Highways serve nearly 80-90% of the population mobility and flow of goods. Utilization of bottom ash, a waste from coal combustion, in highway construction is one of the alternatives to reduce environmental pollution and support Clean Development Mechanism Program of Kyoto Protocol. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of AC-BC mixture that uses bottom ash as partial substitute of fine aggregate and comparing with a standard mixture. Laboratory tests are performed on two different types of mixtures. The tests show that optimum asphalt content for AC-BCStandard mixture is 5.20% while AC-BCBottom Ash mixture is 5.25%. Bottom ash has higher porosity along with a little break field and has round shape so that the asphalt absorption is bigger than the crushed stone. Bottom ash can be used as an alternative aggregate to increase the value of flow of the AC-BC mixture, thus converting waste to valuable material.
{"title":"The Characteristics of Asphalt Concrete Binder Course (AC-BC) Mixture with Bottom Ash as Aggregate Substitute","authors":"Sugiyanto G., Harmawan A., Mulyono B.","doi":"10.9744/CED.17.1.29-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.17.1.29-37","url":null,"abstract":"Highways serve nearly 80-90% of the population mobility and flow of goods. Utilization of bottom ash, a waste from coal combustion, in highway construction is one of the alternatives to reduce environmental pollution and support Clean Development Mechanism Program of Kyoto Protocol. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of AC-BC mixture that uses bottom ash as partial substitute of fine aggregate and comparing with a standard mixture. Laboratory tests are performed on two different types of mixtures. The tests show that optimum asphalt content for AC-BCStandard mixture is 5.20% while AC-BCBottom Ash mixture is 5.25%. Bottom ash has higher porosity along with a little break field and has round shape so that the asphalt absorption is bigger than the crushed stone. Bottom ash can be used as an alternative aggregate to increase the value of flow of the AC-BC mixture, thus converting waste to valuable material.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"17 1","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.9744/CED.17.1.29-37","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71210245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study demonstrates the paradigmatic position of obser-view and argues for the incorporation of reflectivity in obser-view to foster rigorous data generation. Aimed at introducing obser-view to the construction industry as a method of generating data, this study critically examines obser-view, exploring its application to construction research. Obser-view is an emerging data collection technique developed by Kragelund in 2006, where a non-scripted interview immediately post-observation is conducted. This helps to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Although researchers adopt various strategies to ensure rigor in qualitative research, there are still concerns in relation to validity, reliability, bias and objectivity in qualitative research. However, developing strategies that will help in gaining a deeper understanding of the phenomenon in study and tackling the aforementioned challenges will help in ensuring transparency in qualitative research. A review of literature is presented, the limitations and benefits of obser-view are also presented.
{"title":"A Discussion of Obser-View as a Method of Generating Data in the Construction Industry","authors":"N. Umeokafor","doi":"10.9744/CED.17.1.54-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.17.1.54-58","url":null,"abstract":"This study demonstrates the paradigmatic position of obser-view and argues for the incorporation of reflectivity in obser-view to foster rigorous data generation. Aimed at introducing obser-view to the construction industry as a method of generating data, this study critically examines obser-view, exploring its application to construction research. Obser-view is an emerging data collection technique developed by Kragelund in 2006, where a non-scripted interview immediately post-observation is conducted. This helps to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Although researchers adopt various strategies to ensure rigor in qualitative research, there are still concerns in relation to validity, reliability, bias and objectivity in qualitative research. However, developing strategies that will help in gaining a deeper understanding of the phenomenon in study and tackling the aforementioned challenges will help in ensuring transparency in qualitative research. A review of literature is presented, the limitations and benefits of obser-view are also presented.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"17 1","pages":"54-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.9744/CED.17.1.54-58","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71210256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-01DOI: 10.9744/CED.16.2.104-111
G. Oseghale, I. J. Ikpo
The study appraised the state of industrial facilities in selected industrial estates established between 1957 and 1981 in Lagos State by examining the nature and causes of facilities’ defects in the selected industrial estates. The buildings sampled were load bearing sandcrete block wall (1%), concrete framed structure (83%) and steel framed structure (16%). Data were sourced using structured questionnaire administered on the staff of maintenance department of 35 building materials and plastic manufacturing industries purposively selected and located in 18 industrial estates. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistic. The study found the structural elements of the buildings, i.e. foundations, beams, walls, and floors satisfactory. Using the mean response analysis, the result showed that the most severe factors responsible for industrial facilities’ defects were combined effects of geo-climatic factors (2.35), combined effects of biological agencies (2.15), corrosion (1.98), and physical aggression on the facilities (1.71).
