Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110902
Ningguo Dong , Congcong Luan , Xinhua Yao , Zequan Ding , Yuyang Ji , Chengcheng Niu , Yaping Zheng , Yuetong Xu , Jianzhong Fu
The influence of process parameters, including placement speed, laser power, tooling temperature, compaction force and tape tension, on the interlaminar shear strength of CF/PEEK components in-situ consolidated by laser-assisted automated fiber placement was systematically investigated. To examine both the individual and interactive effects of these parameters, two sets of orthogonal experiments were formulated and conducted, yielding a maximum ILSS of 70.3 MPa. Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction between laser power and placement speed had the most significant effect, followed by tooling temperature, compaction force and tape tension. Furthermore, the concept of linear energy density of consolidated segments (LEDCS) was introduced to characterize and quantify the relationship between laser power and placement speed. ILSS values exceeding 50 MPa were predicted within the LEDCS range of 1.58 J/mm to 3.75 J/mm. Finally, the failure modes of the samples were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy.
{"title":"Influence of process parameters on the interlaminar shear strength of CF/PEEK composites in-situ consolidated by laser-assisted automated fiber placement","authors":"Ningguo Dong , Congcong Luan , Xinhua Yao , Zequan Ding , Yuyang Ji , Chengcheng Niu , Yaping Zheng , Yuetong Xu , Jianzhong Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110902","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110902","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The influence of process parameters, including placement speed, laser power, tooling temperature, compaction force and tape tension, on the interlaminar shear strength of CF/PEEK components in-situ consolidated by laser-assisted automated fiber placement was systematically investigated. To examine both the individual and interactive effects of these parameters, two sets of orthogonal experiments were formulated and conducted, yielding a maximum ILSS of 70.3 MPa. Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction between laser power and placement speed had the most significant effect, followed by tooling temperature, compaction force and tape tension. Furthermore, the concept of <em>linear energy density of consolidated segments</em> (LEDCS) was introduced to characterize and quantify the relationship between laser power and placement speed. ILSS values exceeding 50 MPa were predicted within the LEDCS range of 1.58 J/mm to 3.75 J/mm. Finally, the failure modes of the samples were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110902"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110912
Yihan Fu , Shuran Li , Mengze Li , Liang Cheng , Weidong Zhu , Yinglin Ke
Conventional through-thickness reinforcement methods for laminated composites, such as Z-pin, encounter issues with in-plane property degradation and complex fabrication processes. To achieve rapid and low-damage reinforcement, a novel approach using short-chopped carbon fibers (SCFs) to form a micron-diameter interlaminate structure has been proposed. This method employs a discrete micro-polarization-induced fiber injection (DMFI) technique, where polarized SCFs are electrostatically oriented and injected at high speeds into pre-formed holes in the laminates. The insertion process of SCFs was thoroughly investigated, with optimal interlaminate conditions determined using high-speed cameras and other equipment. The toughening mechanism of SCFs was explored through various characterization methods, including metallurgical microscopy. This innovative method offers several advantages over the traditional Z-pin reinforced method. Notably, present method eliminates the need for prefabrication of Z-pins and fully leverages the excellent mechanical properties of individual carbon fiber in short length. It provides superior interlaminar mechanical properties, achieving a 392 % improvement compared to the control group and a 15 % improvement compared to 0.1 mm Z-pin reinforcement at the same insertion volume fraction. Additionally, it has minimal impact on the in-plane properties of the laminates, with only a 3.6 % reduction in tensile strength and a 4.1 % reduction in compression strength. Furthermore, it is environmentally friendly, allowing for the recycling and reuse of waste SCFs.
