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The role of context in transactional English: spoken utterances and public signs in the UAE 语境在事务性英语中的作用:阿联酋的口语和公共标志
IF 1.5 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1379935
Betty Lanteigne, Hedieh Najafi
Transactional and interactional English communications tend to be on a continuum rather than a dichotomy, with some communications having characteristics of both, yet others tending more toward one type of communication or the other. In general, written communication tends to be more informative (transactional) than spoken communication, which tends to include more interactional communication. Using insights from geosemiotics and linguistic analysis, this study analyzed spoken English-as-a-lingua-franca (ELF) communication observed in Dubai/Sharjah and written communication in public signs in Al Ain, looking at how contextual influences play a role in facilitating hearer/reader understanding of the meaning being communicated. From identified ELF communications in Dubai/Sharjah and photographed public signs with English text in Al Ain in the UAE, 10 spoken and eight written instances of transactional English were selected to be analyzed in terms of patterns in the role of context in hearer/reader understanding of intended meaning. Comparing/contrasting contextualization of these spoken and written transactional English communications revealed the influence of the context on hearer/reader awareness of spatiotemporal aspects, background schemata (social/societal, cultural, economic, and religious aspects), prior communications, and ELF mutual accommodation of meaning in terms of understanding and interpreting intended meaning, as well as identifying aspects of contextualization common to both spoken and written transactional English.
事务性英语交流和互动性英语交流往往是一个连续统一体,而不是二分法,有些交流兼具两者的特点,而有些交流则更倾向于其中一种。一般来说,书面交流往往比口语交流更具信息性(事务性),而口语交流则往往包含更多的互动交流。本研究利用地缘符号学和语言分析的见解,分析了在迪拜/沙迦观察到的英语口语交流(ELF)和艾因公共标志中的书面交流,研究了语境如何在促进听者/读者理解交流意义方面发挥作用。从阿联酋迪拜/沙迦发现的英语语言交流和艾因拍摄的带有英文文本的公共标志中,选择了 10 个口语和 8 个书面的交易英语实例,分析语境在听者/读者理解预期含义方面的作用模式。对这些口语和书面交易英语交流的语境进行比较/对比,揭示了语境对听者/读者对时空方面、背景图式(社会/社会、文化、经济和宗教方面)、先前交流以及 ELF 在理解和解释意图意义方面的相互调适的影响,并确定了口语和书面交易英语共同的语境方面。
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引用次数: 0
“How can I get into the city center?”—pragmatic strategies at use in international tourism interactions in Croatia "我怎样才能进入市中心?"--克罗地亚国际旅游互动中的实用策略
IF 1.5 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1407295
Manuela Vida-Mannl
In Croatia, speaking many different languages is popular and perceived as a prestigious skill. English is one of the most commonly spoken additional languages and many Croats engage with it frequently, e.g., when watching undubbed American or British TV programs and movies. Due to this frequent engagement as well as the rise of English as a global language, especially younger Croats and those who work in the tourism sector tend to be quite proficient users of English. When interacting with tourists, Croats use accommodation strategies to cater to the tourists’ linguistic needs to increase understanding and communicative success (cf., e.g., Kaur, 2022 on pragmatic strategies). The present investigation centers on the specific pragmatic strategies present in such interactions between international tourists and local tourism workers and, based on a subset of 48 conversations recorded at the Franjo Tuđman Airport Zagreb, it illustrates the pragmatic strategies in the negotiation of directions to the city center. It shows that tourists and tourism workers tend to use the investigated pragmatic strategies in the following order of frequency: SMs>DMs>HMS>repetition>rephrasing>other features. However, taking a closer look, the study unveils how tourism workers balance the needs for efficiency and sociability when engaging with international tourists and offers a first take at understanding why the answers to similar questions often vary as the quality and quantity of the provided answers are influenced not only by linguistic factors.
