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Why Has the Ethics of Care Become an Issue of Global Concern? 为什么护理伦理成为全球关注的问题?
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12048
Yayo Okano

Since Carol Gilligan published her masterpiece, In a Different Voice, many scholars, especially feminist scholars in various fields, including moral theory, philosophy, and political and legal theory, have been inspired to establish a more inclusive approach to social injustice as well as sexual inequality. The purpose of this article is to explore the depth and expanse of the ethics of care for its potential as a political philosophy. To pursue this end, the article analyzes first the main claims of care ethics by responding to its typical counterarguments, which criticize the ethics of care as being too dependent on gender differences, particularism, and essentialism. The second section examines three challenges that care ethics poses to the male-oriented mainstream of political philosophy, especially the theory of justice. The ethics of care provides us with a new approach to moral and political issues because it focuses responsively on social injustice, proposes a new idea of relational self and takes the social connection model to justice. With these three perspectives proposed by the ethics of care in mind, the article turns its eyes to global implications of care ethics by referring to the issue of the “comfort women” of Japanese troops during the Second World War.

自从Carol Gilligan发表了她的杰作《In a Different Voice》以来,许多学者,特别是各个领域的女权主义学者,包括道德理论、哲学、政治和法律理论,都受到启发,建立了一种更包容的方法来研究社会不公正和性别不平等。本文的目的是探讨关怀伦理作为一种政治哲学的潜力的深度和广度。为了实现这一目标,本文首先分析了护理伦理学的主要主张,并对其典型的反驳意见做出了回应,这些反驳意见批评护理伦理学过于依赖性别差异、特殊主义和本质主义。第二部分考察了关怀伦理对以男性为导向的主流政治哲学,特别是正义理论提出的三个挑战。关怀伦理学为我们提供了一种处理道德和政治问题的新方法,因为它对社会不公正作出了反应性的关注,提出了一种新的关系自我观念,并将社会联系模型用于正义。在关怀伦理提出的这三个视角下,本文以二战期间日军“慰安妇”问题为切入点,将目光转向关怀伦理的全球意义。
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引用次数: 30
Introduction: Being Migrants, Being Carers: Globalization and its Implications 引言:成为移民,成为看护人:全球化及其启示
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12045
Yuko O. Hirano, Aya Kitamura, Yuiko Fujita
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引用次数: 0
Hesitant Madams in a Global City: Japanese Expat Wives and their Global Householding in Hong Kong 国际都市中犹豫不决的太太:日本外籍太太和她们在香港的国际家庭
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12047
Aya Kitamura

Care work, once a sanctioned labor of love, is increasingly commodified in transnational contexts. The picture of migrant women shouldering the housework and child care of local professonal women may seem like a mutually beneficial arrangement—matching the “needs” of the haves and have-nots—, but the global care chain ultimately works to maintain the traditional gendered division of labor as well as global inequality. To this trend of globalization of care work, Japan has been an exception; however, how much longer it will be so is now in a question, as the government paves the way for importing domestic labor from abroad. This article focuses on Japanese expat wives in Hong Kong in order to locate Japanese women vis-à-vis the global care chain. The narrative analysis on how they decide whether to hire a domestic worker in their home away from home highlights the sociopolitical nature of their supposedly private choices. Some drew on cultural ideal of wifehood and motherhood to rationalize their choice while others referred to racialized or even overtly racist and classist images of foreign domestic workers. A few women spoke against the system itself, showing awareness of its inherent social injustice. All such narratives are never purely personal; their decisions and the rationalization behind them sustain the prevailing discourses of gender, race, ethnicity, culture, and class, which, in turn, envelop their attempts at global householding.