层压复合材料的传统通厚加固方法（如 Z 形销）存在面内性能下降和制造工艺复杂的问题。为了实现快速、低损伤的加固，有人提出了一种使用短切碳纤维（SCF）形成微米直径层间结构的新方法。这种方法采用了离散微极化诱导纤维注射（DMFI）技术，将极化的 SCF 进行静电定向并高速注射到层压板上预先形成的孔中。对 SCFs 的插入过程进行了深入研究，并使用高速摄像机和其他设备确定了最佳层间条件。通过包括金相显微镜在内的各种表征方法，探索了 SCF 的增韧机制。与传统的 Z 形销加固法相比，这种创新方法具有多项优势。值得注意的是，这种方法无需预制 Z 形钉，并能充分利用短碳纤维的优异机械性能。在相同的插入体积分数下，与对照组相比，层间机械性能提高了 392%，与 0.1 毫米 Z 形钉加固法相比，提高了 15%。此外，它对层压板面内性能的影响极小，拉伸强度仅降低 3.6%，压缩强度降低 4.1%。此外，它还非常环保，可以对废弃的 SCF 进行回收和再利用。
{"title":"A novel method for through-thickness reinforcement of laminated composites using discrete micro-polarization-induced fiber injection (DMFI) approach","authors":"Yihan Fu , Shuran Li , Mengze Li , Liang Cheng , Weidong Zhu , Yinglin Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional through-thickness reinforcement methods for laminated composites, such as Z-pin, encounter issues with in-plane property degradation and complex fabrication processes. To achieve rapid and low-damage reinforcement, a novel approach using short-chopped carbon fibers (SCFs) to form a micron-diameter interlaminate structure has been proposed. This method employs a discrete micro-polarization-induced fiber injection (DMFI) technique, where polarized SCFs are electrostatically oriented and injected at high speeds into pre-formed holes in the laminates. The insertion process of SCFs was thoroughly investigated, with optimal interlaminate conditions determined using high-speed cameras and other equipment. The toughening mechanism of SCFs was explored through various characterization methods, including metallurgical microscopy. This innovative method offers several advantages over the traditional Z-pin reinforced method. Notably, present method eliminates the need for prefabrication of Z-pins and fully leverages the excellent mechanical properties of individual carbon fiber in short length. It provides superior interlaminar mechanical properties, achieving a 392 % improvement compared to the control group and a 15 % improvement compared to 0.1 mm Z-pin reinforcement at the same insertion volume fraction. Additionally, it has minimal impact on the in-plane properties of the laminates, with only a 3.6 % reduction in tensile strength and a 4.1 % reduction in compression strength. Furthermore, it is environmentally friendly, allowing for the recycling and reuse of waste SCFs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110912"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interfacial debonding of a single carbon fiber transversely embedded in a dumbbell-shaped epoxy sample was generated under cyclic loading, and images were captured using synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography. A fatigue testing machine driven by a piezoelectric actuator placed along the beamline for in situ observation was developed for precise alignment. Interfacial debonding was initially observed under a static tensile load and was confirmed to be almost of the same length at both ends of the carbon fiber, implying negligible bending deformation due to inclination. Cyclic loads were then applied to the sample to capture the progressive debonding. The propagation rate of the interfacial debonding decreased as the number of cycles increased. Another sample with a single carbon fiber aligned parallel to the loading direction was prepared following a single-fiber fragmentation test. Interfacial debonding was clearly observed around the fiber breakage. Cyclic loads were also applied to this sample; however, no progression of the interfacial debonding was evident. Degradation of the interfacial strength between the carbon fiber and epoxy matrix was not confirmed under cyclic loading within the elastic deformation range.