在克罗地亚,会说多种不同的语言很受欢迎,并被视为一种有声望的技能。英语是最常用的附加语言之一,许多克罗地亚人经常使用英语,例如在观看无配音的美国或英国电视节目和电影时。由于这种频繁的接触以及英语作为全球语言的崛起,尤其是年轻的克罗地亚人和在旅游部门工作的人往往能熟练使用英语。在与游客交流时,克罗地亚人会使用通融策略来迎合游客的语言需求,以增加理解和交际成功率(参见 Kaur, 2022 年关于语用策略的研究)。本调查以国际游客与当地旅游工作人员之间的此类互动中存在的特定语用策略为中心,基于在萨格勒布弗兰霍-图德曼机场记录的 48 个对话子集,说明了在协商前往市中心的方向时的语用策略。结果显示,游客和旅游从业人员倾向于按以下频率顺序使用所调查的语用策略:SMs>DMs>HMS>repetition>rephrasing>other features。然而,仔细观察,这项研究揭示了旅游工作人员在与国际游客打交道时如何平衡效率和社交的需求,并为理解为什么对类似问题的回答往往各不相同提供了初步思路,因为所提供答案的质量和数量不仅受语言因素的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Adorable interactions: investigating the influence of AI voice assistant cuteness on consumer usage intentions 可爱的互动:研究人工智能语音助手的可爱程度对消费者使用意愿的影响
IF 1.5 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1380775
Xintao Yu, Xiaochen Liu, Zhen Xu
In an era where user experience reigns supreme, an unexpected element is subtly influencing our interactions with technology— “Cuteness.” However, when discussing the design of digital products such as AIVAs, is cuteness merely a matter of appearance? This paper aims to unveil the complex psychological mechanisms and their impact on usage intention hidden behind the seemingly harmless allure of cuteness. Through an experimental study involving 284 participants and utilizing a moderated serial mediation model via PLS-SEM, this research reveals how aesthetic design differences influence usage intentions. The findings disclose three key insights: (1) A positive relationship between cuteness and usage intention is confirmed; (2) Social presence, performance expectancy and customer value act as serial mediations between cuteness and usage intention; (3) Perceived risk moderates the impact of cuteness on usage intentions by influencing social presence, performance expectancy, hedonic value and functional value. This contributes theoretical insights and practical guidance for the sustainable development and success of AIVAs.
在用户体验至上的时代,一个意想不到的元素正在微妙地影响着我们与技术的互动--"可爱"。然而,在讨论 AIVAs 等数字产品的设计时,可爱仅仅是一个外观问题吗?本文旨在揭示隐藏在看似无害的可爱诱惑背后的复杂心理机制及其对使用意图的影响。通过一项涉及 284 名参与者的实验研究,并利用 PLS-SEM 的调节串联中介模型,本研究揭示了美学设计差异如何影响使用意图。研究结果揭示了三个主要观点:(1)证实了可爱与使用意向之间的正相关关系;(2)社会存在、性能预期和顾客价值在可爱与使用意向之间起到了序列中介的作用;(3)感知风险通过影响社会存在、性能预期、享乐价值和功能价值来调节可爱对使用意向的影响。这将为 AIVA 的可持续发展和成功提供理论启示和实践指导。
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引用次数: 0
‘Inter-ideologicality’ in intercultural communication education: co-constructing criticality around the concept of culture in international online student mobility 跨文化传播教育中的 "意识形态间性":围绕国际在线学生流动中的文化概念共同构建批判性
IF 1.5 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1409851
Jun Peng, Fred Dervin
The world has been experiencing huge upheavals since the COVID-19 crises. Conflicts caused by opposing ideologies, economic-political agendas and realities are rampant within or across borders. Such unsteady circumstances contribute to shifting how Transnational Education (TNE) occurs worldwide, as well as the scientific, epistemic and educational discourses that go with it. Anchored within critical interculturality, this paper explores the concept of ‘inter-ideologicality’. The study looks at short-term online international student mobility to demonstrate how students from China and Finland navigate and negotiate ideologies around the concept of culture in intercultural research and education. The study also employs Wang Chong’s perspectives on criticality to identify emerging ideologies in the co-construction of criticality in students’ online cooperation. Findings reveal that (1) two ideological orientations, nation-oriented and society-oriented, developed during discussions about culture; (2) Finnish students used a specific form of reasoning to contradict Chinese students’ thoughts about Finland by means of criticality towards the nation-oriented ideology; (3) Chinese and Finnish students employed questioning and challenging to help each other be aware of something left unsaid about the status of women in their societies within the society-oriented ideology. The study represents an important meta-approach to intercultural communication education within internationalization of Higher Education, aimed at supporting mobile students to reflect critically on the scientific and educational notion of interculturality rather than providing them with ready-made recipes as to how to communicate and behave interculturally.
