聚醚胺共聚形成聚酰胺（PA）体系。泰铢的引入使rPET的循环利用成为可能。此外，BAHT中的苯有效地提高了PA体系的熔体强度，从而提高了其sc-CO2发泡能力，用于生产微孔泡沫。随后，通过低温冷冻-机械磨削混合策略将EGaIn和单壁碳纳米管（SWCNTs）纳入到PA系统中。SWCNTs作为协同填料，允许在PA内形成SWCNTs /EGaIn双网络；因此，所制备的复合材料可用于制造电磁干扰屏蔽的导电泡沫。在SWCNTs添加量为2 wt%和LM添加量为60 wt%的优化条件下，该体系的电导率和比屏蔽效率（SSE）分别达到1.8 × 103 S/cm和157 dB cm3 g−1的优异水平。此外，复合泡沫体系具有较高的耐久性和良好的散热性。它不仅在多次弯曲或扭转循环后保持其屏蔽性能，而且减轻了热量的积累。这项研究代表了可持续发展的先进电磁干扰屏蔽系统的突破。
{"title":"Development of lightweight liquid metal/elastomer-based composite foams for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding through a chemical upcycling strategy of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)","authors":"Chia-Wei Lee , Chia-Hsing Lin , Lyu-Ying Wang , Yi-Huan Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Producing high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding foams through chemical upcycling of waste plastics is a promising solution for reducing plastic waste and electromagnetic radiation pollution. Here, we successfully integrated chemical upcycling of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET); eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) liquid metal (LM); and supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO<sub>2</sub>) foaming to develop an EMI shielding foam system. First, a bis(6-aminohexyl)terephthalamide–adipic acid (BAHT–AA) salt from the aminolysis of rPET was copolymerized with a bio-based 1,10-decanediamine–sebacic acid (DA–SA) salt and polyetheramine to form a polyamide (PA) system. The introduction of BAHT enabled the circular utilization of rPET. Moreover, the benzene of BAHT effectively promoted the PA system's melt strength, thereby improving its sc-CO<sub>2</sub> foaming ability for producing microporous foams. Subsequently, EGaIn and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were incorporated into the PA system through a cryogenic freezing–mechanical grinding hybrid strategy. SWCNTs served as synergistic fillers that allowed the formation of a SWCNT/EGaIn dual network within the PA; thus, the produced composites could be used to manufacture conductive foams for EMI shielding. Under the optimized addition of 2 wt% SWCNTs and 60 wt% LM, the conductivity and specific shielding effectiveness (SSE) of the system reached excellent levels of 1.8 × 10<sup>3</sup> S/cm and 157 dB cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Moreover, the composite foam system possessed high durability and favorable heat dissipation. It not only maintained its shielding performance after multiple bending or twisting cycles but also mitigated heat accumulation. This research represents a breakthrough in the development of sustainable, advanced EMI shielding systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 111410"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145322426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transverse microcracking is a critical failure mode in carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) used in linerless cryogenic storage systems, yet reliable prediction of crack onset in cryogenic environments remains challenging. This study investigates CFRP laminates with different fiber moduli and ply thicknesses, and applies the LaRC03 embedded ply failure criterion to predict transverse crack initiation at 296 K and 77 K. The necessary engineering constants (energy release rates, tensile moduli, shear moduli) were measured for each system in both environments and used in the model. Results show that intermediate modulus fibers provide the best balance of toughness and modulus, providing the greatest resistance to 90° ply microcracking under cryogenic conditions. High-tenacity fibers improve resistance to opening-mode cracks but are more prone to shear-driven damage, especially at 296 K where deformation levels are higher. High-modulus fibers presented lower transverse crack onset strength in both environments due to inherent brittleness. Fiber diameter also affects crack initiation through its influence on the ply thickness-to-fiber diameter ratio. The LaRC03 model correlated well with experimental results in both environments, with greater agreement for laminates at 77 K testing.
