The nineteenth century is generally considered a century which inspired many nations, both in the East and West, towards the path of independence. While their aims may have been similar, the approach, the overall struggles and management of their individual independence courses, were rather distinctive. One of the most striking examples was Greece. The ethnic Greeks may have had a great desire to obtain independence, but lacked strategy, commitment, and unwavering determination. Their independence fate, however, was destined to be heavy relied, upon their ancient neighbors, the Albanians. Indeed, the Albanians turned out to be the principal benefactor on the ground, conducive to Greek independence. The main aim of this research is to expose the Albanian role especially during the Greek independence revolution. A substantial part of the study delves in the Albanian leadership and responsibility (both military and political) during the respective revolution. The study also explores that thousands of Albanian soldiers from various factions took part in Greek revolution battles. In addition, the study addresses the fact that the Albanian soldiers resorted to fights, even, with their fellow Albanians, all related to the Greek independence. The key objective of the paper is exclusive reliability on the Western sources (British, American, German, Italian or French), vis-a-vis examined topics, to increase, as much as possible, the objectivity of the research outcome. Several distinct themes are examined, considering Albanian contribution to the establishment of the modern Greece, almost all of them, originating from the Western sources of the nineteenth century, the century when the revolution occurred. The paper also incorporates the descriptions of the accounts, of three Westerners (Thomas Gordon, British army officer, Samuel Gridley Howe, American Medical Doctor and George Finlay, a Scottish historian), who were part of revolution and witnessed the developments
{"title":"The Greek independence revolution and beyond: the zooming of the albanian role and impact","authors":"C. A. J. Salihu","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I2.592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I2.592","url":null,"abstract":"The nineteenth century is generally considered a century which inspired many nations, both in the East and West, towards the path of independence. While their aims may have been similar, the approach, the overall struggles and management of their individual independence courses, were rather distinctive. One of the most striking examples was Greece. The ethnic Greeks may have had a great desire to obtain independence, but lacked strategy, commitment, and unwavering determination. Their independence fate, however, was destined to be heavy relied, upon their ancient neighbors, the Albanians. Indeed, the Albanians turned out to be the principal benefactor on the ground, conducive to Greek independence. The main aim of this research is to expose the Albanian role especially during the Greek independence revolution. A substantial part of the study delves in the Albanian leadership and responsibility (both military and political) during the respective revolution. The study also explores that thousands of Albanian soldiers from various factions took part in Greek revolution battles. In addition, the study addresses the fact that the Albanian soldiers resorted to fights, even, with their fellow Albanians, all related to the Greek independence. The key objective of the paper is exclusive reliability on the Western sources (British, American, German, Italian or French), vis-a-vis examined topics, to increase, as much as possible, the objectivity of the research outcome. Several distinct themes are examined, considering Albanian contribution to the establishment of the modern Greece, almost all of them, originating from the Western sources of the nineteenth century, the century when the revolution occurred. The paper also incorporates the descriptions of the accounts, of three Westerners (Thomas Gordon, British army officer, Samuel Gridley Howe, American Medical Doctor and George Finlay, a Scottish historian), who were part of revolution and witnessed the developments","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44381346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
policy has historically played an important role in the development of the European Union (EU). This study examines the reasons for the choice of coal and atomic energy as the bases for constructing community institutions of governance and analyzes their successes and failures as functional areas of integration. Functionalist theory has provided the ideological foundations for the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy Community. Functionalist theorists advocate technocracy as the means for overcoming the conflicts inherent in traditional political processes. Coal and atomic energy were chosen as regimes of integration because of their technocratic character and the importance attached to them, respectively, as the dominant energy source of the time and the perceived source of energy abundance in the proximate future. This vision of a process of technical integration paving the way for political union was predicated on the assumption that the political and technical functions of governance could and should be separated. In fact, energy regimes could not be removed from the political context of national governance. Hard energy regimes, which include coal and atomic energy, are technocratic polities which exclude ordinary citizens from the exercise of power and intensify international conflict. Their choice as regimes of integration bestowed on the institutions of the EC a technocratic character and made it difficult for them to claim political legitimacy
