Pub Date : 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111156
Rong Liu , Jie Chen , Wei Zhao , Lihao Sun , Ye Li , Yonglin Yang , Zhigang Liu
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) are in huge demand in aerospace and navigation to reduce fuel consumption, but the weak mechanical and electromagnetic (EM) shielding properties remain pressing issues. Inspired by the bio-adhesion of mussels in nature, we self-polymerized organic polydopamine (PDA) layer on the carbon fiber (CF) surface as a versatile platform and successfully introduced inorganic Co3O4 nanosheets into the PDA-coated CF (PCF) surface via self-assembly process to enhance the interfacial bonding and electrical conductivity between the fiber and epoxy. The results showed that Co3O4-PDA-CF/EP outperformed unmodified CF/EP in flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), interfacial shear strength (IFSS), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties, with enhancements of 59.4 %, 76.1 %, 131.5 %, and 61.1 %, respectively. Notably, the main fracture mechanism of composites gradually transfers from interfacial failure to cohesive failure. Briefly, the work provides experimental validation for developing high-performance multifunctional CFRPs and show potential application prospects in aircraft and other fields.
{"title":"Bio-inspired inorganic-organic structure synergistic interfacial modification for enhancing mechanical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites","authors":"Rong Liu , Jie Chen , Wei Zhao , Lihao Sun , Ye Li , Yonglin Yang , Zhigang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) are in huge demand in aerospace and navigation to reduce fuel consumption, but the weak mechanical and electromagnetic (EM) shielding properties remain pressing issues. Inspired by the bio-adhesion of mussels in nature, we self-polymerized organic polydopamine (PDA) layer on the carbon fiber (CF) surface as a versatile platform and successfully introduced inorganic Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanosheets into the PDA-coated CF (PCF) surface via self-assembly process to enhance the interfacial bonding and electrical conductivity between the fiber and epoxy. The results showed that Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-PDA-CF/EP outperformed unmodified CF/EP in flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), interfacial shear strength (IFSS), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties, with enhancements of 59.4 %, 76.1 %, 131.5 %, and 61.1 %, respectively. Notably, the main fracture mechanism of composites gradually transfers from interfacial failure to cohesive failure. Briefly, the work provides experimental validation for developing high-performance multifunctional CFRPs and show potential application prospects in aircraft and other fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111156"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143678998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111155
Nan Zhou , Yingze Li , Long Xia , Naiyu Jiang , Hongyan Zhang , Hua Yao , Xiaohu Zou , Wenbo Liu , Dongxing Zhang
The weak interfacial bonding between carbon fiber (CF) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has constrained the mechanical performance and multifunctional potential of the CF reinforced PEEK composites. To overcome this challenge, an environmentally sustainable surface modification strategy for CF was developed, leveraging the synergy of cross-dimensional nanomaterials. Unlike conventional approaches where conductive carbon black (CB) is dispersed in resin matrices, this work pioneers the use of surface-charge-modified CB for direct fiber interfacial enhancement. Using the electrostatic self-assembly method, two-dimensional negatively charged MXene nanosheets and zero-dimensional positively charged conductive CB particles were precisely anchored onto the CF surface through electrostatic interactions. The innovative synergy of the cross-dimensional dual nanomaterials simultaneously enhanced the mechanical and electromagnetic shielding properties of the CF/PEEK composites. Compared with the unmodified CF/PEEK composite, the maximum improvements in flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composite after modification were 73.4 %, 47.72 %, and 60.27 %, respectively. This is achieved through the synergistic effects of mechanical interlocking, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, along with hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the optimal electromagnetic shielding performance of the modified composite reached 31.04 dB at the X-band, representing an increase of 33.56 %, which can mainly be ascribed to the uniform distribution of nanomaterials that enhance the conduction loss and multiple reflections. This scalable and eco-friendly pathway holds considerable application potential for constructing integrated structural-functional CF/PEEK composites.