在循环载荷作用下，单根碳纤维横向嵌入哑铃形环氧树脂样品中，产生了界面脱粘现象，并利用同步辐射 X 射线计算机断层扫描捕捉到了图像。开发了一种由压电致动器驱动的疲劳试验机，沿光束线放置，用于原位观测，以实现精确对准。最初是在静态拉伸载荷下观察界面脱粘情况，结果证实碳纤维两端的长度几乎相同，这意味着倾斜导致的弯曲变形可以忽略不计。然后对样品施加循环载荷，以捕捉渐进式脱胶。随着循环次数的增加，界面脱粘的传播速度也在下降。在单根碳纤维破碎试验后，制备了另一个与加载方向平行的单根碳纤维样品。在纤维断裂周围明显观察到界面脱粘现象。对该样品也施加了循环载荷，但未发现界面脱粘现象。在弹性变形范围内施加循环载荷时，碳纤维和环氧基体之间的界面强度没有发生退化。
{"title":"Decreasing propagation rate of interfacial debonding between a single carbon fiber and epoxy matrix under cyclic loading","authors":"Kosuke Takahashi , Takuma Matsuo , Wataru Sato , Takashi Nakamura","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interfacial debonding of a single carbon fiber transversely embedded in a dumbbell-shaped epoxy sample was generated under cyclic loading, and images were captured using synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography. A fatigue testing machine driven by a piezoelectric actuator placed along the beamline for <em>in situ</em> observation was developed for precise alignment. Interfacial debonding was initially observed under a static tensile load and was confirmed to be almost of the same length at both ends of the carbon fiber, implying negligible bending deformation due to inclination. Cyclic loads were then applied to the sample to capture the progressive debonding. The propagation rate of the interfacial debonding decreased as the number of cycles increased. Another sample with a single carbon fiber aligned parallel to the loading direction was prepared following a single-fiber fragmentation test. Interfacial debonding was clearly observed around the fiber breakage. Cyclic loads were also applied to this sample; however, no progression of the interfacial debonding was evident. Degradation of the interfacial strength between the carbon fiber and epoxy matrix was not confirmed under cyclic loading within the elastic deformation range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110900"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110911
Tianyu Zhang , Yang Hong , Jingyang Li , Yang Li , Huiyang Zhao , Kai Cui , Wenjing Wei , Hongjun Kang , Jinzhu Wu , Wei Qin , Xiaohong Wu
The radiation resistance of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) is of great significance when applied in aerospace. However, it is still challenging to obtain MOSFETs with excellent radiation resistance. In this work, the radiation hardened MOSFETs were realized by GdF3-Al2O3@Bi-Ti3C2Tx/epoxy (MBAG/EP) polymer-based composite coating with function of trapped interfacial electrons. The radiation resistance of resultant packed MOSFET is significantly improved, showing the lower threshold voltage negative drift value (0.41 V) than the bare MOSFET (7.89 V). This is mainly attributed to the introduction of ultra-thin Al2O3 intermediate layer between Bi and GdF3, which effectively tailor electron dense and distribution for an effective electron attenuation, and thus improve the radiation resistance of the MOSFET. Theoretical calculations further reveal that the packed MOSFETs present the less shifted voltage and trapped charges compared with the pristine one. This work provides an interface engineering strategy for developing radiation hardened MOSFETs.
{"title":"Radiation hardened MOSFETs realized by Al2O3 induced Bi-GdF3 with trapped interfacial electrons located in Ti3C2Tx framework","authors":"Tianyu Zhang , Yang Hong , Jingyang Li , Yang Li , Huiyang Zhao , Kai Cui , Wenjing Wei , Hongjun Kang , Jinzhu Wu , Wei Qin , Xiaohong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The radiation resistance of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) is of great significance when applied in aerospace. However, it is still challenging to obtain MOSFETs with excellent radiation resistance. In this work, the radiation hardened MOSFETs were realized by GdF<sub>3</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@Bi-Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><em>x</em></sub>/epoxy (MBAG/EP) polymer-based composite coating with function of trapped interfacial electrons. The radiation resistance of resultant packed MOSFET is significantly improved, showing the lower threshold voltage negative drift value (0.41 V) than the bare MOSFET (7.89 V). This is mainly attributed to the introduction of ultra-thin Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> intermediate layer between Bi and GdF<sub>3</sub>, which effectively tailor electron dense and distribution for an effective electron attenuation, and thus improve the radiation resistance of the MOSFET. Theoretical calculations further reveal that the packed MOSFETs present the less shifted voltage and trapped charges compared with the pristine one. This work provides an interface engineering strategy for developing radiation hardened MOSFETs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110911"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110904
Li Wang, Jiang Li, Yiwei Wang, Shihui Cheng, Chenyang Ma
As the development of hypersonic aerospace technology progresses, greater challenges are presented for solid rocket motors (SRMs) thermal protection, and the ablation performance of insulation materials needs to be further improved. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a new type of reinforcing nano-filler, readily react with the oxidative components in the working gas during SRMs operation, limiting their excellent performance. In this study, we propose to coat the commonly used reinforcing filler, SiO2, on the surface of CNTs to suppress their susceptibility to oxidation and investigate the effects of adding CNTs, SiO2, and CNTs@SiO2 to the matrix on material properties. The results show that the addition of CNTs@SiO2 significantly improves the ablation resistance of the insulation material, with the linear ablation rate of M-@SiO2-2 being 56 % lower than that of M-SiO2-2. Based on the analysis of the material's antioxidation performance and the strength of the resulting char layer after ablation, the reasons for the improvement of ablation performance are discussed. By conducting high-temperature tube furnace tests, the composition and structure of the char layer at different temperatures are studied, and it is found that CNTs in the CNTs@SiO2 formulation can directly provide the carbon source required for the carbon thermal reduction reaction, promoting the directional growth of SiC whiskers. Based on these findings, an ablation mechanism is proposed.
