The contribution addresses the long-standing question of the roof covering materials for rural buildings in the Karst region and the chronology of the prevalence and replacement of straw, slates, and bent tiles from the 16th to the 19th century. The article first outlines the interpretative and chronological uncertainty of the existing literature. Next, it presents the early modern written testimonies and iconography of towns and villages in the Slovenian Littoral, demonstrating their partial discrepancy with the existing interpretations and the ambiguity of the relevant depictions. The central part of the article analyses the original archival data from real estate transactions between peasants, which contain information on the type and value of roof coverings on 27 residential and 13 outbuildings in 15 localities in the Karst region in the middle of the 18th century. Most of these houses were covered with slates, while most outbuildings were thatched, except for the Goriška-Vipava area, where bent tiles prevailed. These results provide a reliable timeline foundation for further research.
{"title":"A Roof over Your Head Roofing of Rural Dwellings and Outbuildings in the Karst (Mid-18th Century)","authors":"Aleksander Panjek","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.06","url":null,"abstract":"The contribution addresses the long-standing question of the roof covering materials for rural buildings in the Karst region and the chronology of the prevalence and replacement of straw, slates, and bent tiles from the 16th to the 19th century. The article first outlines the interpretative and chronological uncertainty of the existing literature. Next, it presents the early modern written testimonies and iconography of towns and villages in the Slovenian Littoral, demonstrating their partial discrepancy with the existing interpretations and the ambiguity of the relevant depictions. The central part of the article analyses the original archival data from real estate transactions between peasants, which contain information on the type and value of roof coverings on 27 residential and 13 outbuildings in 15 localities in the Karst region in the middle of the 18th century. Most of these houses were covered with slates, while most outbuildings were thatched, except for the Goriška-Vipava area, where bent tiles prevailed. These results provide a reliable timeline foundation for further research.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author investigated the consequences of the fire that destroyed most of the town of Kranj in 1749. Based on numerous damage inventories and correspondence between the town authorities and regional and state offices, he determined the reasons for the disaster (lack of water in the town), the extent of the damage, life in the town during the reconstruction, and the plans and methods of rehabilitation over a period of twenty years. The state authorities only partially co-financed the renovation with financial grants and limited tax exemptions. The townspeople bore the majority of the burden, which is why the revitalisation of Kranj took a long time. Mainly due to the lack of money and despite the ambitious initial ideas, the town, which was already in debt, was not notably urbanised or improved in terms of fire prevention compared to the Middle Ages. Some of the more notable changes in Kranj did not take place until the aftermath of another disastrous fire in 1811.
{"title":"The Reconstruction of Kranj after the Fire of 1749","authors":"Dušan Kos","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The author investigated the consequences of the fire that destroyed most of the town of Kranj in 1749. Based on numerous damage inventories and correspondence between the town authorities and regional and state offices, he determined the reasons for the disaster (lack of water in the town), the extent of the damage, life in the town during the reconstruction, and the plans and methods of rehabilitation over a period of twenty years. The state authorities only partially co-financed the renovation with financial grants and limited tax exemptions. The townspeople bore the majority of the burden, which is why the revitalisation of Kranj took a long time. Mainly due to the lack of money and despite the ambitious initial ideas, the town, which was already in debt, was not notably urbanised or improved in terms of fire prevention compared to the Middle Ages. Some of the more notable changes in Kranj did not take place until the aftermath of another disastrous fire in 1811.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on individual case studies and employing discourse analysis in Carniola, this study endeavours to transcend the existing theories that predominantly place the rural elderly within multigenerational familial structures. By delving into the intricacies of property transfer, the employment possibilities of individuals lacking assets, marital strategies, obstacles and dynamics, and the provision of care for elderly family members in rural areas, a nuanced understanding emerges. The present research reveals diverse strategies, identities, and configurations in the lifestyles and livelihoods of the rural elderly, which extend beyond conventional family-centric perspectives. By emphasising the intricate interplay of property dynamics, survival strategies, and communal solidarity, this article sheds light on the multifaceted life of the elderly in the countryside.