{"title":"Investigation of mechanical properties and transverse crack onset of thin-ply carbon-fiber composites in ambient and cryogenic conditions with varying fiber types","authors":"Eduardo Szpoganicz , Fabian Hübner , Uwe Beier , Edgard Boutant , Holger Ruckdäschel","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transverse microcracking is a critical failure mode in carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) used in linerless cryogenic storage systems, yet reliable prediction of crack onset in cryogenic environments remains challenging. This study investigates CFRP laminates with different fiber moduli and ply thicknesses, and applies the LaRC03 embedded ply failure criterion to predict transverse crack initiation at 296 K and 77 K. The necessary engineering constants (energy release rates, tensile moduli, shear moduli) were measured for each system in both environments and used in the model. Results show that intermediate modulus fibers provide the best balance of toughness and modulus, providing the greatest resistance to 90° ply microcracking under cryogenic conditions. High-tenacity fibers improve resistance to opening-mode cracks but are more prone to shear-driven damage, especially at 296 K where deformation levels are higher. High-modulus fibers presented lower transverse crack onset strength in both environments due to inherent brittleness. Fiber diameter also affects crack initiation through its influence on the ply thickness-to-fiber diameter ratio. The LaRC03 model correlated well with experimental results in both environments, with greater agreement for laminates at 77 K testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 111401"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145359732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111400
Chaeseong Na , Sangsoo Shin , Donghun Lee , Yeomyung Yoon , Suk-kyun Ahn , Hyosung An , Jaegeun Lee , Chae Bin Kim
The inherent stochastic nature of the structure–property relationships in polymer composites has long posed a challenge, making accurate prediction and optimization nearly impossible. To address this issue, a data-driven engineering approach is presented for designing polymer composites with exceptionally high thermal conductivities (TCs) using polydimethylsiloxane and spherical alumina particles as the model matrix and filler, respectively. Bayesian optimization is performed to determine the optimal composition of spherical alumina fillers with average diameters of 90, 20, 3, and 0.6 μm. The resulting composite exhibits optimized filler packing and a TC of approximately 6.89 W m−1 K−1, surpassing previously reported values. High-resolution 3D X-ray computed tomography combined with quantitative structural analysis further reveals that microstructural features, such as particle connectivity and interfacial characteristics, critically influence the TC of the composite. These findings highlight the effectiveness of machine learning–driven optimization and advanced imaging techniques in capturing the probabilistic nature of composite behavior, enabling the development of high-performance thermal interface materials with enhanced TC, mechanical strength, and reduced thermal expansion.
聚合物复合材料结构-性能关系固有的随机性长期以来一直是一个挑战，使得准确的预测和优化几乎是不可能的。为了解决这一问题，提出了一种数据驱动的工程方法，分别使用聚二甲基硅氧烷和球形氧化铝颗粒作为模型基体和填料来设计具有超高导热系数（TCs）的聚合物复合材料。采用贝叶斯优化方法确定了平均直径为90 μm、20 μm、3 μm和0.6 μm的球形氧化铝填料的最佳组成。所得到的复合材料具有优化的填料填料，TC约为6.89 W m−1 K−1，超过了先前报道的值。高分辨率三维x射线计算机断层扫描结合定量结构分析进一步揭示了微观结构特征，如颗粒连通性和界面特征，对复合材料的TC有重要影响。这些发现强调了机器学习驱动的优化和先进的成像技术在捕获复合材料行为的概率性质方面的有效性，从而能够开发具有增强TC、机械强度和降低热膨胀的高性能热界面材料。
{"title":"Data-driven engineering and analysis of polymer composites with high thermal conductivity","authors":"Chaeseong Na , Sangsoo Shin , Donghun Lee , Yeomyung Yoon , Suk-kyun Ahn , Hyosung An , Jaegeun Lee , Chae Bin Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inherent stochastic nature of the structure–property relationships in polymer composites has long posed a challenge, making accurate prediction and optimization nearly impossible. To address this issue, a data-driven engineering approach is presented for designing polymer composites with exceptionally high thermal conductivities (TCs) using polydimethylsiloxane and spherical