Developing a behavioral model of a system prior to implementing that system provides significant benefits. In some cases, errors in the design can be detected and corrected prior to implementation. In other cases, having a means for predicting the performance of the system prior to its deployment may aid in the design, implementation and configuration of the system. This paper presents a case for developing simulation models of systems early in the design and implementation process. A number of examples illustrate the benefits which can accrue.
{"title":"“Model, then build”: a modern approach to systems development using CSIM18","authors":"H. Schwetman","doi":"10.1145/324138.324222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324138.324222","url":null,"abstract":"Developing a behavioral model of a system prior to implementing that system provides significant benefits. In some cases, errors in the design can be detected and corrected prior to implementation. In other cases, having a means for predicting the performance of the system prior to its deployment may aid in the design, implementation and configuration of the system. This paper presents a case for developing simulation models of systems early in the design and implementation process. A number of examples illustrate the benefits which can accrue.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128243350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper follows-on papers presented at the two previous WSC conferences on sensitivity of output measures to input distribution selection in queueing modeling. Here, a real situation is studied, where data on input distributions are utilized and distributions selected by two fitting packages, Arena Input Analyzer and ExpertFit. Empirical distributions made from histograms of the raw data itself, as well as the first two choices from Arena and ExpertFit are compared for this small bank queueing network model, showing that an output measure such as mean wait in queue is quite sensitive to input distribution choice.
{"title":"Sensitivity of output performance measures to input distribution shape in modeling queues—3: real data scenario","authors":"D. Gross","doi":"10.1145/324138.324281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324138.324281","url":null,"abstract":"This paper follows-on papers presented at the two previous WSC conferences on sensitivity of output measures to input distribution selection in queueing modeling. Here, a real situation is studied, where data on input distributions are utilized and distributions selected by two fitting packages, Arena Input Analyzer and ExpertFit. Empirical distributions made from histograms of the raw data itself, as well as the first two choices from Arena and ExpertFit are compared for this small bank queueing network model, showing that an output measure such as mean wait in queue is quite sensitive to input distribution choice.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122214704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The focus of the paper is on the comparison of results obtained using and not using group screening in an experimental design methodology applied to a semiconductor manufacturing simulation model. A wholeline simulation model of a semiconductor fab is built. The model includes more than 200 tools used in manufacturing 2 products with around 250 steps each. Output analysis results for the equipment utilization and queue sizes have identified the three most critical equipment groups in the fab. Seventeen input factors are set for investigation through a 2-stage group-screening experiment and a fractional factorial using all 17 factors. The result illustrates that the final models can be quite different. While group screening used with simulation can be an appealing, flexible, tractable tool for capacity analysis of a semiconductor manufacturing facility, one must be concerned with the fact that the two techniques can give different answers to the users. Additionally, researchers need to address the proper choice of significance level for group screening.
{"title":"Comparison of a two-stage group-screening design to a standard 2k-p design for a whole-line semiconductor manufacturing simulation model","authors":"T. Ivanova, L. Malone, M. Mollaghasemi","doi":"10.1145/324138.324449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324138.324449","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of the paper is on the comparison of results obtained using and not using group screening in an experimental design methodology applied to a semiconductor manufacturing simulation model. A wholeline simulation model of a semiconductor fab is built. The model includes more than 200 tools used in manufacturing 2 products with around 250 steps each. Output analysis results for the equipment utilization and queue sizes have identified the three most critical equipment groups in the fab. Seventeen input factors are set for investigation through a 2-stage group-screening experiment and a fractional factorial using all 17 factors. The result illustrates that the final models can be quite different. While group screening used with simulation can be an appealing, flexible, tractable tool for capacity analysis of a semiconductor manufacturing facility, one must be concerned with the fact that the two techniques can give different answers to the users. Additionally, researchers need to address the proper choice of significance level for group screening.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122256526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TALUS (TAktisk LUftkampSimulering) is a discrete event, Monte Carlo based air combat simulation model developed at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (Norwegian acronym: FFI). The model was requested by the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF), but will mainly be used for operational research at the FFI. The development took place in a small, well integrated project with the authority to establish the requirements to the model. Much effort was dedicated to the establishment of a sound system development process, employing object oriented analysis, design and implementation. The result has been a model that satisfies the initial requirements and verification of the fact that the time invested in a systematic approach to the system development is directly proportional to the quality of the end product.
