Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101199
Afroditi Kourou, Siyuan Chen, Thiranya Tillekeratne, Geraldine J Heynderickx, Yi Ouyang, Kevin M Van Geem
Direct air capture (DAC) plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change, although it currently faces challenges such as high costs and low efficiency. Emerging novel contactor designs aim to reduce pressure drops and minimize mass and heat transfer resistances. Recent research trends focus on intensification and integration strategies, including high-gravity technology, electrification, innovative heating methods, and combining DAC with conversion techniques. Optimizing geometry and operational conditions is essential to advance these proof-of-concept studies towards industrial application.
{"title":"Direct air capture: novel contactor designs and intensification strategies","authors":"Afroditi Kourou, Siyuan Chen, Thiranya Tillekeratne, Geraldine J Heynderickx, Yi Ouyang, Kevin M Van Geem","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct air capture (DAC) plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change, although it currently faces challenges such as high costs and low efficiency. Emerging novel contactor designs aim to reduce pressure drops and minimize mass and heat transfer resistances. Recent research trends focus on intensification and integration strategies, including high-gravity technology, electrification, innovative heating methods, and combining DAC with conversion techniques. Optimizing geometry and operational conditions is essential to advance these proof-of-concept studies towards industrial application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101199"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101198
Seo-Yul Kim , Hannah E Holmes , Matthew J Realff , Christopher W Jones , Ryan P Lively
Amine-based solid sorbent direct air capture (DAC) systems face two primary cost drivers: water management and contactor productivity. Water desorption during the regeneration step in temperature vacuum swing adsorption (TVSA) imposes significant energy penalties, while water uptake during regeneration in steam-assisted systems leads to substantial water losses. These penalties remain underexplored, particularly in steam-based processes, and are compounded by the limited availability of reliable CO2/H2O selectivity data under DAC conditions. More targeted efforts at the material level are needed to enhance CO2/H2O selectivity without sacrificing CO2 capacity. On the productivity side, most DAC research has focused on sorbent materials, leaving contactor design comparatively underdeveloped. A critical gap remains in understanding how geometric parameters, such as channel width, wall thickness, and pattern spacing in complex architectures, govern key contactor productivity drivers like sorbent loading, pressure drop, mass transfer, and heat transfer. This gap has hindered the development of generalized contactor design principles for high productivity and low-cost DAC. While 3D printing and related technologies now enable increasingly complex contactor geometries, their potential cannot be realized without this foundational understanding. Moreover, trade-offs between structural complexity and manufacturing scalability are rarely quantified, making it difficult to evaluate the techno-economic viability of advanced contactor architectures. This opinion highlights the need to move beyond sorbent-centered design toward an integrated, multiscale approach that spans sorbent, contactor, and process levels for improved water management and contactor productivity in scalable DAC systems.
{"title":"Two keys to scalable direct air capture: water management and contactor productivity","authors":"Seo-Yul Kim , Hannah E Holmes , Matthew J Realff , Christopher W Jones , Ryan P Lively","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amine-based solid sorbent direct air capture (DAC) systems face two primary cost drivers: water management and contactor productivity. Water desorption during the regeneration step in temperature vacuum swing adsorption (TVSA) imposes significant energy penalties, while water uptake during regeneration in steam-assisted systems leads to substantial water losses. These penalties remain underexplored, particularly in steam-based processes, and are compounded by the limited availability of reliable CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O selectivity data under DAC conditions. More targeted efforts at the material level are needed to enhance CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O selectivity without sacrificing CO<sub>2</sub> capacity. On the productivity side, most DAC research has focused on sorbent materials, leaving contactor design comparatively underdeveloped. A critical gap remains in understanding how geometric parameters, such as channel width, wall thickness, and pattern spacing in complex architectures, govern key contactor productivity drivers like sorbent loading, pressure drop, mass transfer, and heat transfer. This gap has hindered the development of generalized contactor design principles for high productivity and low-cost DAC. While 3D printing and related technologies now enable increasingly complex contactor geometries, their potential cannot be realized without this foundational understanding. Moreover, trade-offs between structural complexity and manufacturing scalability are rarely quantified, making it difficult to evaluate the techno-economic viability of advanced contactor architectures. This opinion highlights the need to move beyond sorbent-centered design toward an integrated, multiscale approach that spans sorbent, contactor, and process levels for improved water management and contactor productivity in scalable DAC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101198"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101197
Yongxin Hu , Xingyang Li , Teng Zhou
The direct air capture (DAC) technology possesses transformative potential for achieving negative emissions. However, challenges such as massive energy consumption, low capture efficiency, and supply chain concerns have impeded their large-scale implementation. Process Systems Engineering (PSE) is expected to address these challenges and bridge existing gaps. This paper first conducts a bibliometric analysis of 1171 DAC-related research papers published between 2015 and 2025. We then classify recent representative DAC studies through the lens of PSE. Afterwards, we discuss the role of PSE methods and tools in material design, equipment retrofitting, process optimization, and system integration across molecular, unit, and process scales. Finally, we point out future research opportunities and challenges in cross-scale modeling and optimization, multisystem integration, and flexible design for varying DAC conditions.