alumina particles as the model matrix and filler, respectively. Bayesian optimization is performed to determine the optimal composition of spherical alumina fillers with average diameters of 90, 20, 3, and 0.6 μm. The resulting composite exhibits optimized filler packing and a TC of approximately 6.89 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>, surpassing previously reported values. High-resolution 3D X-ray computed tomography combined with quantitative structural analysis further reveals that microstructural features, such as particle connectivity and interfacial characteristics, critically influence the TC of the composite. These findings highlight the effectiveness of machine learning–driven optimization and advanced imaging techniques in capturing the probabilistic nature of composite behavior, enabling the development of high-performance thermal interface materials with enhanced TC, mechanical strength, and reduced thermal expansion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 111400"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111397
Zhengyan Chen , Zhou Lan , Wei Huang , Penggang Ren , Hongxia Yan , Zhengzheng Guo , Yanling Jin , Zhenfeng Sun
Despite the evident potential of layered MXene and WS2 as lubricant additives for epoxy (EP) resin, their practical applications are significantly hindered by inadequate interfacial adhesion with the EP matrix. Herein, hyperbranched polysiloxane with hydroxyl terminal groups (HBPSi–OH) was synthesized, which serves as a “bridge” agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between heterostructured MXene/WS2 filler and EP resin. Then, HBPSi and MXene/WS2 hybrids were incorporated into EP as toughening agents and lubricant additives to fabricate composites. Benefiting from enhanced interfacial bonding strength, prominent toughening effect of HBPSi, “soft-rigid” synergy of HBPSi and MXene/WS2, the MXene/WS2/HBPSi/EP (MWH/EP) composites exhibited remarkable mechanical and tribological properties. Notably, compared with pristine EP, 0.6 wt% MXene/WS2-1/4 wt% HBPSi/EP composite demonstrated significant increases of 74.6 % and 48.3 % in impact and flexural strengths. The average coefficient of friction reaches the lowest value of 0.30, concomitant with a reduction in the volumetric wear rate exceeding 97 %. This study offers significant contributions to the advancement of high-performance solid lubricant additives for polymeric composites.
{"title":"Enhanced self-lubricating and wear-resistance of epoxy composites synergistically reinforced by HBPSi and MXene/WS2 heterostructured filler","authors":"Zhengyan Chen , Zhou Lan , Wei Huang , Penggang Ren , Hongxia Yan , Zhengzheng Guo , Yanling Jin , Zhenfeng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the evident potential of layered MXene and WS<sub>2</sub> as lubricant additives for epoxy (EP) resin, their practical applications are significantly hindered by inadequate interfacial adhesion with the EP matrix. Herein, hyperbranched polysiloxane with hydroxyl terminal groups (HBPSi–OH) was synthesized, which serves as a “bridge” agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between heterostructured MXene/WS<sub>2</sub> filler and EP resin. Then, HBPSi and MXene/WS<sub>2</sub> hybrids were incorporated into EP as toughening agents and lubricant additives to fabricate composites. Benefiting from enhanced interfacial bonding strength, prominent toughening effect of HBPSi, “soft-rigid” synergy of HBPSi and MXene/WS<sub>2</sub>, the MXene/WS<sub>2</sub>/HBPSi/EP (MWH/EP) composites exhibited remarkable mechanical and tribological properties. Notably, compared with pristine EP, 0.6 wt% MXene/WS<sub>2</sub>-1/4 wt% HBPSi/EP composite demonstrated significant increases of 74.6 % and 48.3 % in impact and flexural strengths. The average coefficient of friction reaches the lowest value of 0.30, concomitant with a reduction in the volumetric wear rate exceeding 97 %. This study offers significant contributions to the advancement of high-performance solid lubricant additives for polymeric composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 111397"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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