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Bioeconomy as One of the Ways To Sustainable Development of Russian Regions 生物经济是俄罗斯地区可持续发展的途径之一
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-1-56-79
E. Titova, S. Shishkin, D. Shtykhno
Bioeconomy is considered as a special type of activity and economic system, which is based on the science achievements, primarily related to biology, as well as chemistry, bioengineering, computer science, ecology, and even sociology. This activity is actively carried out in dozens of countries where national bioeconomy development programs have been formed. The existing programs provide, first of all, for the set of works implementation performed with the help of biotechnologies for the goods (bioproducts) based on natural bioresources production, including industrial, agricultural and household waste processing. As a result, global and regional bioproducts markets are being formed, providing consumers with new materials, as well as intangible benefits and services. The bioeconomy state analysis in several leading countries, as well as in the Russian Federation, indicates the expediency of using a regional approach to bioeconomy development, as well as advance training of relevant personnel. To achieve these goals, it is proposed to use several principles arising from the essence of the bioeconomy activity organization.
生物经济是建立在科学成果基础上的一种特殊类型的活动和经济系统,主要涉及生物学,以及化学、生物工程、计算机科学、生态学,甚至社会学。这一活动在几十个已形成国家生物经济发展规划的国家积极开展。现有方案首先提供了在生物技术的帮助下实施的基于自然生物资源生产的商品(生物产品)的一系列工作,包括工业、农业和家庭废物处理。因此,全球和区域生物制品市场正在形成,为消费者提供新材料,以及无形的利益和服务。对几个主要国家以及俄罗斯联邦的生物经济状况进行的分析表明,采用区域方法发展生物经济以及对相关人员进行提前培训是权宜之计。为了实现这些目标,建议使用从生物经济活动组织的本质中产生的几个原则。
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引用次数: 3
Analysis of Regional Transformations in the Russian Banking System 俄罗斯银行体系的区域转型分析
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-1-138-152
D. Domaschenko
Recent trends in changes in the institutional characteristics of the banking system of the Russian Federation at the regional level indicate a decrease in the total number of structural units. At the same time, the expansion of large federal players into the regions of the country continues through the optimization of the network of branches and additional offices. These processes do not affect the activity of the banking business in the field of lending to the population and other banking services. The trends of increasing credit indebtedness of individuals against the background of a decline in real wages in regions of Russian Federation pose a danger of deterioration in the quality of life. Simultaneously with the reduction in the number of regional offices by banks with foreign participation, there is an increase in the number of branches of banks of the largest Russian financial market brokers due to the rapid growth in the activity of private investors in the Russian stock market.
俄罗斯联邦银行系统在区域一级的体制特征变化的最近趋势表明,结构单位的总数有所减少。与此同时,通过优化分支机构和其他办事处的网络,大型联邦机构继续向全国各地区扩张。这些过程不影响银行业务在向人口提供贷款和其他银行服务领域的活动。在俄罗斯联邦各地区实际工资下降的背景下,个人信贷债务增加的趋势造成了生活质量恶化的危险。在外国参与的银行区域办事处数量减少的同时,由于俄罗斯股票市场私人投资者活动的迅速增长,俄罗斯最大的金融市场经纪商的银行分支机构数量有所增加。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional Problems of Spatial Development Strategization 空间发展战略的制度问题
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-1-80-98
E. Bukhvald
The Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation adopted in 2019 for the period up to 2025 not only remains in the “field of view” of economic theorists and practitioners of public administration, but also in many ways continues to embody the complexity and inconsistency of the strategic planning system in the country. Of course, we have to admit that many of the initial assumptions of the development of this Strategy did not work out quite well. Thus, to date, it has not been possible to adopt the Concept of State Regional Policy, which has been repeatedly proposed in different versions, and on this basis to carry out a meaningful and targeted differentiation of the concepts of “regional” and “spatial” development. Contrary to the logic of the preparation of strategic planning documents, fixed already in the initial version of Federal law No.172, Spatial development strategy was developed and approved in the absence of a “basic” document defining the strategic objectives of the socio-economic development of the country for the future. The actual lack of a deep scientific and public expertise of this Strategy also played a negative role. Formally, there were a lot of different discussions; one draft document was replaced by another over and over again, but the comments and suggestions received were left without due attention, and these discussions did not give a positive result. As a result, it turned out that some variants of the Strategy were discussed, and a completely different one was adopted. As a result, there were more gaps in this Strategy than significant advances. Most of these gaps are still clearly visible today and, of course, need serious elaboration.