{"title":"Direct air capture: recent progress in materials, equipment, and process engineering","authors":"Yongxin Hu , Xingyang Li , Teng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The direct air capture (DAC) technology possesses transformative potential for achieving negative emissions. However, challenges such as massive energy consumption, low capture efficiency, and supply chain concerns have impeded their large-scale implementation. Process Systems Engineering (PSE) is expected to address these challenges and bridge existing gaps. This paper first conducts a bibliometric analysis of 1171 DAC-related research papers published between 2015 and 2025. We then classify recent representative DAC studies through the lens of PSE. Afterwards, we discuss the role of PSE methods and tools in material design, equipment retrofitting, process optimization, and system integration across molecular, unit, and process scales. Finally, we point out future research opportunities and challenges in cross-scale modeling and optimization, multisystem integration, and flexible design for varying DAC conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101197"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial overview: Microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment: progress and prospects","authors":"Nisha Singh , Damià Barceló , Kirpa Ram , Julien Gigault","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101196","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101196"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101194
Laura Clarizia, Tejraj M Aminabhavi, Gunda Mohanakrishna, Nicolas Keller, Cui Y Toe
{"title":"Editorial overview: Solar photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution using novel and effective materials","authors":"Laura Clarizia, Tejraj M Aminabhavi, Gunda Mohanakrishna, Nicolas Keller, Cui Y Toe","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101194"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101195
Roberto Mennitto , Richard Blom , Maurice Dörr , Marian Rosental , Nils Rettenmaier
Direct air capture (DAC) is a pivotal technology for achieving net-zero emissions, yet its scalability is constrained by energy intensity and material limitations. This work critically examines the current landscape of solid sorbents for DAC, focusing on their performance, durability, and environmental impact. Key sorbent classes — amine-functionalized materials, carbonates, zeolites, and metal-organic frameworks — are evaluated in terms of CO₂ uptake, energy requirements, and life cycle emissions. A novel exergetic efficiency metric is introduced, incorporating sorbent degradation to better reflect real-world performance. Structured supports such as laminates and monoliths are discussed for their role in enhancing mass transfer and reducing pressure drop, though often at increased cost and environmental burden. Life cycle assessment (LCA) results highlight that energy consumption dominates DAC’s carbon footprint, with sorbent-related impacts becoming significant only for short-lived or energy-intensive materials. Emerging materials like hydroxylated activated carbon, along with alternative processes such as moisture swing adsorption and electrochemical DAC, offer promising pathways to reduce energy demand and improve sustainability. The work underscores the need for integrated assessments that link sorbent properties, process design, and environmental metrics from early development stages. Future research should prioritise sorbent longevity, comprehensive kinetic data, and inclusion of support structures in LCA models to enable cost-effective and climate-positive DAC deployment.