{"title":"Energy as a functional area for European integration","authors":"Dr.sc. Constantine Hadjilambrinos","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I2.590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I2.590","url":null,"abstract":"policy has historically played an important role in the development of the European Union (EU). This study examines the reasons for the choice of coal and atomic energy as the bases for constructing community institutions of governance and analyzes their successes and failures as functional areas of integration. Functionalist theory has provided the ideological foundations for the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy Community. Functionalist theorists advocate technocracy as the means for overcoming the conflicts inherent in traditional political processes. Coal and atomic energy were chosen as regimes of integration because of their technocratic character and the importance attached to them, respectively, as the dominant energy source of the time and the perceived source of energy abundance in the proximate future. This vision of a process of technical integration paving the way for political union was predicated on the assumption that the political and technical functions of governance could and should be separated. In fact, energy regimes could not be removed from the political context of national governance. Hard energy regimes, which include coal and atomic energy, are technocratic polities which exclude ordinary citizens from the exercise of power and intensify international conflict. Their choice as regimes of integration bestowed on the institutions of the EC a technocratic character and made it difficult for them to claim political legitimacy","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41585250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this research paper is to realize the perception of tourists of the selected tourist spots in Sylhet district to identify the problems of the tourism destinations. Data required for the research have been collected from primary data source taking into consideration total 573 tourists as respondents who traveled all the four selected prominent tourist spots of Sylhet. Factor analysis has been used for dimension reduction that covered 44 variables. This paper has found that selected tourism destinations have severe problems mainly in the areas of quality of food, accommodation and transportation services, conservation of natural beauty, promoting destination brand name together with ensuring security and adequate public services for tourists
{"title":"Tourists’ Perceptions toward Problems of Tourism Destinations: Evidence from Sylhet, Bangladesh","authors":"Mba. Mohammad Saiful Islam","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I2.586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I2.586","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research paper is to realize the perception of tourists of the selected tourist spots in Sylhet district to identify the problems of the tourism destinations. Data required for the research have been collected from primary data source taking into consideration total 573 tourists as respondents who traveled all the four selected prominent tourist spots of Sylhet. Factor analysis has been used for dimension reduction that covered 44 variables. This paper has found that selected tourism destinations have severe problems mainly in the areas of quality of food, accommodation and transportation services, conservation of natural beauty, promoting destination brand name together with ensuring security and adequate public services for tourists","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43924770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This scientific work presents the application of the KAIZEN methodology and quality methods and techniques for improving the quality of sales processes. In order to achieve the planned goals, it was applied to a Macedonian insurance company. The methods will help in the condition of continuous improvement and screening insurance company, for improved sales networks. In this research were used primary data obtained from sources using the observation method. Secondary data were used from public sources published to state agencies and internal reports of the insurance company. With the help of these reports, an analysis was made of the company's achievements and the trend and the situation on the insurance market in R.N. Macedonia. The analyses provided useful information for the insurance company in the direction of proper decision making, creating better pricing strategies, and ensuring a more secure placement of new insurance products. The results of the research with the applied methodology are widely used not only in the insurance market but also in all other industries
{"title":"Application of methodology KAIZEN in Macedonian insurance company","authors":"M. Elizabeta, Msc. Goran Stojanovski","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I2.594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I2.594","url":null,"abstract":"This scientific work presents the application of the KAIZEN methodology and quality methods and techniques for improving the quality of sales processes. In order to achieve the planned goals, it was applied to a Macedonian insurance company. The methods will help in the condition of continuous improvement and screening insurance company, for improved sales networks. In this research were used primary data obtained from sources using the observation method. Secondary data were used from public sources published to state agencies and internal reports of the insurance company. With the help of these reports, an analysis was made of the company's achievements and the trend and the situation on the insurance market in R.N. Macedonia. The analyses provided useful information for the insurance company in the direction of proper decision making, creating better pricing strategies, and ensuring a more secure placement of new insurance products. The results of the research with the applied methodology are widely used not only in the insurance market but also in all other industries","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48110358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
paper aims to elaborate and analyse the public diplomacy of small states, the case of Kosovo. Today in the era of globalization and in a world with some powerful states the development of foreign policy and diplomacy is very important and difficult especially for small countries. Small countries with limited capacities should see the need to focus foreign policy and diplomacy in areas as specific and interest as possible. Public diplomacy is an effective tool that small states should use to benefit and promote their interests. The purpose of this paper is to provide information and guidance to the drafters and promoters of public diplomacy of small states with emphasis on the state of Kosovo. Goals and profits can be achieved by specifying areas where public diplomacy can be conducted, especially in Kosovo through cultural and sports diplomacy. The methodology used during the paper is based on the analysis of various materials and resources related to public diplomacy, which through discretionary, analytical, historical and observational methods we have tried to discuss the importance of public diplomacy of small countries, case of Kosovo. In order to have a clearer and more concrete result, we have elaborated on the case of Kosovo and its public diplomacy. Based on this study as a conclusion we can say that Kosovo still needs to focus on public diplomacy and its promotion especially in the areas of cultural and sports diplomacy