{"title":"Electrostatic assembly induced cross-dimensional nano-interface design for enhanced mechanical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of CF/PEEK composites","authors":"Nan Zhou , Yingze Li , Long Xia , Naiyu Jiang , Hongyan Zhang , Hua Yao , Xiaohu Zou , Wenbo Liu , Dongxing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The weak interfacial bonding between carbon fiber (CF) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has constrained the mechanical performance and multifunctional potential of the CF reinforced PEEK composites. To overcome this challenge, an environmentally sustainable surface modification strategy for CF was developed, leveraging the synergy of cross-dimensional nanomaterials. Unlike conventional approaches where conductive carbon black (CB) is dispersed in resin matrices, this work pioneers the use of surface-charge-modified CB for direct fiber interfacial enhancement. Using the electrostatic self-assembly method, two-dimensional negatively charged MXene nanosheets and zero-dimensional positively charged conductive CB particles were precisely anchored onto the CF surface through electrostatic interactions. The innovative synergy of the cross-dimensional dual nanomaterials simultaneously enhanced the mechanical and electromagnetic shielding properties of the CF/PEEK composites. Compared with the unmodified CF/PEEK composite, the maximum improvements in flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composite after modification were 73.4 %, 47.72 %, and 60.27 %, respectively. This is achieved through the synergistic effects of mechanical interlocking, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, along with hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the optimal electromagnetic shielding performance of the modified composite reached 31.04 dB at the X-band, representing an increase of 33.56 %, which can mainly be ascribed to the uniform distribution of nanomaterials that enhance the conduction loss and multiple reflections. This scalable and eco-friendly pathway holds considerable application potential for constructing integrated structural-functional CF/PEEK composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111155"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111154
Zhiyang Yin , Longyu Bai , Songze Li, Yaping Li, Jie Fu, Miao Yu, Song Qi
Metamaterial absorbers (MMAs), through artificially engineered electromagnetic properties, overcome the limitations of traditional absorbing materials, demonstrating significant advantages in lightweight design, efficiency, and customization. By integrating various dynamic tuning mechanisms, the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials can be flexibly adjusted according to external conditions to meet the requirements of different operating scenarios. This study developed an origami-inspired tunable electromagnetic wave absorption structure using shape memory polymers (SMPs) containing flake-like carbonyl iron powder (FCIP) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The structural parameters of the origami unit cell were optimized using a genetic algorithm to enhance its absorption bandwidth. The origami structure has a total thickness of 3.40 mm in its planar state and can achieve bidirectional switching between planar and folded states under thermal and magnetic field activation. In the folded state, it achieves an effective absorption bandwidth of 14.40 GHz within the frequency range of 3.60–18.00 GHz. The results indicate that the absorber exhibits reconfigurable shape memory properties and excellent broadband absorption characteristics under thermal and magnetic fields, offering new directions for the design and application of microwave absorbers.
{"title":"Thermally and magnetically tunable origami structures for electromagnetic wave absorption","authors":"Zhiyang Yin , Longyu Bai , Songze Li, Yaping Li, Jie Fu, Miao Yu, Song Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metamaterial absorbers (MMAs), through artificially engineered electromagnetic properties, overcome the limitations of traditional absorbing materials, demonstrating significant advantages in lightweight design, efficiency, and customization. By integrating various dynamic tuning mechanisms, the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials can be flexibly adjusted according to external conditions to meet the requirements of different operating scenarios. This study developed an origami-inspired tunable electromagnetic wave absorption structure using shape memory polymers (SMPs) containing flake-like carbonyl iron powder (FCIP) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The structural parameters of the origami unit cell were optimized using a genetic algorithm to enhance its absorption bandwidth. The origami structure has a total thickness of 3.40 mm in its planar state and can achieve bidirectional switching between planar and folded states under thermal and magnetic field activation. In the folded state, it achieves an effective absorption bandwidth of 14.40 GHz within the frequency range of 3.60–18.00 GHz. The results indicate that the absorber exhibits reconfigurable shape memory properties and excellent broadband absorption characteristics under thermal and magnetic fields, offering new directions for the design and application of microwave absorbers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111154"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of composites in aerospace structures necessitates consideration of various inevitable impact threats. However, high-velocity ice impact behavior significantly differs from that of metal projectiles, presenting challenges in investigating the ice impact response and residual performance of composites. To address this, an innovative comprehensive testing system for simulated hailstone impact and compression after high-velocity ice impact (CAHII) of composites is designed, combined with multi-damage information acquisition. Based on this system, the CAHII behaviors of plain weave carbon/epoxy composite laminates are investigated for the first time within the single impact energy range of 125 – 480 J. The composite deformation features associated with the ice projectile fracture process are captured. The stage-specific damage characteristics are identified through visual inspection, ultrasonic C-scan and microscopic observation. By correlating strain and displacement distribution fields with load-displacement curves in CAHII tests, the impact-induced damage evolution and loading process are analyzed. Notably, residual compressive strength (RCS) of plain weave composites presents exponential degradation with increasing impact energy. An RCS predictive model is proposed and effectively validated. Moreover, a quantitative evaluation method for high-velocity ice impact resistance and tolerance based on the CAHII testing system and RCS degradation ratio model is proposed with greater applicability. This provides valuable guidance for standardized experiments and performance assessment of composites.