{"title":"An Evaluation of Industrial Facilities Defects in Selected Industrial Estates in Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"G. Oseghale, I. J. Ikpo","doi":"10.9744/CED.16.2.104-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.16.2.104-111","url":null,"abstract":"The study appraised the state of industrial facilities in selected industrial estates established between 1957 and 1981 in Lagos State by examining the nature and causes of facilities’ defects in the selected industrial estates. The buildings sampled were load bearing sandcrete block wall (1%), concrete framed structure (83%) and steel framed structure (16%). Data were sourced using structured questionnaire administered on the staff of maintenance department of 35 building materials and plastic manufacturing industries purposively selected and located in 18 industrial estates. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistic. The study found the structural elements of the buildings, i.e. foundations, beams, walls, and floors satisfactory. Using the mean response analysis, the result showed that the most severe factors responsible for industrial facilities’ defects were combined effects of geo-climatic factors (2.35), combined effects of biological agencies (2.15), corrosion (1.98), and physical aggression on the facilities (1.71).","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"16 1","pages":"104-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.9744/CED.16.2.104-111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71210194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The compressive and tensile strengths of concrete made in hot weather condition decreased due to loss of mixing water caused by high evaporation. One method to overcome the problem is the use of saturated fly ash aggregate. The water content in fly ash aggregate can flow out to the hardened cement paste to continue the hydration process. This “self-curing” mechanism could produce more hydration around the surface of fly ash aggregate which sub¬sequently increases concrete strength. Experimental study has been conducted in temperature of 20o to 40o with humidity of 70% for dry curing, water curing, and nearly 100% for fog curing. Effect of self-curing could be justified as the strengths of concrete using fly ash aggregates is higher than concrete using fly ash aggregates covered with silane agent, and crushed stone aggregates. Even in high temperature, the self-curing could increase the strengths of concrete due to bond strength around the surface of each fly ash aggregates.
{"title":"Increase on Strengths of Hot Weather Concrete by Self-Curing of Wet Porous Aggregate","authors":"V. Sampebulu","doi":"10.9744/CED.14.2.92-99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.14.2.92-99","url":null,"abstract":"The compressive and tensile strengths of concrete made in hot weather condition decreased due to loss of mixing water caused by high evaporation. One method to overcome the problem is the use of saturated fly ash aggregate. The water content in fly ash aggregate can flow out to the hardened cement paste to continue the hydration process. This “self-curing” mechanism could produce more hydration around the surface of fly ash aggregate which sub¬sequently increases concrete strength. Experimental study has been conducted in temperature of 20o to 40o with humidity of 70% for dry curing, water curing, and nearly 100% for fog curing. Effect of self-curing could be justified as the strengths of concrete using fly ash aggregates is higher than concrete using fly ash aggregates covered with silane agent, and crushed stone aggregates. Even in high temperature, the self-curing could increase the strengths of concrete due to bond strength around the surface of each fly ash aggregates.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"14 1","pages":"92-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71210182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research focuses on the development of a set of two-dimensional boundary conditions for specific governing equations. The governing equations are existing Boussinesqtype equations which is capable of simulating wave-current interaction. The present boundary conditions consist of for waves only case and for currents only case. To simulate wave-current interaction, the two kinds of the present boundary conditions are then combined. A numerical model based on both the existing governing equations and the present boundary conditions is applied to simulation of currents only and of wave-current interaction propagating over a basin with a submerged shoal. The results of the numerical model show that the present boundary conditions go well with the existing Boussinesq-type wave-current interaction equations.