{"title":"TALUS—an object oriented air combat simulation","authors":"S. Glærum","doi":"10.1145/324898.325025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324898.325025","url":null,"abstract":"TALUS (TAktisk LUftkampSimulering) is a discrete event, Monte Carlo based air combat simulation model developed at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (Norwegian acronym: FFI). The model was requested by the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF), but will mainly be used for operational research at the FFI. The development took place in a small, well integrated project with the authority to establish the requirements to the model. Much effort was dedicated to the establishment of a sound system development process, employing object oriented analysis, design and implementation. The result has been a model that satisfies the initial requirements and verification of the fact that the time invested in a systematic approach to the system development is directly proportional to the quality of the end product.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"21 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113963904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proof Animation/sup TM/ is a family of products for animating discrete event simulations. Proof is available in a variety of versions, including an inexpensive, student version, mid-size and unlimited-size commercial versions, a run-time version, and a royalty-free, redistributable demo viewer. Proof is an ASCII-stream-driven, general-purpose animation system which runs on readily available PC hardware. Its vector-based geometry provides a large animation canvas and the ability to zoom in or out, while maintaining crisp, clear images. Proof includes built-in drawing tools and CAD import/export for ease in creating animation layouts. Proof's open architecture makes it ideally suited for serving as a concurrent or post-processed animation engine for models written in a wide variety of simulation and programming languages. Proof's superior power and performance assure smooth, realistic motion for animations, regardless of their size, complexity, or application. Proof uses Microsoft's DirectDraw/sup TM/ interface for accessing video hardware. DirectDraw is a built-in component of Windows 98 and Windows 2000, and it is available as an add-on for Windows 95. Proof is able to exploit high-performance MMX hardware.
{"title":"General-purpose concurrent and post-processed animation with Proof","authors":"J. O. Henriksen","doi":"10.1145/324138.324194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324138.324194","url":null,"abstract":"Proof Animation/sup TM/ is a family of products for animating discrete event simulations. Proof is available in a variety of versions, including an inexpensive, student version, mid-size and unlimited-size commercial versions, a run-time version, and a royalty-free, redistributable demo viewer. Proof is an ASCII-stream-driven, general-purpose animation system which runs on readily available PC hardware. Its vector-based geometry provides a large animation canvas and the ability to zoom in or out, while maintaining crisp, clear images. Proof includes built-in drawing tools and CAD import/export for ease in creating animation layouts. Proof's open architecture makes it ideally suited for serving as a concurrent or post-processed animation engine for models written in a wide variety of simulation and programming languages. Proof's superior power and performance assure smooth, realistic motion for animations, regardless of their size, complexity, or application. Proof uses Microsoft's DirectDraw/sup TM/ interface for accessing video hardware. DirectDraw is a built-in component of Windows 98 and Windows 2000, and it is available as an add-on for Windows 95. Proof is able to exploit high-performance MMX hardware.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129890381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method of modeling trans-shipment-inventory systems is proposed in an attempt to describe systems where many kinds of items are ordered to be transported, stored and delivered to the customers. The system consists of a number of supply, trans-shipment and demand nodes. However, the problem considered in this study is totally different from the traditional trans-shipment problem in terms of linear programming. Firstly, any number of different kinds of items can be treated for analysis. Secondly, any size of transportation trucks can be specified to transport items for any number of the two-node combinations. In other words, the capacity of the transportation truck is to be specified in building a simulation model. In addition, any number of supply, transshipment and demand nodes can be specified in a simulation model. Thirdly, the order by a demand node is made toward the associated trans-shipment node, based on the inventory policy at the demand node, and the so-called the "pull system" is adopted in the demand-supply environment. An efficient module-based modeling method is proposed to generate simulation models for the above-mentioned trans-shipment-inventory systems. The proposed method is applied to the actual system. It is found that the time to build simulation models could be drastically reduced. Furthermore, the proposed method is found to be both practical and powerful.