{"title":"A novel experimental approach for high-velocity ice impact resistance and tolerance investigation of composite laminates","authors":"Shangyang Yu, Jinzhao Huang, Jia Hu, Yan Wang, Junfeng Ding, Chenyang Song, Zhanguang Chen, Jikai Yu, Licheng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of composites in aerospace structures necessitates consideration of various inevitable impact threats. However, high-velocity ice impact behavior significantly differs from that of metal projectiles, presenting challenges in investigating the ice impact response and residual performance of composites. To address this, an innovative comprehensive testing system for simulated hailstone impact and compression after high-velocity ice impact (CAHII) of composites is designed, combined with multi-damage information acquisition. Based on this system, the CAHII behaviors of plain weave carbon/epoxy composite laminates are investigated for the first time within the single impact energy range of 125 – 480 J. The composite deformation features associated with the ice projectile fracture process are captured. The stage-specific damage characteristics are identified through visual inspection, ultrasonic <em>C</em>-scan and microscopic observation. By correlating strain and displacement distribution fields with load-displacement curves in CAHII tests, the impact-induced damage evolution and loading process are analyzed. Notably, residual compressive strength (RCS) of plain weave composites presents exponential degradation with increasing impact energy. An RCS predictive model is proposed and effectively validated. Moreover, a quantitative evaluation method for high-velocity ice impact resistance and tolerance based on the CAHII testing system and RCS degradation ratio model is proposed with greater applicability. This provides valuable guidance for standardized experiments and performance assessment of composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111139"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143678933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111130
Haoze Du , Yiwei Li , Ran Chen , Shichen Liang , Shuoqi Tian , Yuhao Cao , Ning Cui , Hui Yang
Flexible wearable sensors have garnered significant attention for monitoring human motion signals and detecting sweat composition due to their high flexibility, consistency, and low cost. However, existing problems such as poor conductivity, inadequate flexibility, low sensitivity and unstable sensing performance present bottlenecks to their further development. This paper presents a novel highly-conductive, ultra-soft, and freeze-resistant poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid)/polyaniline/lithium bromide (PAMAAni/LiBr) hydrogel for monitoring human motion signals and detecting pH and lactic acid in sweat. The hydrogel establishes a dual conductive network by integrating the conjugated structure of polyaniline with the ionization principle of LiBr, which endows the hydrogel with excellent conductivity (4.6 S/m). Interactions between hydrogel networks, LiBr, and water molecules contribute to the hydrogel's low modulus (3.47 kPa) and remarkable freeze-resistant ability. Flexible sensors assembled from this hydrogel demonstrate a wide detection range (0.5%–200%), high sensitivity (strain range from 50% to 150%, gauge factor=3.24), and excellent fatigue resistance (exceeding 2000 cycles). This flexible sensor demonstrates high sensitivity in monitoring human activities in multiple scenarios, including joint movements, handwriting, and precise robotic hand control. Additionally, it exhibits excellent electrochemical performance for pH detection (pH 1–12) and lactic acid measurement with a wide detection range (0.25–50 mM) and a low detection limit (1.98 μM), providing valuable insights for the development of innovative flexible wearable sensing devices.