{"title":"Starostniki na podeželju v 19. stoletju","authors":"Dragica Čeč","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.08","url":null,"abstract":"Based on individual case studies and employing discourse analysis in Carniola, this study endeavours to \u0000transcend the existing theories that predominantly place the rural elderly within multigenerational familial structures. By delving into the intricacies of property transfer, the employment possibilities of individuals lacking assets, marital strategies, obstacles and dynamics, and the provision of care for elderly family members in rural areas, a nuanced understanding emerges. The present research reveals diverse strategies, identities, and configurations in the lifestyles and livelihoods of the rural elderly, which extend beyond conventional family-centric perspectives. By emphasising the intricate interplay of property dynamics, survival strategies, and communal solidarity, this article sheds light on the multifaceted life of the elderly in the countryside.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140997895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kidričevo is the first example of a planned industrial settlement built during the socialist era. The lead construction engineer, Danilo Fürst, was also based in Strnišče. His plan was exceedingly ambitious, envisaging the construction of an industrial town with all the necessary infrastructure. The new settlement was supposed to include a hospital, a hotel, a cultural centre, schools, an administrative and economic centre, and a recreation centre. However, only a small part of the project was ever completed. The first two blocks of flats were put into use as early as March 1949, while the construction of the residential buildings was practically complete by 1956. Slovenia’s industrial heritage remains underappreciated, and little effort has been made to revitalise some of the former industrial buildings that are currently decaying.
{"title":"Kidričevo – The First Industrial City in Slovenia","authors":"Aleksander Lorenčič","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.35","url":null,"abstract":"Kidričevo is the first example of a planned industrial settlement built during the socialist era. The lead construction engineer, Danilo Fürst, was also based in Strnišče. His plan was exceedingly ambitious, envisaging the construction of an industrial town with all the necessary infrastructure. The new settlement was supposed to include a hospital, a hotel, a cultural centre, schools, an administrative and economic centre, and a recreation centre. However, only a small part of the project was ever completed. The first two blocks of flats were put into use as early as March 1949, while the construction of the residential buildings was practically complete by 1956. Slovenia’s industrial heritage remains underappreciated, and little effort has been made to revitalise some of the former industrial buildings that are currently decaying.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":"195 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
German historiography refers to a group of feudal lord’s vassals as a feudal court (Lehnshof). At their zenith, the Counts of Cilli/Celje were perhaps the most powerful feudal lords in today’s Slovenian territory. The social and provincial allegiance of their vassals varied. The vassals were acquired through various means, sometimes even by force. Obligations, partly determined by both written and customary feudal law, were mutual. The feudal court of the Counts of Cilli, which also represented a source of personnel from which they recruited their court-territorial officials, was just as diverse as their feudal practices.
{"title":"Celjski grofje kot fevdni gospodje in njihov fevdni dvor","authors":"Jaka Banfi","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"German historiography refers to a group of feudal lord’s vassals as a feudal court (Lehnshof). At their zenith, the Counts of Cilli/Celje were perhaps the most powerful feudal lords in today’s Slovenian territory. The social and provincial allegiance of their vassals varied. The vassals were acquired through various means, sometimes even by force. Obligations, partly determined by both written and customary feudal law, were mutual. The feudal court of the Counts of Cilli, which also represented a source of personnel from which they recruited their court-territorial officials, was just as diverse as their feudal practices.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The contribution presents the financial affair of a wood merchant’s wife, Terezija Aristoteles, in Ljubljana in the 1870s. Aristoteles took a loan from one of Ljubljana’s female brokers who, for steep interest rates, mediated the borrowing of money obtained from moneylenders. In doing so, Aristoteles got heavily into debt and resorted to fraud to keep borrowing increasing sums of money. Once her actions were revealed, a high-profile trial at the Ljubljana Court followed in February 1874, attracting a lot of interest not only from the Ljubljana citizens but also from the Slovenian and Austrian press, mainly because most of the perpetrators and victims involved were female. The public opinion did not favour either Aristoteles or the aggrieved moneylenders, who were seen as exploiters preying on those in need. Aristoteles and her broker were sentenced to two years in prison.