{"title":"Solid sorbents for direct air capture: a technological and environmental perspective","authors":"Roberto Mennitto , Richard Blom , Maurice Dörr , Marian Rosental , Nils Rettenmaier","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct air capture (DAC) is a pivotal technology for achieving net-zero emissions, yet its scalability is constrained by energy intensity and material limitations. This work critically examines the current landscape of solid sorbents for DAC, focusing on their performance, durability, and environmental impact. Key sorbent classes — amine-functionalized materials, carbonates, zeolites, and metal-organic frameworks — are evaluated in terms of CO₂ uptake, energy requirements, and life cycle emissions. A novel exergetic efficiency metric is introduced, incorporating sorbent degradation to better reflect real-world performance. Structured supports such as laminates and monoliths are discussed for their role in enhancing mass transfer and reducing pressure drop, though often at increased cost and environmental burden. Life cycle assessment (LCA) results highlight that energy consumption dominates DAC’s carbon footprint, with sorbent-related impacts becoming significant only for short-lived or energy-intensive materials. Emerging materials like hydroxylated activated carbon, along with alternative processes such as moisture swing adsorption and electrochemical DAC, offer promising pathways to reduce energy demand and improve sustainability. The work underscores the need for integrated assessments that link sorbent properties, process design, and environmental metrics from early development stages. Future research should prioritise sorbent longevity, comprehensive kinetic data, and inclusion of support structures in LCA models to enable cost-effective and climate-positive DAC deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101195"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101193
Hamed Hoorijani, Yi Ouyang, Geraldine J Heynderickx, Kevin M Van Geem
Multiphase flow reactors are fundamental to industrial processes, but they remain challenging to model due to their inherently multiscale dynamics. While experiments and traditional physics-based models have advanced our understanding, their cost and complexity limit the study of large-scale systems and applications. Data-driven modeling has emerged as a promising alternative, enabling efficient prediction of transport–reaction phenomena across scales. This review categorizes state-of-the-art approaches into three main groups: reduced order models that simplify high-fidelity simulations, hybrid physics-data approaches that couple data models with physics-based simulations, and fully data-driven frameworks that leverage operator-learning and neural surrogates. Particular emphasis is placed on cross-scale learning for developing data models, as well as on emerging architectures such as PINN-based frameworks, neural operators, and transformer-inspired GPT models. Challenges in data availability, interpretability, and geometry transfer are discussed, along with future opportunities for reactor digitalization, adaptive control, and decarbonization through multiscale integration of data-driven models.
{"title":"Data across the scales: data-driven multiphase flow reactor modeling","authors":"Hamed Hoorijani, Yi Ouyang, Geraldine J Heynderickx, Kevin M Van Geem","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiphase flow reactors are fundamental to industrial processes, but they remain challenging to model due to their inherently multiscale dynamics. While experiments and traditional physics-based models have advanced our understanding, their cost and complexity limit the study of large-scale systems and applications. Data-driven modeling has emerged as a promising alternative, enabling efficient prediction of transport–reaction phenomena across scales. This review categorizes state-of-the-art approaches into three main groups: reduced order models that simplify high-fidelity simulations, hybrid physics-data approaches that couple data models with physics-based simulations, and fully data-driven frameworks that leverage operator-learning and neural surrogates. Particular emphasis is placed on cross-scale learning for developing data models, as well as on emerging architectures such as PINN-based frameworks, neural operators, and transformer-inspired GPT models. Challenges in data availability, interpretability, and geometry transfer are discussed, along with future opportunities for reactor digitalization, adaptive control, and decarbonization through multiscale integration of data-driven models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101193"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145412647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101192
Helga Kovacs
Noble metals (NMs) and rare earth elements (REEs) are becoming increasingly crucial in modern industry, particularly in green high-tech applications. As demand for these valuable metals continues to surge, their natural reserves are being depleted. Therefore, recovery of high-value metals from secondary minerals is essential for sustainable development. Phytomining has emerged as a sustainable approach for recovering NMs and REEs from alternative resources, offering a promising and sustainable solution for the production of these valuable metals. This study provides a glimpse of the overall phytoextraction-enrichment-extraction concept, with a particular focus on the final stage of extraction to reclaim NMs and REEs from bio-ores. Although phytomining has been effectively implemented for Ni across various scales, its application to NMs and REEs remains in its early stages. Within the phytoextraction-enrichment-extraction chain, the extraction phase plays a critical role in reclaiming these valuable elements. However, research on extracting NMs and REEs from biomass residues is currently scarce. This gap of knowledge likely arises from the novelty of the field, presenting both significant challenges and promising opportunities for further study. Moreover, existing extraction techniques have largely relied on pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods, both of which pose environmental concerns and entail high operational costs. Therefore, it is essential to investigate and advance eco-friendly, innovative techniques, with a particular focus on bio-metallurgy, to efficiently recover NMs and REEs from biomass ashes.