护理工作,曾经是一种被认可的爱的劳动,在跨国背景下越来越商品化。移民妇女承担着当地职业妇女的家务和照顾孩子的工作,这似乎是一种互惠互利的安排——满足了富人和穷人的“需求”,但全球护理链最终维持了传统的性别分工和全球不平等。对于这种护理工作的全球化趋势,日本是一个例外;但是,随着政府为引进海外劳动力铺平道路,这种情况会持续多久,成为了一个问题。这篇文章的重点是在香港的日本外籍妻子,以便在-à-vis全球护理链中找到日本女性。关于他们如何决定是否在离家的家中雇佣一名家庭佣工的叙事分析,突出了他们所谓的私人选择的社会政治性质。有些人利用妻子和母亲的文化理想来合理化他们的选择,而另一些人则提到外籍家庭佣工的种族化甚至公然的种族主义和阶级主义形象。少数妇女发言反对该制度本身,表明意识到其固有的社会不公正。所有这些叙述都不是纯粹个人的;他们的决定及其背后的合理化维持了性别、种族、民族、文化和阶级的主流话语,这些话语反过来又包围了他们在全球家庭中的尝试。
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引用次数: 1
Health-care Work in Globalization: News Reports on Care Worker Migration to Japan 全球化中的保健工作:关于护理工作者向日本迁移的新闻报道
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12049
Chika Shinohara

Health-care worker migration has emerged as a social issue in Japan, contrary to it has in Indonesia. This article shows how national contexts affected by globalization have shaped social understandings and policies towards health-care worker migration in the two societies over time. Analyses of news coverage in the Japanese and Indonesian national media reveal a gap of social responses toward this change. The Japanese are more likely to respond negatively to health-care worker migration; yet they intend to face cross-cultural challenges, although slowly, making revisions to related policies. In contrast, in Indonesia, from where health-care workers migrate to Japan and many other countries, this tends to be understood positively, overall, as providing economic benefits and permitting Indonesian professionals to contribute to the worker shortage in Japan. I interpret these results based on the literature on health-care worker migration, emerging global norms and local changes, and comparative research on employment and care work. This study contributes to the sociological understanding of worker migration and health-care issues.

与印度尼西亚相反,保健工作者移徙在日本已成为一个社会问题。本文展示了受全球化影响的国家背景如何随着时间的推移影响了这两个社会对保健工作者移徙的社会理解和政策。对日本和印度尼西亚国家媒体新闻报道的分析显示,社会对这一变化的反应存在差距。日本人更有可能对保健工作者移徙作出消极反应;然而,他们打算面对跨文化挑战,尽管进展缓慢,但他们正在修订相关政策。相比之下,在印度尼西亚,保健工作者从那里移徙到日本和许多其他国家,总的来说,这往往被积极地理解为提供了经济利益,并允许印度尼西亚专业人员为日本的工人短缺做出贡献。我根据有关卫生保健工作者移徙、新兴全球规范和地方变化以及就业和护理工作比较研究的文献来解释这些结果。这项研究有助于从社会学角度理解工人迁移和保健问题。
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引用次数: 12
“Who Are You?”: The Making of Korean “Illegal Entrants” in Occupied Japan 1945–1952 “你是谁?”: 1945-1952年在被占领的日本制造朝鲜“非法入境者”
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12042
Sara Park

Recent progress in the study of migration history in Japan has cast new light on the influx of Koreans to Japan just after the end of the Second World War in August 1945. Both the Japanese Government and the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers called this migration illegal entry or smuggling, and tried to suppress it., One important question remains to be solved about this migration; namely; how was it prohibited? Before the Immigration Control Act (1951) was enshrined, and at a time when Koreans in Japan still held Japanese citizenship, how were the authorities able to regard Korean migration to Japan illegal? How did this migration became a political and social problem? Focusing on the legislation process and performance of the law, this article attempts to answer these questions. Politics, legislation, and social interaction all contributed to making the ethnic and legal category of Korean in postwar Japan.