{"title":"A multifunctional flexible sensor with dual-conductive networks for monitoring human motion signals and sweat pH/Lactic acid","authors":"Haoze Du , Yiwei Li , Ran Chen , Shichen Liang , Shuoqi Tian , Yuhao Cao , Ning Cui , Hui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible wearable sensors have garnered significant attention for monitoring human motion signals and detecting sweat composition due to their high flexibility, consistency, and low cost. However, existing problems such as poor conductivity, inadequate flexibility, low sensitivity and unstable sensing performance present bottlenecks to their further development. This paper presents a novel highly-conductive, ultra-soft, and freeze-resistant poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid)/polyaniline/lithium bromide (PAMAAni/LiBr) hydrogel for monitoring human motion signals and detecting pH and lactic acid in sweat. The hydrogel establishes a dual conductive network by integrating the conjugated structure of polyaniline with the ionization principle of LiBr, which endows the hydrogel with excellent conductivity (4.6 S/m). Interactions between hydrogel networks, LiBr, and water molecules contribute to the hydrogel's low modulus (3.47 kPa) and remarkable freeze-resistant ability. Flexible sensors assembled from this hydrogel demonstrate a wide detection range (0.5%–200%), high sensitivity (strain range from 50% to 150%, gauge factor=3.24), and excellent fatigue resistance (exceeding 2000 cycles). This flexible sensor demonstrates high sensitivity in monitoring human activities in multiple scenarios, including joint movements, handwriting, and precise robotic hand control. Additionally, it exhibits excellent electrochemical performance for pH detection (pH 1–12) and lactic acid measurement with a wide detection range (0.25–50 mM) and a low detection limit (1.98 μM), providing valuable insights for the development of innovative flexible wearable sensing devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111130"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111151
Shenzhi Shen, Ian A. Kinloch, Cristina Vallés
Epoxy vitrimers are raising an increasing interest for the formulation of multifunctional nanocomposites due to their reversible covalently crosslinked network capable of self-arranging upon stimulation without losing integrity, providing them with new properties such as self-healing or shape memory. The incorporation of functionalized nanomaterials to epoxy vitrimers can further improve and promote those functions, due to the formation of strong reversible vitrimer/nanofiller interfaces. Herein, how the addition of graphene oxide (GO) flakes with different aspect ratios affects such interface, hence the properties, of vitrimer/GO nanocomposites was investigated and compared to those rendered by their epoxy analogues. An evaluation of the nature of the GO/polymers interface performed by Raman spectroscopy confirmed the existence of stronger interfaces between both GOs and the vitrimer relative to the epoxy, which led to better dispersions of the flakes and enhanced mechanical properties, independently of the flakes aspect ratio. Thicker GO flakes were found, however, to render stronger interfaces, hence better mechanical properties, than thinner flakes with higher aspect ratio. The stress-relaxation behaviour of both matrices was found to improve by adding GO materials as fillers, with this result being more pronounced for the vitrimer systems and independent on the aspect ratio of the GO flakes. These findings suggest not only that vitrimer/GO nanocomposites can lead to improved mechanical and stress-relaxation properties relative to their epoxy analogues, but also that selecting a GO with a specific aspect ratio allows the design of nanocomposites with specific structure and mechanical properties through a control of the filler-polymer interface.