{"title":"Effects of SiO2-coated CNTs on the directional formation of SiC whiskers and improvement in the ablative resistance of polymer-matrix composites","authors":"Li Wang, Jiang Li, Yiwei Wang, Shihui Cheng, Chenyang Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110904","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110904","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the development of hypersonic aerospace technology progresses, greater challenges are presented for solid rocket motors (SRMs) thermal protection, and the ablation performance of insulation materials needs to be further improved. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a new type of reinforcing nano-filler, readily react with the oxidative components in the working gas during SRMs operation, limiting their excellent performance. In this study, we propose to coat the commonly used reinforcing filler, SiO<sub>2</sub>, on the surface of CNTs to suppress their susceptibility to oxidation and investigate the effects of adding CNTs, SiO<sub>2</sub>, and CNTs@SiO<sub>2</sub> to the matrix on material properties. The results show that the addition of CNTs@SiO<sub>2</sub> significantly improves the ablation resistance of the insulation material, with the linear ablation rate of M-@SiO<sub>2</sub>-2 being 56 % lower than that of M-SiO<sub>2</sub>-2. Based on the analysis of the material's antioxidation performance and the strength of the resulting char layer after ablation, the reasons for the improvement of ablation performance are discussed. By conducting high-temperature tube furnace tests, the composition and structure of the char layer at different temperatures are studied, and it is found that CNTs in the CNTs@SiO<sub>2</sub> formulation can directly provide the carbon source required for the carbon thermal reduction reaction, promoting the directional growth of SiC whiskers. Based on these findings, an ablation mechanism is proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110904"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110910
Xiaojian Han, Kai Huang, Tao Zheng, Jindi Zhou, Hongsen Liu, Zhixing Li, Li Zhang, Licheng Guo
In this paper, an ANN-based concurrent multiscale damage evolution model is proposed, which is able to investigate the complex failure behaviors of hierarchical fiber-reinforced composites. In the framework of the proposed model, yarn damage evolution laws at the mesoscale are indirectly derived from the microscale representative volume element (RVE), using artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a surrogate model. A homogenized characterization method is proposed to derive the homogenized damage variables. The homogenized strain and damage variables of the microscale RVE are taken as inputs and outputs in ANNs, respectively. The dataset is generated by combining clustering with the finite element simulation. A typical kind of plain-woven composite is adopted as a benchmark material for numerical implementation and experimental verification. The numerical predictions, including the tensile properties and damage evolution, are consistent with the results from quasi-static tension experiments.