日本移民史研究的最新进展使人们对1945年8月第二次世界大战结束后涌入日本的韩国人有了新的认识。日本政府和盟军最高统帅都把这种移民称为非法入境或走私,并试图加以镇压。关于这次迁移,有一个重要的问题有待解决;即;它是如何被禁止的?在《入境管理法》(1951年)出台之前,在日朝鲜人仍然拥有日本国籍的情况下,当局怎么能认定韩国人移民日本是非法的呢?这种移民是如何成为一个政治和社会问题的?本文试图从立法过程和法律执行两个方面来回答这些问题。政治、立法和社会互动都对战后日本的朝鲜族和法律范畴的形成做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 2
Issue Information - IFA 问题信息-IFA
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12052
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引用次数: 0
Social Support and the Mental Health of Family Caregivers: Sons and Daughters Caring for Aging Parents in Japan 社会支持与家庭照顾者的心理健康:日本儿子和女儿照顾年迈父母
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12041
Saeko Kikuzawa

The prevalence of depressive symptoms among family caregivers has been documented as a serious social problem that could threaten the lives of the elderly and their family caregivers. Social support is considered to be a promising remedy for this problem, although a comprehensive examination of the availability and effectiveness of social support that includes both formal and informal support across multiple dimensions remains limited. In addition, little research has been conducted in Japan on gender differences in stress processes. This study tried to fill those gaps by analyzing recent survey data on sons and daughters who are caring for their elderly parents. The results indicate that sons and daughters have similar levels of formal and informal support for daily care and advice, while there are some gender differences in regard to the availability of other types of social support. It was also found that many types of informal support were significantly associated with a lower caregiver burden for daughters, although this was not necessarily the case for formal support. General instrumental support from formal sources was even associated with higher levels of distress. For sons acting as caregivers, daily caregiving support was the only formal support that was significantly associated with their lower level of distress. Issues of formal support are discussed, in order to reduce the psychological burdens borne by sons and daughters who care for their parents at home.

有文献记载,家庭照顾者中抑郁症状的普遍存在是一个严重的社会问题,可能威胁到老年人及其家庭照顾者的生命。社会支持被认为是解决这一问题的一个有希望的补救办法,尽管对社会支持的可用性和有效性(包括跨多个维度的正式和非正式支持)的全面检查仍然有限。此外,日本对压力过程中的性别差异进行的研究很少。这项研究试图通过分析最近对照顾年迈父母的儿子和女儿的调查数据来填补这些空白。结果表明,儿子和女儿在日常照顾和咨询方面得到的正式和非正式支持水平相似,而在获得其他类型的社会支持方面存在一些性别差异。研究还发现,许多类型的非正式支持与较低的照顾女儿的负担显著相关,尽管正式支持不一定如此。来自正式来源的一般工具性支持甚至与更高程度的痛苦有关。对于作为照顾者的儿子来说,日常照顾支持是唯一与他们较低的痛苦水平显著相关的正式支持。讨论了正式支持的问题,以减轻在家照顾父母的儿子和女儿所承受的心理负担。
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引用次数: 14
Editor's Note 编者按
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-03-27 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12051
Daishiro Nomiya
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引用次数: 0
Two Components of Wage Gaps Induced by Individual-level Variables: Intra-firm or Inter-firm? 个体水平变量诱导的工资差距的两个组成部分:企业内还是企业间?
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2016-01-22 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12040
Koji Takahashi

Individual-level variables such as gender, education, occupation, and employment type are well-known factors that induce wage gaps in the labor market. This article aims to divide wage gaps into two components—those arising within each firm (the intra-firm wage gap) and those arising between different firms (the inter-firm wage gap)—and measure their respective proportions by individual-level variables, as studies suggest that each wage gap based on an individual-level variable has a unique mix of an intra-firm and inter-firm wage gap. This measurement can help enrich investigation into the generative process of wage gaps and formulate effective labor policies to reduce them. Accordingly, we compared the coefficients of the independent variables of the wage function estimated by a pooled ordinary least squares model and a fixed-effect model, using nationwide employer–employee matching data collected by the Japanese government. We found that wage gaps by gender and employment type mostly consist of intra-firm wage gaps, and those by education and occupation have a larger share of inter-firm wage gaps. The findings suggest that different research strategies are required to investigate the generative process of each wage gap, and that regulations on and interventions in organizational processes are important to reduce wage gaps based on gender and employment type.