{"title":"“A Trial Like No Other in Ljubljana”: The Financial Affair of Terezija Aristoteles in 1874","authors":"Ivan Smiljanić","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The contribution presents the financial affair of a wood merchant’s wife, Terezija Aristoteles, in Ljubljana in the 1870s. Aristoteles took a loan from one of Ljubljana’s female brokers who, for steep interest rates, mediated the borrowing of money obtained from moneylenders. In doing so, Aristoteles got heavily into debt and resorted to fraud to keep borrowing increasing sums of money. Once her actions were revealed, a high-profile trial at the Ljubljana Court followed in February 1874, attracting a lot of interest not only from the Ljubljana citizens but also from the Slovenian and Austrian press, mainly because most of the perpetrators and victims involved were female. The public opinion did not favour either Aristoteles or the aggrieved moneylenders, who were seen as exploiters preying on those in need. Aristoteles and her broker were sentenced to two years in prison.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140998230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this review article, the author presents the crucial factors regarding the legal provisions that shaped agricultural policy in early socialism in Yugoslavia (1945–1953). In doing so, he focuses on the developments in agriculture in Slovenia. The article presents the agrarian question (the issue of land and its ownership) and the agricultural question (the attitude of the authorities towards peasants as a social and professional group). It outlines the agrarian reform in Slovenia (1945–1948), its impact (consequences), and the intervention of the authorities in agriculture to provide for the population. These interventions included the collectivisation of agriculture based on the model of the Soviet Union’s kolkhozes. The authorities’ attitude towards agriculture included pragmatic reasons (supplying the population) as well as political and ideological motives.
{"title":"What, How, Why? An Outline of the State’s Attitude Towards Agriculture and Farmers in Early Yugoslav Socialism, 1945–1953 (With an Emphasis on Slovenia)","authors":"Zdenko Čepič","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.33","url":null,"abstract":"In this review article, the author presents the crucial factors regarding the legal provisions that shaped agricultural policy in early socialism in Yugoslavia (1945–1953). In doing so, he focuses on the developments in agriculture in Slovenia. The article presents the agrarian question (the issue of land and its ownership) and the agricultural question (the attitude of the authorities towards peasants as a social and professional group). It outlines the agrarian reform in Slovenia (1945–1948), its impact (consequences), and the intervention of the authorities in agriculture to provide for the population. These interventions included the collectivisation of agriculture based on the model of the Soviet Union’s kolkhozes. The authorities’ attitude towards agriculture included pragmatic reasons (supplying the population) as well as political and ideological motives.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":" 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the summer and autumn of 1944, the leadership of the resistance movement in Slovenia held two competitions among its political bodies and military units. Based on primary sources, the article analyses the idea, implementation, and results of these competitions, which, in terms of their content, represented a synergy between the resistance movement’s motivational and propaganda approaches and its needs for additional material resources and the expansion of its personnel. The competitions in gathering the material and political support for the resistance organisation spurred the further activation of its political bodies at all levels and encouraged a better definition of their political tasks. Obtaining additional material and human resources directly from the population was vital for the functioning and survival of the resistance organisation under the conditions of significant deficit. However, such actions could only be carried out in the areas where the resistance was sufficiently organised and which were not entirely controlled by the occupying forces and their collaborators.
