The Erzsébet Camp in Zánka is located in the Balaton Highland, between Tihany and Badacsony. The Erzsébet Camps are one of the largest youth-project program in Hungary. Research data collection started in 2017, and it was carried out in three periods. The present study conducted analyses on a database compiled from findings of questionnaires administered to campers (2017, 2018 and 2019) and their chaperones (2018 and 2019). Data collection from the children and chaperones took place at the end of each camp shift and comprised of self-administered anonymous questionnaires with ten question blocks. The study conducts analyses of the database compiled from the main answers of more than 18,000 participants. Our research, exploratory in its nature, set out to compile the ”value map” of the Erzsébet Camps. The main focus of our interest was the added value and developmental effects of the camps with respect to campers. The another research question was what social values are transmitted and the preservation of which social values is supported by the Erzsébet Camps.
{"title":"Value-saturated Education in Erzsébet Camps in Zánka, Hungary","authors":"Csaba Jancsák","doi":"10.14232/BELV.2020.3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/BELV.2020.3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The Erzsébet Camp in Zánka is located in the Balaton Highland, between Tihany and Badacsony. The Erzsébet Camps are one of the largest youth-project program in Hungary. Research data collection started in 2017, and it was carried out in three periods. The present study conducted analyses on a database compiled from findings of questionnaires administered to campers (2017, 2018 and 2019) and their chaperones (2018 and 2019). Data collection from the children and chaperones took place at the end of each camp shift and comprised of self-administered anonymous questionnaires with ten question blocks. The study conducts analyses of the database compiled from the main answers of more than 18,000 participants. Our research, exploratory in its nature, set out to compile the ”value map” of the Erzsébet Camps. The main focus of our interest was the added value and developmental effects of the camps with respect to campers. The another research question was what social values are transmitted and the preservation of which social values is supported by the Erzsébet Camps.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"32 1","pages":"31-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early school leaving is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that affects most education systems. According to Mazrekaj – De Witte (2020), early school leaving has various undesirable social consequences, such as crime, unemployment, early childbirth, which is why it is necessary to investigate the causes of early school leaving. The aim of the research was the explore the reasons that led the participants to drop out the school. Due the complexity of the problem, we examined parental assistance, the relationship with teachers, the class community, and the relationships between variables in school performance, in order to obtain complex answers to the reasons for early school leaving among those already affected. The instrument was filled in N=623 participants. The participation was voluntary and anonymous. The questionnaire included 23 items and background questions (gender, age, education, ethnic). The reliability of the instrument is good (Cronbach-alfa= 0,796). Based on our results, women accounted for the majority of the sample (N=359; M age =35,19; S.D.=12,019). 44.6% of those surveyed who were already affected by school dropout were of Roma origin. Our results also revealed that there is a strong significant correlation (r = 0.778 **) between the positive relationship with teachers and school attachment, so the respondents were influenced by the teachers and their attitudes. We found a strong relationship between peer impact and school performance (r = 0.640 **). Finally, early employment, alleviation of family financial burden, and poor school performance showed a moderately strong correlation (r = 0.542 **), suggesting that young people seeking to restore their family’s financial security had poor academic performance, in addition, we found very weak correlation (r = 0.489 **) between poor academic performance and school attachment.