{"title":"An ANN-based concurrent multiscale damage evolution model for hierarchical fiber-reinforced composites","authors":"Xiaojian Han, Kai Huang, Tao Zheng, Jindi Zhou, Hongsen Liu, Zhixing Li, Li Zhang, Licheng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, an ANN-based concurrent multiscale damage evolution model is proposed, which is able to investigate the complex failure behaviors of hierarchical fiber-reinforced composites. In the framework of the proposed model, yarn damage evolution laws at the mesoscale are indirectly derived from the microscale representative volume element (RVE), using artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a surrogate model. A homogenized characterization method is proposed to derive the homogenized damage variables. The homogenized strain and damage variables of the microscale RVE are taken as inputs and outputs in ANNs, respectively. The dataset is generated by combining clustering with the finite element simulation. A typical kind of plain-woven composite is adopted as a benchmark material for numerical implementation and experimental verification. The numerical predictions, including the tensile properties and damage evolution, are consistent with the results from quasi-static tension experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 110910"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110908
Cheng Liu, Yan Chen, Xuebing Xu, Wangqian Che
This research addresses the challenge of generalizing deep learning models for different CFRP composite structures in the task of fatigue damage detection. To overcome this challenge, knowledge distillation is employed to enhance the generalizability of deep learning models. A teacher network processes continuous wavelet transform images using Fourier transform and neural networks, while a student network distills the teacher network. This framework improves the models' generalization performance by transferring knowledge from the teacher network to the student network. Additionally, soft gradient boosting is utilized to further enhance the generalizability. By constructing a main sub-network and multiple parallel auxiliary sub-networks within the teacher network, the student network mimics the main sub-network to achieve improved accuracy in the target domain and prevent overfitting. To augment limited datasets of real CFRP monitoring signals and help to learn domain-invariant features, structural digital twin technology is leveraged to generate simulated monitoring signals, which enables the models to capture domain invariant information, significantly enhancing its performance of fatigue damage detection across different structures. Damage detection based on the generalization results between multiple Layups demonstrates a test accuracy exceeding 80 % when the monitoring data of the target CFRP structure is unavailable during training. Therefore, the cross-structure damage detection ability of the proposed approach is well proved.
{"title":"Domain generalization-based damage detection of composite structures powered by structural digital twin","authors":"Cheng Liu, Yan Chen, Xuebing Xu, Wangqian Che","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research addresses the challenge of generalizing deep learning models for different CFRP composite structures in the task of fatigue damage detection. To overcome this challenge, knowledge distillation is employed to enhance the generalizability of deep learning models. A teacher network processes continuous wavelet transform images using Fourier transform and neural networks, while a student network distills the teacher network. This framework improves the models' generalization performance by transferring knowledge from the teacher network to the student network. Additionally, soft gradient boosting is utilized to further enhance the generalizability. By constructing a main sub-network and multiple parallel auxiliary sub-networks within the teacher network, the student network mimics the main sub-network to achieve improved accuracy in the target domain and prevent overfitting. To augment limited datasets of real CFRP monitoring signals and help to learn domain-invariant features, structural digital twin technology is leveraged to generate simulated monitoring signals, which enables the models to capture domain invariant information, significantly enhancing its performance of fatigue damage detection across different structures. Damage detection based on the generalization results between multiple Layups demonstrates a test accuracy exceeding 80 % when the monitoring data of the target CFRP structure is unavailable during training. Therefore, the cross-structure damage detection ability of the proposed approach is well proved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110908"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110905
Siyuan Qiu , Yajiao Li , Yi An , Wenhao Wang , Yuanmin Chen , Ke Chen , Daming Wu , Jingyao Sun
Phase change composites (PCCs) have attracted much attention in the fields of thermal management due to their high latent heat. However, their risk of leakage and poor shape designability greatly limit their industrial applications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop leakage-proof and customizable PCCs to meet the emerging requirements of thermal management applications. Some scholars have proposed the concept of preparing PCCs by 3D printing technology, aiming to meet customized thermal management requirements of various electronic devices. Nevertheless, the phase change material leaking of PCCs under high temperature is still a tough problem to solve. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) is used as the carrier for paraffin wax (PW), which names as EP can tightly enveloping PW in its porous structure. Then, an innovative carbomer gel ink is prepared for 3D printing using EP and short carbon fiber (SCF) as thermal conductive fillers. Freeze-drying and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) infiltrating procedures are furtherly performed to ensure the flexibility of final PCCs samples. A maximum thermal conductivity of 2.89 W/(m·K) is obtained when the content of SCF/EP filler is 10 wt%. Importantly, the flexible PCCs prepared through this method effectively prevent the PW leaking during thermal management applications, thereby avoiding the consequent safety risks and enhancing the lifespan of electronic devices. This work opens up a promising pathway for the rapid fabrication of leakage-proof, customizable and flexible PCCs.