2019年通过的《俄罗斯联邦空间发展战略》(至2025年)不仅停留在经济理论家和公共行政实践者的“视野”中,而且在许多方面继续体现了该国战略规划体系的复杂性和不一致性。当然,我们必须承认,制定这一战略的许多最初假设并没有很好地实现。因此,到目前为止,还无法采用不同版本反复提出的国家区域政策概念,并在此基础上对“区域”和“空间”发展概念进行有意义的、有针对性的区分。与制定战略规划文件的逻辑相反,在第172号联邦法的最初版本中已经确定了空间发展战略,在没有确定国家未来社会经济发展战略目标的“基本”文件的情况下制定和批准了该战略。实际缺乏对这一战略深厚的科学和公共专业知识也起了消极作用。形式上,有很多不同的讨论;一个文件草案被另一个文件草案一次又一次地替换,但收到的意见和建议没有得到应有的重视,这些讨论没有产生积极的结果。结果,讨论了该战略的一些变体,并采用了一个完全不同的战略。因此,这项战略的差距大于重大进展。这些差距中的大多数今天仍然清晰可见,当然需要认真加以阐述。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainability of the Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy Possibilities in the Short Term 短期内联邦预算的可持续性和财政政策的可能性
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-1-119-137
I. S. Bukina
The results of the execution of the federal budget in 2022 showed that the restrictions imposed had a significant impact on the dynamics and structure of revenues, the volume of unplanned spending, and the federal budget deficit. In this regard, a detailed analysis of the existing mechanisms and instruments of fiscal policy is needed to develop solutions that will help maintain the sustainability of the federal budget and mitigate the consequences of sanctions and retaliatory measures for the Russian economy. The paper presents an econometric model of the relationship between the stability coefficient of federal budget revenues to GDP fluctuations and the onset of crises and subsequent recessions. The estimation shows that there is a statistically significant relationship between the onset of the crisis and a deeper drop in the growth rate of federal budget revenues in comparison with periods of stability or growth. There are considered innovations in the fiscal sphere aimed at increasing federal budget revenues. The author concludes that there are risks and consequences of the proposed changes. The directions for the development of some tax instruments in the context of maintaining the stability of the federal budget and stabilizing the economic dynamics in the country are proposed.
2022年联邦预算的执行结果表明,实施的限制对收入的动态和结构、计划外支出的数量和联邦预算赤字产生了重大影响。在这方面,需要详细分析现有的财政政策机制和工具,以制定有助于维持联邦预算可持续性的解决方案,并减轻制裁和报复措施对俄罗斯经济的影响。本文提出了联邦预算收入与GDP波动的稳定系数与危机和随后的衰退的开始之间关系的计量经济学模型。估计表明,与稳定或增长时期相比,危机的开始与联邦预算收入增长率的更大幅度下降之间存在统计学上显著的关系。在财政领域有一些旨在增加联邦预算收入的创新。作者的结论是,拟议的变化存在风险和后果。在保持联邦预算稳定和稳定国家经济动态的背景下,提出了一些税收工具的发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Results of 2022 for the Consolidated Budgets of the Subjects of the Russian Federation. Adaptation or Crisis? 俄罗斯联邦各主体综合预算2022年初步结果。适应还是危机?
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-1-99-118
L. Lykova
The consolidated budgets of the subjects the Russian Federation execution in 2022 was carried out in conditions of massive sanctions pressure on the domestic economy, significant fluctuations in prices on world commodity markets, radical changes in economic logistics chains and an increase in the need for budget expenditures. In January-November 2022, the growth of regional budget revenues only slightly lagged behind the rate of inflation. At the same time, in a number of regions with a significant role of ferrous metallurgy and related mining industries, there was a marked reduction in tax revenues to regional budgets, and in some cases to the consolidated budget of the country. Receipts of corporate income tax during the year had a pronounced tendency to decrease. Budget revenues from personal income tax played a stabilizing role. The growth in the need for expenditures of regional budgets was reflected in their advanced growth in comparison with revenues. The result was a marked increase in the volume of public debt compared to the beginning of the year. At the same time, there has been a tendency to replace bank loans and bond loans with budget loans. Budget loans for some regions are beginning to play the role of instruments to compensate for the vertical financial imbalance.