{"title":"Extraction of noble metals and rare earth elements using plants","authors":"Helga Kovacs","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Noble metals (NMs) and rare earth elements (REEs) are becoming increasingly crucial in modern industry, particularly in green high-tech applications. As demand for these valuable metals continues to surge, their natural reserves are being depleted. Therefore, recovery of high-value metals from secondary minerals is essential for sustainable development. Phytomining has emerged as a sustainable approach for recovering NMs and REEs from alternative resources, offering a promising and sustainable solution for the production of these valuable metals. This study provides a glimpse of the overall phytoextraction-enrichment-extraction concept, with a particular focus on the final stage of extraction to reclaim NMs and REEs from bio-ores. Although phytomining has been effectively implemented for Ni across various scales, its application to NMs and REEs remains in its early stages. Within the phytoextraction-enrichment-extraction chain, the extraction phase plays a critical role in reclaiming these valuable elements. However, research on extracting NMs and REEs from biomass residues is currently scarce. This gap of knowledge likely arises from the novelty of the field, presenting both significant challenges and promising opportunities for further study. Moreover, existing extraction techniques have largely relied on pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods, both of which pose environmental concerns and entail high operational costs. Therefore, it is essential to investigate and advance eco-friendly, innovative techniques, with a particular focus on bio-metallurgy, to efficiently recover NMs and REEs from biomass ashes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101192"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2025.101190
Tim M Nisbet, Alexander W van der Made
Direct air capture (DAC) is a crucial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology for achieving net-zero emissions by balancing atmospheric CO₂ release with removal. It serves two key roles: (a) when integrated with Carbon Capture and Storage (DAC-CCS), it enables permanent CO₂ removal to offset emissions from hard-to-abate sources like aviation; and (b) when combined with Carbon Capture and Utilization (DAC-CCU), it provides non-fossil CO₂ for producing defossilized fuels and zero-carbon chemicals. To fulfill these roles, DAC systems must be scalable and economically viable. While academic studies often focus on assessing sorbent performance under a limited range of weather conditions and for limited periods, we advocate that industrial scale deployment demands DAC systems with additional key features such as low pressure drop, high reliability for long periods (years) in a wide range of weather conditions (temperature, relative humidity), resistance to fouling from particulates in air, and without loss of performance by reingestion of CO2 depleted air. These key features are more commonly addressed in patent literature by companies nearing commercialization rather than in academic publications. Moreover, DAC technologies must be capital-efficient, and use low-cost, recyclable sorbents.
{"title":"Direct air capture of CO2: an industrial perspective","authors":"Tim M Nisbet, Alexander W van der Made","doi":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coche.2025.101190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct air capture (DAC) is a crucial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology for achieving net-zero emissions by balancing atmospheric CO₂ release with removal. It serves two key roles: (a) when integrated with Carbon Capture and Storage (DAC-CCS), it enables permanent CO₂ removal to offset emissions from hard-to-abate sources like aviation; and (b) when combined with Carbon Capture and Utilization (DAC-CCU), it provides non-fossil CO₂ for producing defossilized fuels and zero-carbon chemicals. To fulfill these roles, DAC systems must be scalable and economically viable. While academic studies often focus on assessing sorbent performance under a limited range of weather conditions and for limited periods, we advocate that industrial scale deployment demands DAC systems with additional key features such as low pressure drop, high reliability for long periods (years) in a wide range of weather conditions (temperature, relative humidity), resistance to fouling from particulates in air, and without loss of performance by reingestion of CO2 depleted air. These key features are more commonly addressed in patent literature by companies nearing commercialization rather than in academic publications. Moreover, DAC technologies must be capital-efficient, and use low-cost, recyclable sorbents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":292,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 101190"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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