{"title":"Public Diplomacy of small states: case of Kosovo","authors":"Ma. Genc Mekaj","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I2.593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I2.593","url":null,"abstract":"paper aims to elaborate and analyse the public diplomacy of small states, the case of Kosovo. Today in the era of globalization and in a world with some powerful states the development of foreign policy and diplomacy is very important and difficult especially for small countries. Small countries with limited capacities should see the need to focus foreign policy and diplomacy in areas as specific and interest as possible. Public diplomacy is an effective tool that small states should use to benefit and promote their interests. The purpose of this paper is to provide information and guidance to the drafters and promoters of public diplomacy of small states with emphasis on the state of Kosovo. Goals and profits can be achieved by specifying areas where public diplomacy can be conducted, especially in Kosovo through cultural and sports diplomacy. The methodology used during the paper is based on the analysis of various materials and resources related to public diplomacy, which through discretionary, analytical, historical and observational methods we have tried to discuss the importance of public diplomacy of small countries, case of Kosovo. In order to have a clearer and more concrete result, we have elaborated on the case of Kosovo and its public diplomacy. Based on this study as a conclusion we can say that Kosovo still needs to focus on public diplomacy and its promotion especially in the areas of cultural and sports diplomacy","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43075225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1982, emerged a paradigm shift from the old marketing approach to Entrepreneurial Marketing practice that focused on attracting and retaining profitable customers using creative and unsophisticated tactics with minimal resources. As a recent strategy for small firms, Entrepreneurial Marketing (EM) is characterized by pro-activeness; focus on opportunity, risk taking, innovativeness, customer intensity, resource leveraging and value creation. The extent to which innovativeness, risk taking and pro-activeness in marketing has been adopted by small firms in Meru Kenya to achieve higher returns on investment, growth in sales and satisfy customers is the focus of this study. The study is grounded on entrepreneurial marketing, theory. Explanatory research design was adopted to explain the direction and extent to which entrepreneurial marketing improved performance of small firms. Data was collected from 112 small firms sampled from Meru town and was analysed using descriptive and inferential techniques. The findings of the study revealed that innovative marketing practices had inverse effect (beta = -0.153). Risk taking and pro-activeness had a positive effect on the firms’ performance. However, none of the three dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing significantly affected the growth of the small enterprises. The study suggests that owners of small enterprises be trained in entrepreneurial marketing. Secondly the innovative marketing strategies should be made compatible with the customers’ values and beliefs. Further studies in entrepreneurial marketing should be done on large firms across the country. Also, other studies should focus on opportunity customer intensity, resource leveraging and value creation and their influence on small enterprise growth
{"title":"Determining contributions of entrepreneurial marketing to the growth of small firms in Meru town, Kenya","authors":"S. O. Okumu","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I2.584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I2.584","url":null,"abstract":"1982, emerged a paradigm shift from the old marketing approach to Entrepreneurial Marketing practice that focused on attracting and retaining profitable customers using creative and unsophisticated tactics with minimal resources. As a recent strategy for small firms, Entrepreneurial Marketing (EM) is characterized by pro-activeness; focus on opportunity, risk taking, innovativeness, customer intensity, resource leveraging and value creation. The extent to which innovativeness, risk taking and pro-activeness in marketing has been adopted by small firms in Meru Kenya to achieve higher returns on investment, growth in sales and satisfy customers is the focus of this study. The study is grounded on entrepreneurial marketing, theory. Explanatory research design was adopted to explain the direction and extent to which entrepreneurial marketing improved performance of small firms. Data was collected from 112 small firms sampled from Meru town and was analysed using descriptive and inferential techniques. The findings of the study revealed that innovative marketing practices had inverse effect (beta = -0.153). Risk taking and pro-activeness had a positive effect on the firms’ performance. However, none of the three dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing significantly affected the growth of the small enterprises. The study suggests that owners of small enterprises be trained in entrepreneurial marketing. Secondly the innovative marketing strategies should be made compatible with the customers’ values and beliefs. Further studies in entrepreneurial marketing should be done on large firms across the country. Also, other studies should focus on opportunity customer intensity, resource leveraging and value creation and their influence on small enterprise growth","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45117259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Albania has managed to maintain a positive economic growth and macroeconomic stability over the past decade, but its high level of public debt, with an increasing trend over the last three years, has been seen as very worrying in the eyes of many domestic and foreign economists. When it comes to debt, both public and private debt must be taken into account. Private debt analysis takes on particular importance because private debt is associated with financing business projects and increasing consumer demand, which serve economic growth and improve the country's macroeconomic parameters. This paper aims to study the role of public and private debt on economic growth in Albania for the period 2014-2018, as well as the main determinants of these two indicators. The methodology used is based on econometric regression analysis. The results showed that public and private debt has a statistically significant impact on economic growth in Albania. The research question of this paper is: Does private and public debt have an impact on economic growth in Albania?