相变复合材料（PCC）因其高潜热而在热管理领域备受关注。然而，其泄漏风险和形状可设计性差极大地限制了其工业应用。因此，迫切需要开发防泄漏和可定制的 PCC，以满足热管理应用的新要求。一些学者提出了利用 3D 打印技术制备 PCC 的概念，旨在满足各种电子设备的定制化热管理要求。然而，PCC 在高温条件下的相变材料泄漏仍是一个亟待解决的难题。在这项研究中，膨胀石墨（EG）被用作石蜡（PW）的载体，EG的名称是EP，因为EP可以在其多孔结构中紧密包裹PW。然后，使用 EP 和短碳纤维（SCF）作为导热填料，制备了一种用于 3D 打印的创新卡波姆凝胶墨水。为了确保最终 PCCs 样品的柔韧性，还进一步进行了冷冻干燥和聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）浸润程序。当 SCF/EP 填料的含量为 10 wt% 时，最大导热系数为 2.89 W/(m-K)。重要的是，通过这种方法制备的柔性 PCC 能有效防止 PW 在热管理应用中泄漏，从而避免了由此带来的安全风险，并延长了电子设备的使用寿命。这项工作为快速制备防漏、可定制和柔性 PCC 开辟了一条前景广阔的途径。
{"title":"3D printing, leakage-proof, and flexible phase change composites for thermal management application","authors":"Siyuan Qiu , Yajiao Li , Yi An , Wenhao Wang , Yuanmin Chen , Ke Chen , Daming Wu , Jingyao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change composites (PCCs) have attracted much attention in the fields of thermal management due to their high latent heat. However, their risk of leakage and poor shape designability greatly limit their industrial applications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop leakage-proof and customizable PCCs to meet the emerging requirements of thermal management applications. Some scholars have proposed the concept of preparing PCCs by 3D printing technology, aiming to meet customized thermal management requirements of various electronic devices. Nevertheless, the phase change material leaking of PCCs under high temperature is still a tough problem to solve. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) is used as the carrier for paraffin wax (PW), which names as EP can tightly enveloping PW in its porous structure. Then, an innovative carbomer gel ink is prepared for 3D printing using EP and short carbon fiber (SCF) as thermal conductive fillers. Freeze-drying and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) infiltrating procedures are furtherly performed to ensure the flexibility of final PCCs samples. A maximum thermal conductivity of 2.89 W/(m·K) is obtained when the content of SCF/EP filler is 10 wt%. Importantly, the flexible PCCs prepared through this method effectively prevent the PW leaking during thermal management applications, thereby avoiding the consequent safety risks and enhancing the lifespan of electronic devices. This work opens up a promising pathway for the rapid fabrication of leakage-proof, customizable and flexible PCCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110905"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110903
Khaled Yousif , Aamir Dean , Elsadig Mahdi
This paper introduces glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) tubes, both corrugated and non-corrugated, designed as energy absorber devices. The PVC tubes were externally and internally reinforced with GFRP composite oriented at and subjected to quasi-static axial compression tests. Results indicated that all reinforced tubes exhibited significantly higher load-bearing capacity, energy absorption (EA) capability, and crushing force efficiency (CFE) compared to standard PVC tubes. Among the tested specimens, externally reinforced corrugated tubes demonstrated the highest specific energy absorption (SEA), surpassing other configurations by 17.5 kJ/kg when considering both pre- and post-crushing stages combined. However, these corrugated specimens showed instability during crushing, reflected in poor instantaneous crush force efficiency (iCFE) and the lowest iCFE among the composite tubes, with an average decrease of 43.59%.