自 COVID-19 危机以来,世界经历了巨大的动荡。由于意识形态、经济政治议程和现实的对立而引发的冲突在国内或跨国界肆虐。这种不稳定的环境改变了跨国教育(TNE)在世界范围内的发展方式,以及与之相适应的科学、认识论和教育论述。本文以批判性跨文化为基础,探讨了 "意识形态间性 "的概念。该研究以短期在线国际学生流动为视角,展示了在跨文化研究和教育中,中国和芬兰的学生是如何围绕文化概念进行意识形态导航和谈判的。研究还采用了王充关于批判性的观点,以确定学生在线合作中共同构建批判性的新兴意识形态。研究结果表明:(1)在关于文化的讨论中形成了两种意识形态取向,即国家取向和社会取向;(2)芬兰学生通过对国家取向意识形态的批判性,使用一种特定的推理形式来反驳中国学生关于芬兰的想法;(3)在社会取向意识形态中,中国学生和芬兰学生通过质疑和挑战来帮助对方意识到他们社会中关于女性地位的一些遗漏。本研究是高等教育国际化过程中跨文化交际教育的一个重要元方法,旨在支持流动学生对跨文化性的科学和教育概念进行批判性反思,而不是向他们提供如何进行跨文化交际和行为的现成方法。
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引用次数: 0
Strategic management of internal employer branding – guerilla strategies to engage and retain top employees in a challenging workforce environment 内部雇主品牌战略管理--在充满挑战的劳动力环境中吸引和留住优秀员工的游击战略
IF 1.5 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1402125
Florentina-Mihaela Barbulescu, Marius Vasiluță-Ștefănescu, Ionela Stoicov, Claudiu Coman, Ecaterina Coman
In a globalized and constantly evolving employment environment, it is imperative that organizations cultivate effective employer branding strategies to maintain competitiveness and attractiveness. These would allow them to obtain unique advantages in the market but also support for the internal employer brand. Despite the critical role of employer branding in attracting and retaining top talent, there remains a gap in understanding its relationship to HRM practices and employee perceptions of those practices. The purpose of this research was to investigate the correlation between human resources management practices and employer branding measured through organizational attractiveness and seen from the employees’ perspective. Additionally, to find out if there is a significant difference between the private and public sector in terms of the perception of HRM practices influencing organizational attractiveness.A questionnaire was applied to 800 respondents, employed in various positions in private and public sector organizations in western Romania. Two scales were applied to evaluate human resources management practices and the employer’s attractiveness from the employees’ perspective.Findings indicate a direct and positive relation between HRM practices and organizational attractiveness, with particular emphasis on performance appraisal practice, training and development, and work-life balance practices. When it comes to private sector, the significant practices influencing organizational attractiveness are performance appraisal, safety, and work-life balance practices, whereas in the public sector we have training-development and performance appraisal practices.These results underline the role of human resource management in strengthening internal support for the employer brand and increasing overall employer attractiveness. The more appropriate human resource management practices are in the perception of employees, the more attractive the organization is perceived as an employer.