{"title":"Role of the aspect ratio of graphene oxide (GO) on the interface and mechanical properties of vitrimer/GO nanocomposites","authors":"Shenzhi Shen, Ian A. Kinloch, Cristina Vallés","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epoxy vitrimers are raising an increasing interest for the formulation of multifunctional nanocomposites due to their reversible covalently crosslinked network capable of self-arranging upon stimulation without losing integrity, providing them with new properties such as self-healing or shape memory. The incorporation of functionalized nanomaterials to epoxy vitrimers can further improve and promote those functions, due to the formation of strong reversible vitrimer/nanofiller interfaces. Herein, how the addition of graphene oxide (GO) flakes with different aspect ratios affects such interface, hence the properties, of vitrimer/GO nanocomposites was investigated and compared to those rendered by their epoxy analogues. An evaluation of the nature of the GO/polymers interface performed by Raman spectroscopy confirmed the existence of stronger interfaces between both GOs and the vitrimer relative to the epoxy, which led to better dispersions of the flakes and enhanced mechanical properties, independently of the flakes aspect ratio. Thicker GO flakes were found, however, to render stronger interfaces, hence better mechanical properties, than thinner flakes with higher aspect ratio. The stress-relaxation behaviour of both matrices was found to improve by adding GO materials as fillers, with this result being more pronounced for the vitrimer systems and independent on the aspect ratio of the GO flakes. These findings suggest not only that vitrimer/GO nanocomposites can lead to improved mechanical and stress-relaxation properties relative to their epoxy analogues, but also that selecting a GO with a specific aspect ratio allows the design of nanocomposites with specific structure and mechanical properties through a control of the filler-polymer interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111151"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111153
F.D. Lambri , F.G. Bonifacich , O.A. Lambri , B. Weidenfeller , V. Recarte , V. Sánchez-Alarcos , J.I. Pérez-Landazábal
4D printing enables the manufacturing of complex smart components in a wide variety of shapes. In devices based on 4D printed composite materials, the interaction between the active microparticles and the printable polymer matrix plays a critical role for the optimal functionality. Key parameters in these materials are the elastic misfit coefficient, which monitors internal stresses, and elastic energy transfer, which determines the ability to transfer strain from the microparticles to the surrounding matrix. In this work, the temperature-dependent shear modulus of PCL/Ni45Mn36.7In13.3Co5 4D printed composites is analysed using the modified rule of mixture (ROM) and Halpin-Tsai (HT) models. The molecular flow caused by the polymer chain movement under oscillatory mechanical stress at relatively elevated temperatures is examined and discussed using these models. Additionally, the effect of an external direct magnetic field on the shear modulus is also analysed. Finally, the internal stresses in the composite materials resulting from the martensitic transformation in the active microparticles are studied through a modified mean-field model based on the Eshelby's inclusion theory.
{"title":"Modified rule of mixtures and Halpin-Tsai models applied to PCL/NiMnInCo 4D printed composites. Internal stresses study during the martensitic transformation","authors":"F.D. Lambri , F.G. Bonifacich , O.A. Lambri , B. Weidenfeller , V. Recarte , V. Sánchez-Alarcos , J.I. Pérez-Landazábal","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>4D printing enables the manufacturing of complex smart components in a wide variety of shapes. In devices based on 4D printed composite materials, the interaction between the active microparticles and the printable polymer matrix plays a critical role for the optimal functionality. Key parameters in these materials are the elastic misfit coefficient, which monitors internal stresses, and elastic energy transfer, which determines the ability to transfer strain from the microparticles to the surrounding matrix. In this work, the temperature-dependent shear modulus of PCL/Ni<sub>45</sub>Mn<sub>36.7</sub>In<sub>13.3</sub>Co<sub>5</sub> 4D printed composites is analysed using the modified rule of mixture (ROM) and Halpin-Tsai (HT) models. The molecular flow caused by the polymer chain movement under oscillatory mechanical stress at relatively elevated temperatures is examined and discussed using these models. Additionally, the effect of an external direct magnetic field on the shear modulus is also analysed. Finally, the internal stresses in the composite materials resulting from the martensitic transformation in the active microparticles are studied through a modified mean-field model based on the Eshelby's inclusion theory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111153"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111140
Zhenhui He , Enling Tang , Wenjin Yao , Ruizhi Wang
The most widely used high-performance resin matrix composites generally follow the microparticle-fiber-epoxy resin system structure. However, due to the difference in material properties of each component, the failure of fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites is often caused by its internal load inhomogeneity. In this paper, digital image technology is used to quantify the micro-failure form of the interface between fiber and epoxy resin matrix based on droplet solidification experiment and tungsten fiber impregnation tensile experiment. The upper and lower limits of coupling between fibers in fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites were quantified, and a universal prediction method for the strength of fiber-reinforced particle-doped resin matrix composites was developed. The research results show that: A small amount of Al particles inclusion can enhance the affinity between the epoxy resin matrix and the tungsten material, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the fiber reinforced resin matrix material. When the amount of aluminum particles is 15 vol%, the viscous flow performance of the epoxy resin is similar to that of the pure epoxy resin. The load-bearing efficiency will be generated by the mutual nesting at the interface in the epoxy resin-tungsten fiber structure, where the maximum insertion depth is 9.08 μm and the average insertion depth is 4.69 μm. The maximum tensile load shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of aluminum particle volume content, reaching its maximum value at a volume inclusion of 40 vol%. The closer the epoxy resin matrix to the fiber, the greater the effect on the interfacial chelation effect, in which the effective interphase thickness is 0.128 times the fiber radius. The energy absorption of pure epoxy resin-single fiber bonding phase is 138.45 MJ/m3, while the energy absorption of the effective bonding area between epoxy matrix and tungsten fiber is between 76.52–224.95 MJ/m3 when aluminum particles are mixed.