{"title":"A végzettség nélküli korai iskolaelhagyás okainak vizsgálata 17-64 éves\u0000 személyek körében","authors":"Szandra Szverle","doi":"10.14232/BELV.2020.4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/BELV.2020.4.7","url":null,"abstract":"Early school leaving is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that affects most education systems. According to Mazrekaj – De Witte (2020), early school leaving has various undesirable social consequences, such as crime, unemployment, early childbirth, which is why it is necessary to investigate the causes of early school leaving. The aim of the research was the explore the reasons that led the participants to drop out the school. Due the complexity of the problem, we examined parental assistance, the relationship with teachers, the class community, and the relationships between variables in school performance, in order to obtain complex answers to the reasons for early school leaving among those already affected. The instrument was filled in N=623 participants. The participation was voluntary and anonymous. The questionnaire included 23 items and background questions (gender, age, education, ethnic). The reliability of the instrument is good (Cronbach-alfa= 0,796). Based on our results, women accounted for the majority of the sample (N=359; M age =35,19; S.D.=12,019). 44.6% of those surveyed who were already affected by school dropout were of Roma origin. Our results also revealed that there is a strong significant correlation (r = 0.778 **) between the positive relationship with teachers and school attachment, so the respondents were influenced by the teachers and their attitudes. We found a strong relationship between peer impact and school performance (r = 0.640 **). Finally, early employment, alleviation of family financial burden, and poor school performance showed a moderately strong correlation (r = 0.542 **), suggesting that young people seeking to restore their family’s financial security had poor academic performance, in addition, we found very weak correlation (r = 0.489 **) between poor academic performance and school attachment.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"32 1","pages":"100-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The question how to describe the Romanian development beyond the Carpathians lost his old ideological content. Before 1989 the communist historians fought for feudal system because the transition from one mode of production to the other legitimated the communism. Therefore the concept of Tributary Mode of Production had a kind of anti-communist sous-entendu. It was a disciple of the so called monographic school of sociology, H. H. Stahl, who described how the concept of the tributary mode of production did work in the Romanian world. When Samir Amin and John Haldon identified this concept with that of feudalism, Stahl accentuated its parasitic character. Daniel Chirot brushed up Stahls theory. Today this this conceptual way of thinkig is out of mode. Nevertheless if we want to understand the past the work of Stahl remained pertinent. It gives an ansver to the question of Lucian Boia: Why Romania is other?
{"title":"A Kárpátokon túli román fejlődés eredeti jellegzetességeiről","authors":"Ambrus Miskolczy","doi":"10.14232/belv.2020.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The question how to describe the Romanian development beyond the Carpathians lost his old ideological content. Before 1989 the communist historians fought for feudal system because the transition from one mode of production to the other legitimated the communism. Therefore the concept of Tributary Mode of Production had a kind of anti-communist sous-entendu. It was a disciple of the so called monographic school of sociology, H. H. Stahl, who described how the concept of the tributary mode of production did work in the Romanian world. When Samir Amin and John Haldon identified this concept with that of feudalism, Stahl accentuated its parasitic character. Daniel Chirot brushed up Stahls theory. Today this this conceptual way of thinkig is out of mode. Nevertheless if we want to understand the past the work of Stahl remained pertinent. It gives an ansver to the question of Lucian Boia: Why Romania is other?","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"32 1","pages":"42-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humanist authors regarded mercenaries with contempt, and in their works they gladly referred to those ancient writers who also condemned the utilization of mercenary armies. Mercenaries are mentioned in the Italian chronicles of the 14th century as well, and the author of the Cronaca senese recorded the brutal attack of John Hawkwood’s company on Faenza. The notary of Apulia, Domenico da Gravina frequently reproved in his chronicle the German mercenaries on account of their excesses. In this paper I examine the passage that presents the mercenary revolt of Aversa, in which the Voivode of Transylvania, István Lackfi conducted a dialogue with the rebelling mercenary captains in order to reach an agreement with them.