{"title":"Boundary Conditions for 2D Boussinesq-type Wave-Current Interaction Equations","authors":"M. Mera","doi":"10.9744/CED.13.1.37-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.13.1.37-41","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on the development of a set of two-dimensional boundary conditions for specific governing equations. The governing equations are existing Boussinesqtype equations which is capable of simulating wave-current interaction. The present boundary conditions consist of for waves only case and for currents only case. To simulate wave-current interaction, the two kinds of the present boundary conditions are then combined. A numerical model based on both the existing governing equations and the present boundary conditions is applied to simulation of currents only and of wave-current interaction propagating over a basin with a submerged shoal. The results of the numerical model show that the present boundary conditions go well with the existing Boussinesq-type wave-current interaction equations.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"13 1","pages":"37-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71210133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Congestion is the condition when the hourly traffic demand exceeds the maximum sustainable hourly throughout of the link. The aim of this research is to estimate the congestion cost of private passenger car users in central business district along the corridor of Malioboro, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The amount of the congestion cost is the difference between perceived and actual generalized cost in traffic jam condition. In this paper, only the congestion costs of private passenger car users are estimated, as they are expected to shift to buses. The generalized costs from origin zone i to destination zone j consist of vehicle operating cost, travel time cost, and pollution cost. This study shows that while the perceived generalized cost for private cars at Central Business District (CBD) Malioboro is IDR 3101.00 per trip, the actual generalized cost in traffic jam condition is IDR 5802.00 per trip, giving the estimation of congestion cost in CBD Malioboro for private passenger car users as IDR 2701.00 per trip.
{"title":"Estimation of Congestion Cost of Private Passenger Car Users in Malioboro, Yogyakarta","authors":"G. Sugiyanto, S. Malkhamah, A. Munawar, H. Sutomo","doi":"10.9744/CED.12.2.92-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.12.2.92-97","url":null,"abstract":"Congestion is the condition when the hourly traffic demand exceeds the maximum sustainable hourly throughout of the link. The aim of this research is to estimate the congestion cost of private passenger car users in central business district along the corridor of Malioboro, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The amount of the congestion cost is the difference between perceived and actual generalized cost in traffic jam condition. In this paper, only the congestion costs of private passenger car users are estimated, as they are expected to shift to buses. The generalized costs from origin zone i to destination zone j consist of vehicle operating cost, travel time cost, and pollution cost. This study shows that while the perceived generalized cost for private cars at Central Business District (CBD) Malioboro is IDR 3101.00 per trip, the actual generalized cost in traffic jam condition is IDR 5802.00 per trip, giving the estimation of congestion cost in CBD Malioboro for private passenger car users as IDR 2701.00 per trip.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"12 1","pages":"92-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71210126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Nuruddin, R. Bayuaji, M. Masilamani, T. R. Biyanto
This paper presents an experimental and analytical research conducted to study the properties of mortar when treated Sidoarjo mud was added into the mix replacing partially the cement content. The replacements were done at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Compression, tensile, porosity and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of Sidoarjo mud in mortar. Analyses on the mud were also conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (SEM-EDX). The results showed that the mud could be used as a cementitious material with optimum ordinary Portland cement (OPC) replacement at 10%.
{"title":"Sidoarjo Mud: A Potential Cement Replacement Material","authors":"M. Nuruddin, R. Bayuaji, M. Masilamani, T. R. Biyanto","doi":"10.9744/CED.12.1.18-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.12.1.18-22","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an experimental and analytical research conducted to study the properties of mortar when treated Sidoarjo mud was added into the mix replacing partially the cement content. The replacements were done at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Compression, tensile, porosity and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of Sidoarjo mud in mortar. Analyses on the mud were also conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (SEM-EDX). The results showed that the mud could be used as a cementitious material with optimum ordinary Portland cement (OPC) replacement at 10%.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"12 1","pages":"18-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71210113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study developed performance indices by the widely used procurement options in Nigeria on selection criteria. The traditional mean and standardized ratio were used to form the utility coefficients. Results revealed that performance by the procurement options depended on the respondents’ categorization and cost categorization of projects. Public clients ranked the lump sum contracts more able to achieve speed for projects up to N100 million (Naira) while the private clients believe it is the design-build. As regards quality, public clients rated the Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) system as most able to achieve the quality criterion whereas private clients rated design-build for projects up to N100 million (Naira). The study then concluded that, in the Nigerian construction industry participants do not agree on the performance of the procurement options on selection criteria.