俄罗斯联邦在2022年执行的项目综合预算是在国内经济面临巨大制裁压力、世界商品市场价格大幅波动、经济物流链发生剧烈变化以及预算支出需求增加的情况下进行的。2022年1月至11月,地区预算收入的增长仅略落后于通胀率。与此同时,在一些黑色冶金和有关采矿工业发挥重要作用的区域,区域预算的税收收入明显减少,在某些情况下,国家的综合预算也明显减少。本年度公司所得税收入有明显减少的趋势。个人所得税预算收入发挥了稳定作用。区域预算支出需求的增长反映在它们比收入增长更快。其结果是,与年初相比,公共债务规模显著增加。与此同时,也出现了用预算贷款代替银行贷款和债券贷款的趋势。一些地区的预算贷款开始发挥弥补纵向财政不平衡的工具作用。
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引用次数: 0
Financial Security of Economic Entities: Macroeconomic Aspects 经济实体的金融安全:宏观经济方面
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-1-153-171
E. Nikitskaya
Throughout the post-reform period, the Russian economy was influenced by crisis processes, which significantly caused threats to the economic security of economic entities and its financial component. At the same time, financial difficulties of commercial organizations can be associated not only with the effects of periodic crises and systematic risks, but also with the effectiveness of business process management. This article examines the trends in changing the financial parameters of the activities of organizations in the non-financial sector of the economy, identifies the causes and consequences of negative changes in their financial condition that threaten economic security. The author considers the problem of the imbalance arising in the relations between banks and commercial organizations - potential and existing borrowers. The control of banking structures by the Central Bank has led to a reduction in commercial banks that implement high-risk operations. Inefficient activities of enterprises and organizations are virtually uncontrolled and regulated only by the institution of bankruptcy. A new trend in the activities of large corporations has been identified, which consists in diverting non-current assets into long-term financial investments, while allowing strategic miscalculations related to the possibility of innovative development.
在整个改革后时期,俄罗斯经济受到危机进程的影响,这对经济实体及其金融组成部分的经济安全造成了重大威胁。同时,商业组织的财务困难不仅与周期性危机和系统性风险的影响有关,还与业务流程管理的有效性有关。本文审查了经济非金融部门组织活动的财务参数变化的趋势,确定了威胁经济安全的财务状况的负面变化的原因和后果。作者考虑了银行和商业组织——潜在的和现有的借款人之间关系的不平衡问题。中央银行对银行结构的控制导致实施高风险业务的商业银行数量减少。企业和组织的低效活动实际上只有破产制度才能加以控制和管制。已查明大公司活动中的一种新趋势,即将非流动资产转为长期金融投资,同时允许与创新发展可能性有关的战略错误计算。
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引用次数: 0
Trends and Problems of the Development of the Russian Farming Sector According to the Agricultural Micro-Census of 2021 根据2021年农业微观普查,俄罗斯农业部门发展的趋势和问题
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-1-31-55
A. Petrikov
The priority task of modern agrarian policy is to stimulate small business in agriculture, and above all its central link – peasant (farm) farms. This requires a comprehensive analysis of the patterns and problems of their development. The article, based on the results of the Agricultural Micro-Census of 2021 published in December 2022, in comparison with the results of the AllRussian Agricultural Census of 2016, characterizes the farming sector, identifies trends and problems of its development for 2016-2021. The main conclusion is that despite the reduction in the number of farms and farmers’ access to budget subsidies, the areas of agricultural land used by them, acreage of high margin crops and cattle are increasing. There are significant differences in the development of farms in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis, the following measures are proposed to stimulate farms: ensuring wider access of farmers to budgetary and credit resources; strengthening the role of the federal center in state support and regulation of farms in order to equalize regional differences and form a single economic space in the agro-industrial complex; more careful consideration of farmers’ interests in conducting land policy; formation of an effective system marketing of farm products.
现代土地政策的首要任务,是发展小型农业,首先是发展小型农业的中心环节——农民农场。这就需要全面分析它们的发展模式和问题。本文以2022年12月发布的2021年农业微观普查结果为基础,与2016年全俄农业普查结果进行比较,对农业部门进行了描述,确定了2016-2021年农业发展的趋势和问题。主要结论是,尽管农场数量减少,农民获得预算补贴的机会减少,但它们使用的农业用地面积、高利润作物和牲畜的种植面积都在增加。俄罗斯联邦各主体在农场发展方面存在显著差异。根据分析,提出了以下措施来刺激农场:确保农民更广泛地获得预算和信贷资源;加强联邦中心在国家对农场的支持和监管中的作用,以平衡地区差异,在农工综合体中形成单一的经济空间;在制定土地政策时更仔细地考虑农民的利益;形成有效的农产品营销体系。
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引用次数: 0
Distribution of Jurisdiction Between the Orders Of Government in Contemporary Russia: Practical Situation and Normative Framework 当代俄罗斯各级政府之间的管辖权分配:现实情境与规范框架
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2023-1-5-30
I. Leksin
The article is devoted to the current distribution of jurisdiction between the orders of government in the Russian Federation. The author compares the actual system of this distribution with the constitutional and legislative provisions and reveals significant discrepancies between the practice and normative settings. The greatest concerns are caused by the constitutional lists of powers within federal jurisdiction and within joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, and by the “residual” competence that have not undergone conceptual changes for almost thirty years. The article analyzes the technical changes made in recent years to these constitutional lists, as well as other innovations in the distribution of jurisdiction between the orders of government that are related to the constitutional reform of 2020 and other recent transformations. Following his findings, the author makes some proposals to update the regulatory framework for the distribution of jurisdiction between the orders of government.