{"title":"A nápolyi hadjáratok ismeretlen epizódja","authors":"Ágnes Virágh","doi":"10.14232/belv.2020.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Humanist authors regarded mercenaries with contempt, and in their works they gladly referred to those ancient writers who also condemned the utilization of mercenary armies. Mercenaries are mentioned in the Italian chronicles of the 14th century as well, and the author of the Cronaca senese recorded the brutal attack of John Hawkwood’s company on Faenza. The notary of Apulia, Domenico da Gravina frequently reproved in his chronicle the German mercenaries on account of their excesses. In this paper I examine the passage that presents the mercenary revolt of Aversa, in which the Voivode of Transylvania, István Lackfi conducted a dialogue with the rebelling mercenary captains in order to reach an agreement with them.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"32 1","pages":"119-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medieval hagiography is full of animal motifs. Representations of animals in medieval literature is usually metaphoric. They could represent theological, moral or political notions. Animals frequently were the symbols of vices and virtues. On one hand researching the changes of the hagiographic topoi related to animals could shed light to the human-nature relationship, on the other hand it provides several pieces of information about medieval society, mentality, religious and folkloristic beliefs. Animal episodes are emphatic in the lives of the desert fathers and later in the Western eremitic movement. The animals appear as the companions of the lonely hermits, give food and help them in the fi elds, and they underline the self mortifi cation of the saint. The motive of the taming of wild animals expresses the holy man’s power over nature. The hermits transform the deserted wilderness into an earthly Paradise, where ferocious animals can live in peace. Hagiographical animal motifs were thoroughly researched by Anglo-Saxon, Italian and French medievalists, however in Hungarian medieval studies this topic is not on the highlight, due to the limited amount of the narrative sources. Present study researches the animal motifs in Hungarian hagiographical literature with special regard to the “the hermit and the hunter” topos – a denomination used by the British scholar, Brian Golding. Chiefl y I analyse the legends of Saint Gerhard, Saint Ladislaus, Saint Gunther and Saint Andreas, the hermit of Zobor. The Life of Paul the hermit of Thebes by Jerome and the Dialoges of Sulpicius Severus also appear in the study, although they are not connected directly to Hungary, but the cults of Saint Paul the hermit and Saint Martin of Tours were widespread in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. The Vitae Patrum, the History of the Pauline Order from the early 16th century by provost Gergely Gyongyosi also appears in the study, because several hagiographic motifs occur in the work. The magic deer is a crucial motif in the texts, this can be also connected to the ancient pagan Hungarian folkloristic “myths”. ”However I research only the Western hagiographic parallels of this topos, and make little reference to the pagan origins. This topic has already been researched by several medievalists, art historians and ethnographers.
{"title":"Remeték, lovagok, szarvasok és oroszlánok","authors":"M. Urban","doi":"10.14232/belv.2020.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Medieval hagiography is full of animal motifs. Representations of animals in medieval literature is usually metaphoric. They could represent theological, moral or political notions. Animals frequently were the symbols of vices and virtues. On one hand researching the changes of the hagiographic topoi related to animals could shed light to the human-nature relationship, on the other hand it provides several pieces of information about medieval society, mentality, religious and folkloristic beliefs. Animal episodes are emphatic in the lives of the desert fathers and later in the Western eremitic movement. The animals appear as the companions of the lonely hermits, give food and help them in the fi elds, and they underline the self mortifi cation of the saint. The motive of the taming of wild animals expresses the holy man’s power over nature. The hermits transform the deserted wilderness into an earthly Paradise, where ferocious animals can live in peace. Hagiographical animal motifs were thoroughly researched by Anglo-Saxon, Italian and French medievalists, however in Hungarian medieval studies this topic is not on the highlight, due to the limited amount of the narrative sources. Present study researches the animal motifs in Hungarian hagiographical literature with special regard to the “the hermit and the hunter” topos – a denomination used by the British scholar, Brian Golding. Chiefl y I analyse the legends of Saint Gerhard, Saint Ladislaus, Saint Gunther and Saint Andreas, the hermit of Zobor. The Life of Paul the hermit of Thebes by Jerome and the Dialoges of Sulpicius Severus also appear in the study, although they are not connected directly to Hungary, but the cults of Saint Paul the hermit and Saint Martin of Tours were widespread in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. The Vitae Patrum, the History of the Pauline Order from the early 16th century by provost Gergely Gyongyosi also appears in the study, because several hagiographic motifs occur in the work. The magic deer is a crucial motif in the texts, this can be also connected to the ancient pagan Hungarian folkloristic “myths”. ”However I research only the Western hagiographic parallels of this topos, and make little reference to the pagan origins. This topic has already been researched by several medievalists, art historians and ethnographers.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"12 1","pages":"43-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 20th century has entered the history of Europe as a constant era of wars, crises and dictatorships. This century also marked a series of trials for Hungary. The imprint and long-term effects of the historical events of the period can be well traced with the help of statistical data, therefore the aim of our study is to show how serious and difficult to remedy social, economic and demographic problems can be when people attack people, either with weapons or by another method. In the present study, we analyze the effects of World War I on marriages between 1914 and 1918.