众所周知,性别、教育程度、职业和就业类型等个人层面的变量是导致劳动力市场工资差距的因素。本文旨在将工资差距分为两个部分——每个企业内部产生的工资差距(企业内部工资差距)和不同企业之间产生的工资差距(企业间工资差距)——并通过个人水平变量衡量它们各自的比例,因为研究表明,基于个人水平变量的每一种工资差距都是企业内部和企业间工资差距的独特组合。这一测量有助于丰富对工资差距产生过程的研究,并有助于制定有效的劳动政策来缩小工资差距。因此,我们使用日本政府收集的全国范围内的雇主-雇员匹配数据,比较了混合普通最小二乘模型和固定效应模型估计的工资函数的自变量系数。我们发现,性别和就业类型的工资差距主要由企业内部的工资差距组成,而教育和职业的工资差距在企业间的工资差距中所占的份额更大。研究结果表明,需要采取不同的研究策略来研究每一种工资差距的产生过程,对组织过程进行监管和干预对于减少基于性别和就业类型的工资差距至关重要。
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引用次数: 3
Combining Egalitarian Working Lives with Traditional Attitudes: Gender Role Attitudes in Taiwan, Japan, and Korea 结合平等主义工作生活与传统观念:台湾、日本与韩国的性别角色观念
Q2 SOCIOLOGY Pub Date : 2015-07-14 DOI: 10.1111/ijjs.12039
Maki Takeuchi, Junya Tsutsui

In a simple theoretical framework, egalitarian gender role attitudes emerge as more and more women participate in the labor market. Most advanced Western nations enjoy relatively gender-egalitarian working environments, and consequently more egalitarian gender attitudes than their East Asian counterparts. Women in East Asian societies, on the other hand, are said to support both the conditions resulting in stagnant female labor-force participation and traditional attitudes toward gender roles. In Taiwan, however, women are more economically active than in two other East Asian societies—Japan and South Korea—even though women in all three societies favor the traditional gender division of labor. Thus, in Taiwan, women experiencing inconsistencies between their active working lives and their traditional values. This study hypothesizes that this inconsistency, or the coexistence of the old and the new, is reflected in the very mind-set of women. Using comparative data from the 2006 East Asian Social Survey, we analyzed the gap between responses to questions on gender attitudes in relation to working conditions, and other general gender role attitudes. We found there were significant differences in the size of these gaps. Taiwanese women expressed more egalitarian views insofar as the questions were concerned with practical economic interests, while they retained their basic traditional attitudes towards gender roles in their homes. This gap is larger in Taiwan than in Japan or South Korea.

在一个简单的理论框架中,平等主义的性别角色态度随着越来越多的女性参与劳动力市场而出现。大多数先进的西方国家享有相对性别平等的工作环境,因此比东亚同行更平等的性别态度。另一方面,据说东亚社会的妇女既支持导致女性劳动力参与停滞不前的条件,也支持对性别角色的传统态度。然而,在台湾,女性在经济上比另外两个东亚社会——日本和韩国——更活跃,尽管这三个社会的女性都支持传统的性别劳动分工。因此,在台湾,女性正经历着积极的工作生活与传统价值观之间的不一致。这项研究假设,这种不一致,或者说新旧并存,反映在女性的思维方式上。利用2006年东亚社会调查的比较数据,我们分析了与工作条件有关的性别态度问题的回答与其他一般性别角色态度之间的差距。我们发现这些差距的大小有显著差异。台湾妇女在涉及实际经济利益的问题上表达了更平等的观点,同时她们对家庭中的性别角色保持了基本的传统态度。台湾的这一差距比日本或韩国更大。
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引用次数: 15
期刊
Japanese Journal of Sociology
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