这篇文章专门讨论了目前俄罗斯联邦政府各部门之间管辖权的分配。笔者将这一分配制度的实际情况与宪法和立法规定进行了比较,揭示了实践与规范设置之间的重大差异。最令人关切的是联邦管辖范围内和俄罗斯联邦及其组成实体共同管辖范围内的宪法权力清单,以及几乎三十年来概念上没有发生变化的“剩余”权限。本文分析了近年来这些宪法清单的技术变化,以及与2020年宪法改革和其他近期变革有关的政府命令之间管辖权分配的其他创新。根据他的发现,作者提出了一些建议,以更新政府之间管辖权分配的监管框架。
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引用次数: 0
World Experience in Ex-Post Evaluation of Transport Infrastructure Projects 交通基础设施项目事后评价的世界经验
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2022-4-203-217
A. V. Sargina
Transport infrastructure projects are costly and depend on a number of factors. The lack of common definitions and methodology for measuring transport infrastructure costs prevents cross-country comparisons. The article presents a review of academic works on the analysis of transport infrastructure projects, analyzes the methodological documents of ex-post evaluation in the UK and Australia, and proposes an approach to ex-post evaluation in Russia. This approach suggests performing the ex-post evaluation in one year, five years, 15 years after the operation start, and at the year operation termination. Conducting expost evaluation will make it possible to compile a knowledge base of Russian transport infrastructure projects, conduct research on actual data, increase the accuracy of calculations in the forecast effect models.
交通基础设施项目成本高昂,取决于许多因素。缺乏衡量运输基础设施成本的共同定义和方法妨碍了跨国比较。本文回顾了交通基础设施项目分析的学术成果,分析了英国和澳大利亚的事后评价方法文献,并提出了俄罗斯的事后评价方法。该方法建议在运营后1年、5年、15年和运营结束年度分别进行事后评价。进行评估将有助于编制俄罗斯交通基础设施项目知识库,对实际数据进行研究,提高预测效果模型计算的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Competition of Territories for the Future: Features of Origin and Formation 未来的领土竞争:起源和形成的特征
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.21686/2073-1051-2022-4-21-36
I. Vazhenina, S. Vazhenin
The competition of territories is an objective reality, however, some theoretical and methodological issues of its development today and especially in the future still need to be finalized. The article is devoted to the disclosure of socio-economic prerequisites and opportunities for designing the competition of territories for the future in the conditions of the emerging economic space. The authors support and develop the position according to which the competition of territories for the future is largely determined by the construction of the image of the future of territories. The assertion is substantiated that the competition of territories for the future is a struggle for the opportunity to form the future architecture of the socio-economic development of the territory, for achieving future success that goes beyond the established (traditional) ideas about the successful development of regions and municipalities. The main characteristics of the competitive competencies of the territory, as well as territorial individuality, are formulated. The authors consider it necessary for the heads of regions and municipalities to pay increased attention to the formation and preservation of intangible competitive advantages of the territories under their jurisdiction.
领土竞争是客观存在的,但其发展的一些理论和方法问题仍然需要最后确定,特别是在未来。本文致力于揭示在新兴经济空间条件下为未来设计领土竞争的社会经济先决条件和机会。作者支持并发展了地域未来竞争在很大程度上取决于地域未来形象建设的观点。这一论断得到了证实,即领土对未来的竞争是一种争夺形成领土社会经济发展未来架构的机会的斗争,是为了实现超越关于地区和市政成功发展的既定(传统)观念的未来成功。制定了领土竞争能力的主要特征,以及领土个性。作者认为,地区和市政首长有必要更多地注意其管辖领土的无形竞争优势的形成和保持。
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引用次数: 0
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Perspectives on Federalism
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