{"title":"Drawing of tungsten fiber tows impregnated with Al/Epoxy matrix composites: Interfacial bonding and failure","authors":"Zhenhui He , Enling Tang , Wenjin Yao , Ruizhi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The most widely used high-performance resin matrix composites generally follow the microparticle-fiber-epoxy resin system structure. However, due to the difference in material properties of each component, the failure of fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites is often caused by its internal load inhomogeneity. In this paper, digital image technology is used to quantify the micro-failure form of the interface between fiber and epoxy resin matrix based on droplet solidification experiment and tungsten fiber impregnation tensile experiment. The upper and lower limits of coupling between fibers in fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites were quantified, and a universal prediction method for the strength of fiber-reinforced particle-doped resin matrix composites was developed. The research results show that: A small amount of Al particles inclusion can enhance the affinity between the epoxy resin matrix and the tungsten material, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the fiber reinforced resin matrix material. When the amount of aluminum particles is 15 vol%, the viscous flow performance of the epoxy resin is similar to that of the pure epoxy resin. The load-bearing efficiency will be generated by the mutual nesting at the interface in the epoxy resin-tungsten fiber structure, where the maximum insertion depth is 9.08 μm and the average insertion depth is 4.69 μm. The maximum tensile load shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of aluminum particle volume content, reaching its maximum value at a volume inclusion of 40 vol%. The closer the epoxy resin matrix to the fiber, the greater the effect on the interfacial chelation effect, in which the effective interphase thickness is 0.128 times the fiber radius. The energy absorption of pure epoxy resin-single fiber bonding phase is 138.45 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>, while the energy absorption of the effective bonding area between epoxy matrix and tungsten fiber is between 76.52–224.95 MJ/m<sup>3</sup> when aluminum particles are mixed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111140"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent rapid advancements related to enhancing the material properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns, which are composed of twisted nanoscale CNTs, have opened new possibilities for their application as reinforcing agents in composite materials. In this study, the failure behaviors of CNT yarns were examined in a polymer matrix environment under tensile loading using synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography (CT) and polarized light microscopy. Double-yarn fragmentation specimens, composed of two closely positioned CNT yarns embedded in parallel, were employed to examine the failure interactions between the CNT yarns. X-ray CT observations revealed that the fracture surfaces of the CNT yarns exhibited a high degree of irregularity, with cracks propagating into the surrounding matrix and some extending into the yarn bodies, thereby suggesting that the failure of CNT yarns involves both breakage and slippage of the CNTs. The investigation of yarn–yarn failure interactions revealed that ∼70 % of the fractures observed in the CNT yarns occurred as coordinated fractures, which was clearly higher than the ∼20 % observed without such interactions. This finding demonstrates that the failure behaviors of CNT yarns in the polymer matrix environment are governed by yarn–yarn interactions rather than by the statistical strength distributions of the yarns. These results provide valuable insights for researchers in the field of composite materials, ultimately promoting further advancements in the development of strength prediction models based on the actual failure behaviors of CNT yarns in the polymer matrix environment.