{"title":"»Zavedajmo se pri vsaki naši akciji, da tekmujemo!« Narodno tekmovanje, Tekmovanje zmage in druga","authors":"Damijan Guštin","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"In the summer and autumn of 1944, the leadership of the resistance movement in Slovenia held two competitions among its political bodies and military units. Based on primary sources, the article analyses the idea, implementation, and results of these competitions, which, in terms of their content, represented a synergy between the resistance movement’s motivational and propaganda approaches and its needs for additional material resources and the expansion of its personnel. The competitions in gathering the material and political support for the resistance organisation spurred the further activation of its political bodies at all levels and encouraged a better definition of their political tasks. Obtaining additional material and human resources directly from the population was vital for the functioning and survival of the resistance organisation under the conditions of significant deficit. However, such actions could only be carried out in the areas where the resistance was sufficiently organised and which were not entirely controlled by the occupying forces and their collaborators.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141129294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the 16th century, the Habsburgs started constructing a defensive buffer zone known as the Military Frontier to deter Ottoman incursions. The region was deliberately militarised and fell under full military administration along with its civilian population. As the Ottoman threat gradually diminished from the late 17th century onwards, the Military Frontier lost its defensive significance. However, due to the severe risk of infectious diseases, especially the plague, spreading from the southeast, the authorities made use of the military regime at the border to combat epidemics. They assigned the military cordon the task of a permanent sanitary cordon, enhancing the existing infrastructure and adapting the health regime to the strict hierarchical system of the military administration. In addition to the norms regulating the cordon’s structure and the implementation of security measures at the border, criminal regulations aimed at ensuring prevention and thereby protecting public health were also drawn up. This contribution presents the genesis of the cordon, analyses the relevant criminal code regulations from the 18th and 19th centuries, and evaluates their effect.
{"title":"Habsburški mejni kordon proti Osmanskemu cesarstvu kot branik zdravja in njegove kazenskopravne osnove","authors":"Marko Kambič","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"In the 16th century, the Habsburgs started constructing a defensive buffer zone known as the Military Frontier to deter Ottoman incursions. The region was deliberately militarised and fell under full military administration along with its civilian population. As the Ottoman threat gradually diminished from the late 17th century onwards, the Military Frontier lost its defensive significance. However, due to the severe risk of infectious diseases, especially the plague, spreading from the southeast, the authorities made use of the military regime at the border to combat epidemics. They assigned the military cordon the task of a permanent sanitary cordon, enhancing the existing infrastructure and adapting the health regime to the strict hierarchical system of the military administration. In addition to the norms regulating the cordon’s structure and the implementation of security measures at the border, criminal regulations aimed at ensuring prevention and thereby protecting public health were also drawn up. This contribution presents the genesis of the cordon, analyses the relevant criminal code regulations from the 18th and 19th centuries, and evaluates their effect.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140999711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bamberg Maleficent Order or Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensisis is a crucial legal text, as it was the first German criminal code to be published in printed form. It was a turning point in the development of German criminal law because it represented a synthesis of criminal law, shaped by the Northern Italian practice and theory under the influence of Roman and canon law and domestic Bavarian common law. The malefic order featured 22 woodcuts illustrating the legal text. Based on the preserved depictions, we can thus accurately imagine how criminal proceedings were conducted 500 years ago while simultaneously gaining a unique anthropological insight into the cultural history of the judiciary and judges at the beginning of the Modern Period.
{"title":"The Bamberg Maleficent Order as an Anthropological Source for the History of Justice","authors":"Igor Zemljič","doi":"10.51663/pnz.64.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51663/pnz.64.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"The Bamberg Maleficent Order or Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensisis is a crucial legal text, as it was the first German criminal code to be published in printed form. It was a turning point in the development of German criminal law because it represented a synthesis of criminal law, shaped by the Northern Italian practice and theory under the influence of Roman and canon law and domestic Bavarian common law. The malefic order featured 22 woodcuts illustrating the legal text. Based on the preserved depictions, we can thus accurately imagine how criminal proceedings were conducted 500 years ago while simultaneously gaining a unique anthropological insight into the cultural history of the judiciary and judges at the beginning of the Modern Period.","PeriodicalId":315758,"journal":{"name":"Contributions to Contemporary History","volume":" 81","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141000609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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