{"title":"Role of Public and Privacy Debt on Economic Growth in Albania","authors":"Dr.Sc. Arjeta Hallunov","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I1.569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I1.569","url":null,"abstract":"Albania has managed to maintain a positive economic growth and macroeconomic stability over the past decade, but its high level of public debt, with an increasing trend over the last three years, has been seen as very worrying in the eyes of many domestic and foreign economists. When it comes to debt, both public and private debt must be taken into account. Private debt analysis takes on particular importance because private debt is associated with financing business projects and increasing consumer demand, which serve economic growth and improve the country's macroeconomic parameters. This paper aims to study the role of public and private debt on economic growth in Albania for the period 2014-2018, as well as the main determinants of these two indicators. The methodology used is based on econometric regression analysis. The results showed that public and private debt has a statistically significant impact on economic growth in Albania. The research question of this paper is: Does private and public debt have an impact on economic growth in Albania?","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48603584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In criminal proceedings in the Republic of Kosovo, the injured party enjoys considerable rights that favor its position. In addition to constitutional guarantees, which are now standard for democratic countries, the Criminal Procedure Code (henceforth: the CPC) considers injured parties an equal party in the procedure, with rights identical to those of the prosecution, with the exception of certain rights that are understandably exclusive for the prosecution (e.g. the right of the prosecutor to withdraw the indictment). However, this paper will argue that certain stances in the CPC are contradictory when regulating the status and rights of injured parties in criminal proceedings. Kosovo legislation does not distinguish between injured parties in criminal proceedings and the victim of a criminal offence, but refers to both as injured parties. This paper finds that it is necessary to change this approach, and that the Kosovo legislators should follow the Croatian model in determining the status of parties in proceedings, and clearly distinguishing between an injured party and a victim of the criminal offence, as the victim should enjoy certain rights that can’t be attributed to an injured party, especially in relation to giving testimonies. The paper also analyzes discrepancies between the Criminal Procedure Core and Article 54 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo.
{"title":"Certain Disputable Matters Pertaining to the Position of the Injured Party in Criminal Proceedings in the Republic of Kosovo","authors":"Dr.Sc. Artan Qerkini","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I1.570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I1.570","url":null,"abstract":"In criminal proceedings in the Republic of Kosovo, the injured party enjoys considerable rights that favor its position. In addition to constitutional guarantees, which are now standard for democratic countries, the Criminal Procedure Code (henceforth: the CPC) considers injured parties an equal party in the procedure, with rights identical to those of the prosecution, with the exception of certain rights that are understandably exclusive for the prosecution (e.g. the right of the prosecutor to withdraw the indictment). However, this paper will argue that certain stances in the CPC are contradictory when regulating the status and rights of injured parties in criminal proceedings. Kosovo legislation does not distinguish between injured parties in criminal proceedings and the victim of a criminal offence, but refers to both as injured parties. This paper finds that it is necessary to change this approach, and that the Kosovo legislators should follow the Croatian model in determining the status of parties in proceedings, and clearly distinguishing between an injured party and a victim of the criminal offence, as the victim should enjoy certain rights that can’t be attributed to an injured party, especially in relation to giving testimonies. The paper also analyzes discrepancies between the Criminal Procedure Core and Article 54 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo.","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49482835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Triggered by the contemporary assumption that female astronauts are facing a manifestation of gender-based discrimination regarding career options due to NASA’s strict cosmic radiation exposure limit restrictions, the main purpose of this paper is to analyze the legal perspective of this issue through labor principles of opportunity and health. By recognizing galactic cosmic rays as a special type of radiation exposure naturally occurring within the astronaut’s working environment, it is questioned whether such a severe health threat deserves to be used as a justification for labor discrimination. While examining the legal status of astronauts in labor relations may contribute in realizing the importance of an astronaut’s profession as an individual as well as for the benefit of mankind, the capacities that space agencies, as employers, have in order to fulfill their obligation of eliminating health risks originating from cosmic radiation and solar storms, can be further examined in order to find out if this spaceflight opportunity limitation is just another well hidden demonstration of gender-based discrimination, mainly through the following determinants: 1) Duration of the space mission, and 2) Position of the space object. Also, given the fact that the notion of “outer space labor law” is still nonexistent, this paper additionally emphasizes the need for the establishment of international standards concerning protection against cosmic radiation, in order for astronauts, irrelevant of their nationality, to receive equal health protection measures, as subjects to labor relations.