{"title":"A practical module-based simulation model for transshipment-inventory systems","authors":"S. Takakuwa, T. Fujii","doi":"10.1145/324898.325091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324898.325091","url":null,"abstract":"A method of modeling trans-shipment-inventory systems is proposed in an attempt to describe systems where many kinds of items are ordered to be transported, stored and delivered to the customers. The system consists of a number of supply, trans-shipment and demand nodes. However, the problem considered in this study is totally different from the traditional trans-shipment problem in terms of linear programming. Firstly, any number of different kinds of items can be treated for analysis. Secondly, any size of transportation trucks can be specified to transport items for any number of the two-node combinations. In other words, the capacity of the transportation truck is to be specified in building a simulation model. In addition, any number of supply, transshipment and demand nodes can be specified in a simulation model. Thirdly, the order by a demand node is made toward the associated trans-shipment node, based on the inventory policy at the demand node, and the so-called the \"pull system\" is adopted in the demand-supply environment. An efficient module-based modeling method is proposed to generate simulation models for the above-mentioned trans-shipment-inventory systems. The proposed method is applied to the actual system. It is found that the time to build simulation models could be drastically reduced. Furthermore, the proposed method is found to be both practical and powerful.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122422438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a case study in which thinning is applied to simulate time-varying arrivals at a consumer electronics store. The underlying simulation was developed to support an analysis of new staffing schedules for retail sales associates, given proposed changes in store layout and operating procedures. A principal challenge was developing a modeling approach for customer arrivals, where it was understood that the arrival rate varied by time-of-day and by day-of-the-week, as well as seasonally. An analysis of arrival data supported a conjectured "typical weekday" as one basic arrival model. For this model, arrivals were assumed to be nonstationary Poisson, with a piecewise-linear arrival rate independently modulated by hour and by day. Arrival data were filtered and independent hourly and daily thinning factors computed. In the simulation, potential arrivals were generated with a mean equal to the minimum average interarrival rate, determined from the average arrival count for the hour/day time block with unit thinning factors. Candidate arrivals were then thinned using a bivariate acceptance probability equal to the product of the corresponding hourly and daily thinning factors.
{"title":"Simulating a nonstationary Poisson process using bivariate thinning: the case of “typical weekday” arrivals at a consumer electronics store","authors":"K. Preston White","doi":"10.1145/324138.324284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324138.324284","url":null,"abstract":"We present a case study in which thinning is applied to simulate time-varying arrivals at a consumer electronics store. The underlying simulation was developed to support an analysis of new staffing schedules for retail sales associates, given proposed changes in store layout and operating procedures. A principal challenge was developing a modeling approach for customer arrivals, where it was understood that the arrival rate varied by time-of-day and by day-of-the-week, as well as seasonally. An analysis of arrival data supported a conjectured \"typical weekday\" as one basic arrival model. For this model, arrivals were assumed to be nonstationary Poisson, with a piecewise-linear arrival rate independently modulated by hour and by day. Arrival data were filtered and independent hourly and daily thinning factors computed. In the simulation, potential arrivals were generated with a mean equal to the minimum average interarrival rate, determined from the average arrival count for the hour/day time block with unit thinning factors. Candidate arrivals were then thinned using a bivariate acceptance probability equal to the product of the corresponding hourly and daily thinning factors.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126363254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Page, D. Nicol, O. Balci, R. Fujimoto, P. Fishwick, P. L'Ecuyer, Roger M. Smith
To mark the 50th anniversary of the Association for Com puting Machinery, Volume 28, Number 4 of ACM Computing Surveyswas released entitled, “Strategic Direction in Computing Research.” Notable—to attendees of W ter Simulation Conference at least—among the topics covered was computer simulation. One may reasonably ask why this is so. Are there unanswered questions remaining in computer simulation? computer simulation an unimportant topic? Does simulat not have relevance as a computing discipline? Should rather be considered solely in terms of operations resea statistics or mathematics? Arguably computer simulation is quite relevant to tec nological advance in many arenas. Modeling and simu tion are playing key roles within industry, academia a the government. The papers appearing in these Proceedings