在全球化和不断变化的就业环境中,各组织必须制定有效的雇主品牌战略,以保持竞争力和吸引力。这不仅能使组织在市场上获得独特优势,还能为内部雇主品牌提供支持。尽管雇主品牌在吸引和留住顶尖人才方面发挥着至关重要的作用,但在了解雇主品牌与人力资源管理实践以及员工对这些实践的看法之间的关系方面仍然存在差距。本研究旨在调查人力资源管理实践与通过组织吸引力衡量的雇主品牌之间的相关性,并从员工的角度加以观察。此外,还想了解私营和公共部门对影响组织吸引力的人力资源管理实践的看法是否存在显著差异。本研究对罗马尼亚西部私营和公共部门组织中不同职位的 800 名受访者进行了问卷调查。调查结果表明,人力资源管理实践与组织吸引力之间存在直接的正相关关系,其中绩效评估实践、培训与发展以及工作与生活平衡实践尤为重要。在私营部门,影响组织吸引力的重要做法是绩效考核、安全和工作与生活平衡做法,而在公共部门,则有培训与发展和绩效考核做法。在员工心目中,人力资源管理措施越恰当,组织作为雇主的吸引力就越大。
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引用次数: 0
Experiences of Afghan-Canadian language and cultural advisors who served with Canadian forces abroad: an interpretive phenomenological analysis 在加拿大驻外部队服役的阿富汗-加拿大语言和文化顾问的经历:解释现象学分析
IF 1.5 Q2 COMMUNICATION Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1279906
Jean-Michel Mercier, Victoria Carmichael, Gabrielle Dupuis, Sayed Ahmad Zia Mazhari, Yahseer Fatimi, Tim Laidler, F. Hosseiny
Though much research has been conducted on the potential well-being effects of deployment on armed forces members, a significant gap seems to exist in the literature when it comes to its effect on conflict-zone interpreters. Drawing on the experiences of six former Afghan-Canadian Language and Cultural Advisors (LCAs), this paper aims to contribute to expanding the nascent literature on conflict-zone interpreters by exploring how former LCAs perceive their experiences before, during, and after their deployment and the resulting impacts on their well-being. Interested in an in-depth exploration of the experiences of former LCAs, this study employed an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach. Through the analysis, four superordinate themes emerged in participants’ narratives including: (1) the right opportunity, referring to the reasons for becoming an LCA; (2) overcoming challenges, when it comes to the work itself; (3) deserving better, relating to the experience returning to post-service life; and (4) moving forward, speaking to the current reality of participants. The results reveal key insights into the unique experiences and support needs of former Afghan-Canadian LCAs included in the study, offering an in-depth account of their experience before, during and after their service. The findings also offer important considerations regarding the support available not just to interpreters but to all contractors deployed in conflict-zones.
尽管有关部署对武装部队成员的潜在福利影响的研究很多,但有关部署对冲突地区口译员的影响的文献似乎还存在很大差距。本文以六名前阿富汗-加拿大语言和文化顾问(LCAs)的经历为基础,旨在通过探讨前 LCAs 如何看待他们在部署前、部署期间和部署后的经历,以及由此对他们的幸福感产生的影响,为拓展有关冲突地区口译员的新兴文献做出贡献。为了深入探讨前地方联络员的经历,本研究采用了解释性现象分析(IPA)方法。通过分析,参与者的叙述中出现了四个首要主题,包括:(1) 正确的机会,指的是成为 LCA 的原因;(2) 克服挑战,指的是工作本身;(3) 理应得到更好的待遇,指的是重返服役后生活的经历;(4) 向前迈进,指的是参与者当前的现实。研究结果揭示了参与研究的前阿富汗-加拿大临时雇佣军的独特经历和支持需求,深入介绍了他们在服役前、服役期间和服役后的经历。研究结果还提出了一些重要的考虑因素,不仅是对口译员的支持,也是对部署在冲突地区的所有承包商的支持。
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引用次数: 0
Disney characters as moral role models: a discourse analysis of Coco and Encanto 作为道德楷模的迪士尼角色:《可可》和《安康托》的话语分析
IF 2.4 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1375133
Ruta Vaidya, Yousra Osman
Popular culture characters and narratives can influence people’s understanding of moral actions, and thus guide their behaviors accordingly. Films have proven to be strong anchors in people’s understanding of morality. We examine the perception of resilience as a moral characteristic in examining not just how people become resilient (thereby focusing on impact and action) but also to study “resilience” as a discourse and discussion in society as a moral message. We argue that popular culture narratives, particularly Disney films, help reinforce moral meanings of resilience. By conducting a discourse analysis of two films-Encanto and Coco and particularly focusing on resilience, we aim to contribute to a deepened understanding of Disney’s role in producing morality through diverse narratives and characters who serve as role models.