{"title":"A Legal Perspective on Career Limitations upon Female Astronauts Due to Cosmic Radiation Exposure","authors":"Dr.Sc. Sami Mehmeti, Stefani Stojchevska","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I1.571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I1.571","url":null,"abstract":"Triggered by the contemporary assumption that female astronauts are facing a manifestation of gender-based discrimination regarding career options due to NASA’s strict cosmic radiation exposure limit restrictions, the main purpose of this paper is to analyze the legal perspective of this issue through labor principles of opportunity and health. By recognizing galactic cosmic rays as a special type of radiation exposure naturally occurring within the astronaut’s working environment, it is questioned whether such a severe health threat deserves to be used as a justification for labor discrimination. While examining the legal status of astronauts in labor relations may contribute in realizing the importance of an astronaut’s profession as an individual as well as for the benefit of mankind, the capacities that space agencies, as employers, have in order to fulfill their obligation of eliminating health risks originating from cosmic radiation and solar storms, can be further examined in order to find out if this spaceflight opportunity limitation is just another well hidden demonstration of gender-based discrimination, mainly through the following determinants: 1) Duration of the space mission, and 2) Position of the space object. Also, given the fact that the notion of “outer space labor law” is still nonexistent, this paper additionally emphasizes the need for the establishment of international standards concerning protection against cosmic radiation, in order for astronauts, irrelevant of their nationality, to receive equal health protection measures, as subjects to labor relations.","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42677184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After fourteen years of implementation of the reformer Criminal Code of Republika Srpska, in July 2017 a new Criminal Code of Republika Srpska came into force, and with it (partially) a new, post-reform stage in the development of contemporary criminal law in Bosnia and Herzegovina has begun. Although, the Code brings a number of novelties in the field of criminal law, the subject of this article are novelties regarding the legal protection of children and minors from sexual violence in Republika Srpska. The aim is to determine, after an analysis of relevant legal provisions, whether and to what extent the new Code has modified the legal protection of this group of passive subjects with respect to sex offenses (which, in addition to the standard consequences that they generally leave on the victims, can leave indelible consequences for victims whose psychophysical development is still not completed). Also, based on this analysis, the question whether the prescription of new legal protection of children and minors in the Republic of Srpska has been harmonized with or got distant from other positive criminal laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina will be answered. In this article descriptive, normative and comparative scientific methods will be applied.
{"title":"Brief Overview of Novelties Within the New Criminal Code of Republika Srpska Regarding Legal Protection of Children and Juveniles from Sexual Violence","authors":"Dr.Sc. Ena Kazić","doi":"10.21113/IIR.V10I1.562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21113/IIR.V10I1.562","url":null,"abstract":"After fourteen years of implementation of the reformer Criminal Code of Republika Srpska, in July 2017 a new Criminal Code of Republika Srpska came into force, and with it (partially) a new, post-reform stage in the development of contemporary criminal law in Bosnia and Herzegovina has begun. Although, the Code brings a number of novelties in the field of criminal law, the subject of this article are novelties regarding the legal protection of children and minors from sexual violence in Republika Srpska. The aim is to determine, after an analysis of relevant legal provisions, whether and to what extent the new Code has modified the legal protection of this group of passive subjects with respect to sex offenses (which, in addition to the standard consequences that they generally leave on the victims, can leave indelible consequences for victims whose psychophysical development is still not completed). Also, based on this analysis, the question whether the prescription of new legal protection of children and minors in the Republic of Srpska has been harmonized with or got distant from other positive criminal laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina will be answered. In this article descriptive, normative and comparative scientific methods will be applied.","PeriodicalId":31358,"journal":{"name":"ILIRIA International Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41632908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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