{"title":"Strategic directions in simulation research (panel)","authors":"E. Page, D. Nicol, O. Balci, R. Fujimoto, P. Fishwick, P. L'Ecuyer, Roger M. Smith","doi":"10.1145/324898.325314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324898.325314","url":null,"abstract":"To mark the 50th anniversary of the Association for Com puting Machinery, Volume 28, Number 4 of ACM Computing Surveyswas released entitled, “Strategic Direction in Computing Research.” Notable—to attendees of W ter Simulation Conference at least—among the topics covered was computer simulation. One may reasonably ask why this is so. Are there unanswered questions remaining in computer simulation? computer simulation an unimportant topic? Does simulat not have relevance as a computing discipline? Should rather be considered solely in terms of operations resea statistics or mathematics? Arguably computer simulation is quite relevant to tec nological advance in many arenas. Modeling and simu tion are playing key roles within industry, academia a the government. The papers appearing in these Proceedings","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131577219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tools for project scheduling, such as Gantt charts and PERT/CPM networks, have existed for some time. However, these tools have significant shortcomings for settings characterized by constrained resources and multiple projects that arrive dynamically. The paper identifies the power and benefit that deterministic simulation can bring to the practice of project management and project scheduling. The paper is intended for those in the daily practice of project management, and those in the field of developing project management software. Deterministic simulation using available project data to choose an activity scheduling heuristic not only allows for the establishment of good project schedules, it determines ahead of time which resources will be assigned to specific project activities.
{"title":"Activity scheduling in the dynamic multi-project setting: choosing heuristics through deterministic simulation","authors":"R. Ash","doi":"10.1145/324898.324933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324898.324933","url":null,"abstract":"Tools for project scheduling, such as Gantt charts and PERT/CPM networks, have existed for some time. However, these tools have significant shortcomings for settings characterized by constrained resources and multiple projects that arrive dynamically. The paper identifies the power and benefit that deterministic simulation can bring to the practice of project management and project scheduling. The paper is intended for those in the daily practice of project management, and those in the field of developing project management software. Deterministic simulation using available project data to choose an activity scheduling heuristic not only allows for the establishment of good project schedules, it determines ahead of time which resources will be assigned to specific project activities.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117186399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes how a combined queueing and simulation study was successfully executed for the design of a toll plaza. The objectives of the study were twofold: to configure the types of toll booths with multiple payment functionalities (cash, credit cards, and electronic payment). To determine the number of toll booths for each type. The model was also used to validate the spacing, safety, and accessibility of the toll plaza. A hybrid approach of simulation and queueing theory proved to be a powerful method in analyzing the queueing processes of the toll plaza. This approach combined the insights from queueing theory with the practical applicability of simulation. Queueing theory provided the conceptual framework and limited the number of variants to be examined, while simulation was used to compare and evaluate the variants. The study showed that fewer toll booths were needed when different payment systems were separated, as a combination of different payment systems at one toll booth would substantially enlarge the variability of service times. This variability appeared to dominate the 'inefficiency' of separate toll booths which may seem counterintuitive. Consequently, the initial design had to be completely redesigned.
{"title":"Designing the Westercheldetunnel toll plaza using a combination of queueing and simulation","authors":"N. Dijk, M. D. Hermans, M. Teunisse, H. Schuurman","doi":"10.1145/324898.325061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/324898.325061","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes how a combined queueing and simulation study was successfully executed for the design of a toll plaza. The objectives of the study were twofold: to configure the types of toll booths with multiple payment functionalities (cash, credit cards, and electronic payment). To determine the number of toll booths for each type. The model was also used to validate the spacing, safety, and accessibility of the toll plaza. A hybrid approach of simulation and queueing theory proved to be a powerful method in analyzing the queueing processes of the toll plaza. This approach combined the insights from queueing theory with the practical applicability of simulation. Queueing theory provided the conceptual framework and limited the number of variants to be examined, while simulation was used to compare and evaluate the variants. The study showed that fewer toll booths were needed when different payment systems were separated, as a combination of different payment systems at one toll booth would substantially enlarge the variability of service times. This variability appeared to dominate the 'inefficiency' of separate toll booths which may seem counterintuitive. Consequently, the initial design had to be completely redesigned.","PeriodicalId":287132,"journal":{"name":"Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131134828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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