{"title":"Unravelling the role of inter CNT yarn–yarn interactions in governing the failure behavior in a unidirectional CNT yarn-reinforced plastic composite","authors":"Go Yamamoto , Sojun Nakano , Haruki Oyamada , Redha Akbar Ramadhan , Shugo Okamoto , Akihisa Takeuchi , Masayuki Uesugi , Akira Kunitomo , Nozomu Shigemitsu , Takuma Abe , Yoshinobu Shimamura , Haruto Kurono , Sota Goto , Yoku Inoue , Yasuhiko Hayashi , Hiroyuki Kawada","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent rapid advancements related to enhancing the material properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns, which are composed of twisted nanoscale CNTs, have opened new possibilities for their application as reinforcing agents in composite materials. In this study, the failure behaviors of CNT yarns were examined in a polymer matrix environment under tensile loading using synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography (CT) and polarized light microscopy. Double-yarn fragmentation specimens, composed of two closely positioned CNT yarns embedded in parallel, were employed to examine the failure interactions between the CNT yarns. X-ray CT observations revealed that the fracture surfaces of the CNT yarns exhibited a high degree of irregularity, with cracks propagating into the surrounding matrix and some extending into the yarn bodies, thereby suggesting that the failure of CNT yarns involves both breakage and slippage of the CNTs. The investigation of yarn–yarn failure interactions revealed that ∼70 % of the fractures observed in the CNT yarns occurred as coordinated fractures, which was clearly higher than the ∼20 % observed without such interactions. This finding demonstrates that the failure behaviors of CNT yarns in the polymer matrix environment are governed by yarn–yarn interactions rather than by the statistical strength distributions of the yarns. These results provide valuable insights for researchers in the field of composite materials, ultimately promoting further advancements in the development of strength prediction models based on the actual failure behaviors of CNT yarns in the polymer matrix environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111137"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111148
Hang Ren , Dan Zhao , Liqiang Dong , Shaogang Liu , Jinshui Yang , Tianyi Zhao , Yongle Fan
Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are intelligent materials with tunable properties under magnetic fields, offering broad applications. Our previous work [1] finely designed artificial intelligence model to characterize the magnetic-induced storage modulus of MRE accurately but relied on manual expertise for reverse design. A deep learning framework that integrates generators and predictors was developed to provide a fast and accurate material proportioning solution for MRE synthesis. First, 16 types of MREs were prepared and their storage moduli were tested. The results indicate that an increase in iron powder content enhances the modulus of MRE, while silicone oil acts as a slack agent, making MRE softer. Second, a predictor generator framework was developed to achieve the modulus prediction and reverse design of the MRE. The predictor utilized the magnetic dipole theory as a physical constraint to accurately predict the storage modulus of MREs (R2 = 0.9967). The generator quickly generated material ratios that matched the required storage modulus within 0.02 s while achieving high precision (R2 = 0.9882). Finally, the challenge of generating unstable solutions in the reverse design was addressed by optimizing the loss function. As an innovative tool, the proposed framework holds potential for applications in industrial fields such as vibration control and soft machinery. Moreover, this framework has brought unprecedented convenience to non-professional researchers, enabling them to apply it to industrial production and accelerate the commercialization of MREs.
{"title":"Deep learning accelerates reverse design of Magnetorheological elastomer","authors":"Hang Ren , Dan Zhao , Liqiang Dong , Shaogang Liu , Jinshui Yang , Tianyi Zhao , Yongle Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.compscitech.2025.111148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are intelligent materials with tunable properties under magnetic fields, offering broad applications. Our previous work [1] finely designed artificial intelligence model to characterize the magnetic-induced storage modulus of MRE accurately but relied on manual expertise for reverse design. A deep learning framework that integrates generators and predictors was developed to provide a fast and accurate material proportioning solution for MRE synthesis. First, 16 types of MREs were prepared and their storage moduli were tested. The results indicate that an increase in iron powder content enhances the modulus of MRE, while silicone oil acts as a slack agent, making MRE softer. Second, a predictor generator framework was developed to achieve the modulus prediction and reverse design of the MRE. The predictor utilized the magnetic dipole theory as a physical constraint to accurately predict the storage modulus of MREs (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9967). The generator quickly generated material ratios that matched the required storage modulus within 0.02 s while achieving high precision (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9882). Finally, the challenge of generating unstable solutions in the reverse design was addressed by optimizing the loss function. As an innovative tool, the proposed framework holds potential for applications in industrial fields such as vibration control and soft machinery. Moreover, this framework has brought unprecedented convenience to non-professional researchers, enabling them to apply it to industrial production and accelerate the commercialization of MREs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":283,"journal":{"name":"Composites Science and Technology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 111148"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号