{"title":"The effects of World War I on marriages between 1914 and 1918 in Hungary","authors":"A. Rácz","doi":"10.14232/BELV.2020.3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/BELV.2020.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"The 20th century has entered the history of Europe as a constant era of wars, crises and dictatorships. This century also marked a series of trials for Hungary. The imprint and long-term effects of the historical events of the period can be well traced with the help of statistical data, therefore the aim of our study is to show how serious and difficult to remedy social, economic and demographic problems can be when people attack people, either with weapons or by another method. In the present study, we analyze the effects of World War I on marriages between 1914 and 1918.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"32 1","pages":"115-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erőszak, igazságszolgáltatás és városi politika a középkori és a kora újkori Bolognában","authors":"Zoltán Szolnoki","doi":"10.14232/belv.2020.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"32 1","pages":"103-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Éltünk, s ebbe más is belenyekkent már...","authors":"András A. Gergely","doi":"10.14232/belv.2020.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"32 1","pages":"175-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the de facto separation of China in 1949, the international community was divided on the issue which government represents the Chinese nation as a whole. Until the 1970s the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan maintained its seat in the UN, and formal ties to a significant number of countries. However, by the end of this decade, in 1980, Taipei government was left with merely 22 diplomatic allies. Our article focuses on the position of Taiwan after this shift, examining the regime’s perception of the effects of recognition and derecognition. As the Taipei government has put significant efforts into the preservation (and expansion) of diplomatic relations with states that are not considered globally influential, we examined what possible effects and consequences these ties can have on the international legal status of the entity. It has to be noted that for this purpose, only the official relations, and diplomatic allies of the ROC were considered. After describing the diplomatic activities of Taiwan, and the shifts in the number of its diplomatic allies (between 1988–2020), we found three main areas which are positively affected by these ties. They provide basis for the regime’s claim to sovereignty and statehood, and they enhance Taiwanese presence in international institutions (and indicate the unresolved nature of the entity’s international legal status). Most importantly, they help to maintain the international nature of the cross-strait conflict and contribute to preserve the status quo.
{"title":"The Importance of Diplomacy","authors":"Dalma Nemeskéri, Iván Zádori","doi":"10.14232/BELV.2020.3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14232/BELV.2020.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"After the de facto separation of China in 1949, the international community was divided on the issue which government represents the Chinese nation as a whole. Until the 1970s the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan maintained its seat in the UN, and formal ties to a significant number of countries. However, by the end of this decade, in 1980, Taipei government was left with merely 22 diplomatic allies. Our article focuses on the position of Taiwan after this shift, examining the regime’s perception of the effects of recognition and derecognition. As the Taipei government has put significant efforts into the preservation (and expansion) of diplomatic relations with states that are not considered globally influential, we examined what possible effects and consequences these ties can have on the international legal status of the entity. It has to be noted that for this purpose, only the official relations, and diplomatic allies of the ROC were considered. After describing the diplomatic activities of Taiwan, and the shifts in the number of its diplomatic allies (between 1988–2020), we found three main areas which are positively affected by these ties. They provide basis for the regime’s claim to sovereignty and statehood, and they enhance Taiwanese presence in international institutions (and indicate the unresolved nature of the entity’s international legal status). Most importantly, they help to maintain the international nature of the cross-strait conflict and contribute to preserve the status quo.","PeriodicalId":30998,"journal":{"name":"Belvedere Meridionale","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66822093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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