{"title":"Benchmarking the Performance of Construction Procurement Methods against Selection Criteria in Nigeria","authors":"S. Ojo","doi":"10.9744/CED.11.2.PP.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.11.2.PP.","url":null,"abstract":"The study developed performance indices by the widely used procurement options in Nigeria on selection criteria. The traditional mean and standardized ratio were used to form the utility coefficients. Results revealed that performance by the procurement options depended on the respondents’ categorization and cost categorization of projects. Public clients ranked the lump sum contracts more able to achieve speed for projects up to N100 million (Naira) while the private clients believe it is the design-build. As regards quality, public clients rated the Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) system as most able to achieve the quality criterion whereas private clients rated design-build for projects up to N100 million (Naira). The study then concluded that, in the Nigerian construction industry participants do not agree on the performance of the procurement options on selection criteria.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"11 1","pages":"106-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Density current is a type of current that occurs when fluid flow enters a fluid body of different density. The density difference introduces stratification state that requires treatment in the parameterization of turbulence. Due to the geometric shape of location of this study, which is considerably small semi-enclosed water body, a Quasi-Equilibrium Turbulent Energy (QETE) model was selected. QETE was selected because of its convenient parameterization of wind induced breaking wave effect on turbulence. Two equations of the model, turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence macro length scale, were discretized and implemented into a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Application to density current simulation in the location of study was then carried out using the resulted model. To show how effective formulation of wind induced breaking wave effect would be, three parameterizations of turbulence were considered. They include QETE model with and without breaking wave effect boundary conditions (BC), and constant eddy viscosity turbulence parameterizations. It was clear from the simulation results that wind induced breaking-wave effect on the density current is quite significant.
{"title":"Wind Affected Density Current Profile in a Small Semi-Enclosed Water Body","authors":"B. Purwanto","doi":"10.9744/CED.11.1.PP.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.11.1.PP.","url":null,"abstract":"Density current is a type of current that occurs when fluid flow enters a fluid body of different density. The density difference introduces stratification state that requires treatment in the parameterization of turbulence. Due to the geometric shape of location of this study, which is considerably small semi-enclosed water body, a Quasi-Equilibrium Turbulent Energy (QETE) model was selected. QETE was selected because of its convenient parameterization of wind induced breaking wave effect on turbulence. Two equations of the model, turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence macro length scale, were discretized and implemented into a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Application to density current simulation in the location of study was then carried out using the resulted model. To show how effective formulation of wind induced breaking wave effect would be, three parameterizations of turbulence were considered. They include QETE model with and without breaking wave effect boundary conditions (BC), and constant eddy viscosity turbulence parameterizations. It was clear from the simulation results that wind induced breaking-wave effect on the density current is quite significant.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"11 1","pages":"58-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigated the variability levels of prime cost sums in building projects in order to establish the reliability of such estimates in bills of quantities. It involved a purposive sampling of forty-six executed projects in South-western Nigeria from which data on estimated and final prime cost sums as well as estimated and final contract sums were procured. Ratios interrelating the four variables were generated and their mean values determined. The mean prime cost sum overrun was found to be 41% of the estimated sums. However, a negative relationship between the prime cost sums and the final contract sums was established. Based on observed variations, models were developed to predict any of the ratios in general, and specifically, the practical prime cost range in order to effectively control overall project costs.
{"title":"Variability Analysis of Prime Cost Sums","authors":"I. J. Ikpo","doi":"10.9744/CED.10.1.PP.","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9744/CED.10.1.PP.","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigated the variability levels of prime cost sums in building projects in order to establish the reliability of such estimates in bills of quantities. It involved a purposive sampling of forty-six executed projects in South-western Nigeria from which data on estimated and final prime cost sums as well as estimated and final contract sums were procured. Ratios interrelating the four variables were generated and their mean values determined. The mean prime cost sum overrun was found to be 41% of the estimated sums. However, a negative relationship between the prime cost sums and the final contract sums was established. Based on observed variations, models were developed to predict any of the ratios in general, and specifically, the practical prime cost range in order to effectively control overall project costs.","PeriodicalId":30107,"journal":{"name":"Civil Engineering Dimension","volume":"10 1","pages":"40-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71209431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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