The corrugation notably increased the initial peak load, enhancing energy absorption in the pre-crushing stage without compromising the stability of crush force efficiency. Additionally, the combination of external and internal reinforcement significantly improved CFE and iCFE. Consequently, the PVC tubes combining corrugation with both external and internal reinforcement emerged as the best-performing configuration among all tested tubes.
Furthermore, a 3D Finite Element (FE) model was developed using ABAQUS FE code with user-defined subroutines to simulate the crushing process. The constitutive models and numerical procedures employed are detailed. The FE model’s predictions showed a satisfactory correlation with experimental results, providing valuable insights into the crushing mechanics and offering a predictive tool for future design optimizations.
{"title":"Crushing behavior of GFRP composite-reinforced PVC tubes: Experimental testing and numerical simulation","authors":"Khaled Yousif , Aamir Dean , Elsadig Mahdi","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) tubes, both corrugated and non-corrugated, designed as energy absorber devices. The PVC tubes were externally and internally reinforced with GFRP composite oriented at <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>4</mn><msup><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and subjected to quasi-static axial compression tests. Results indicated that all reinforced tubes exhibited significantly higher load-bearing capacity, energy absorption (EA) capability, and crushing force efficiency (CFE) compared to standard PVC tubes. Among the tested specimens, externally reinforced corrugated tubes demonstrated the highest specific energy absorption (SEA), surpassing other configurations by 17.5 kJ/kg when considering both pre- and post-crushing stages combined. However, these corrugated specimens showed instability during crushing, reflected in poor instantaneous crush force efficiency (iCFE) and the lowest iCFE among the composite tubes, with an average decrease of 43.59%.</div><div>The corrugation notably increased the initial peak load, enhancing energy absorption in the pre-crushing stage without compromising the stability of crush force efficiency. Additionally, the combination of external and internal reinforcement significantly improved CFE and iCFE. Consequently, the PVC tubes combining corrugation with both external and internal reinforcement emerged as the best-performing configuration among all tested tubes.</div><div>Furthermore, a 3D Finite Element (FE) model was developed using <span>ABAQUS</span> FE code with user-defined subroutines to simulate the crushing process. The constitutive models and numerical procedures employed are detailed. The FE model’s predictions showed a satisfactory correlation with experimental results, providing valuable insights into the crushing mechanics and offering a predictive tool for future design optimizations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110903"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a fatigue-creep damage model that can take into account the interaction of fatigue and creep damage is proposed under high temperature cyclic loading. In the proposed model, the effect of temperature on creep damage, the variation of creep damage under different high temperature cyclic loading conditions, and fatigue-creep interaction damage are considered. In addition, in order to accurately describe the creep behavior of unidirectional laminates with different orientations, the damage mechanism of unidirectional laminates was also analyzed. The creep and fatigue test results at different temperatures showed that the proposed creep rupture time model and the fatigue-creep damage model considering the damage mechanisms can successfully predict the creep and fatigue lives of unidirectional laminates at high temperature, and the prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
{"title":"Fatigue-creep damage model for carbon fibre reinforced composites under high temperature cyclic loading","authors":"Yi-Er Guo , De-Guang Shang , Lin-Xuan Zuo , Lin-Feng Qu , Chao-Lin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a fatigue-creep damage model that can take into account the interaction of fatigue and creep damage is proposed under high temperature cyclic loading. In the proposed model, the effect of temperature on creep damage, the variation of creep damage under different high temperature cyclic loading conditions, and fatigue-creep interaction damage are considered. In addition, in order to accurately describe the creep behavior of unidirectional laminates with different orientations, the damage mechanism of unidirectional laminates was also analyzed. The creep and fatigue test results at different temperatures showed that the proposed creep rupture time model and the fatigue-creep damage model considering the damage mechanisms can successfully predict the creep and fatigue lives of unidirectional laminates at high temperature, and the prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 110909"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142417765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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