流行文化中的人物和叙事会影响人们对道德行为的理解,从而指导他们的行为。事实证明,电影是人们理解道德的有力支撑。我们不仅要研究人们如何变得坚韧不拔(从而关注影响和行动),还要研究 "坚韧不拔 "作为一种道德信息在社会中的话语和讨论。我们认为,流行文化叙事,尤其是迪斯尼电影,有助于强化抗灾能力的道德含义。通过对两部电影--《安康托》和《可可》--进行话语分析,特别是对复原力的分析,我们旨在加深对迪斯尼通过不同的叙事和作为榜样的人物在产生道德方面的作用的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Scientific communication and scientific literacy for the public perception of the importance of environmental quality for public health 科学传播和科学扫盲促进公众认识环境质量对公众健康的重要性
IF 2.4 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1297246
R. M. Lopes, M. W. Comarú, M. Pierini, Raphael Argento de Souza, R. Hauser‐Davis
The association between environmental degradation, social disparities, and disease emergence has become clearer than ever in the last decades, emphasizing the need for scientific approaches to protect human and environmental health. Despite scientific consensus, however, the general public often lacks awareness and understanding of these relationships. Misinformation and compartmentalized knowledge further complicate conveying the importance of the subject to the lay population. Thus, scientists must engage in effective scientific communication and promote scientific literacy (SL) among the public. This study discusses the strategies that may be employed to overcome disinformation and enhance scientific literacy and communication, all of which are paramount to deepen the understanding of the connections between biodiversity conservation, environmental health, and public well-being, empowering individuals to take informed actions for a sustainable and healthy future.
在过去几十年里,环境退化、社会差距和疾病的出现之间的联系比以往任何时候都更加清晰,这强调了采取科学方法保护人类和环境健康的必要性。然而,尽管科学界已达成共识,但普通公众往往对这些关系缺乏认识和理解。错误的信息和割裂的知识使向非专业人群传达这一主题的重要性变得更加复杂。因此,科学家必须进行有效的科学交流,提高公众的科学素养(SL)。本研究讨论了可用于克服错误信息、提高科学素养和交流的策略,所有这些对于加深对生物多样性保护、环境健康和公众福祉之间联系的理解,使个人有能力采取明智的行动以实现可持续和健康的未来都是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 0
German demonstrative pronouns differ in their sensitivity to discourse and sentence topics 德语指示代词对话语和句子主题的敏感度不同
IF 2.4 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1369290
Timo Buchholz, Klaus von Heusinger
German has two demonstrative pronoun series: the short form der, die, das, and the long form dieser, diese, dieses. Both forms can be used anaphorically, and they contrast with the personal pronouns er, sie, es in that they refer to an antecedent that is less prominent at that point in the discourse when the discourse provides different potential antecedents. Demonstrative pronouns are typically used in the preverbal position in a German sentence, i.e., the topic position. Thus, they are assumed to be topic shifters (from a non-topical antecedent to the topical argument in the current sentence). However, der can be repeated, yielding topic chains, thus referring back to a topical antecedent, while this is not the case for dieser. In this article, we argue that der and dieser both contribute to topic management, but they do this in different ways: der is a marker of a sentence topic, while dieser is a marker of discourse topic shift. We present the results of two experiments that compare the use of personal pronouns with either demonstrative pronoun manipulating sentence topic or discourse topic. First, both experiments show that the personal pronoun is not sensitive to either type of topichood of its antecedent. Second, Experiment 1 shows that both demonstrative pronouns prefer a context where discourse topic and sentence topic are shifted. Third, Experiment 2 shows that only dieser prefers a context with a shifted discourse topic, but der is not sensitive to discourse topichood alone. We take the results as supporting our claim that the two demonstratives have different discourse functions: der marks a sentence topic, while dieser is a shifter (and marker) of the discourse topic.
德语有两个示意代词系列:短代词 der、die、das 和长代词 dieser、diese、dieses。这两种形式都可以隐喻使用,它们与人称代词er、sie、es的不同之处在于,当话语提供了不同的潜在先行词时,它们指的是话语中不那么突出的先行词。在德语句子中,示意代词通常用在动词前的位置,即话题位置。因此,它们被认为是话题转换器(从非话题前置句到当前句子中的话题论据)。然而,der 可以重复,产生话题链,从而指回话题前件,而 dieser 却不是这种情况。在本文中,我们认为 der 和 dieser 都有助于话题管理,但它们的作用方式不同:der 是句子话题的标记,而 dieser 是话语话题转换的标记。我们介绍了两个实验的结果,这两个实验比较了人称代词和指示代词在句子话题或话语话题中的使用。首先,两个实验都表明,人称代词对其前置词的任何一种拓扑结构都不敏感。其次,实验 1 表明,两个示范代词都喜欢话语主题和句子主题发生转换的语境。第三,实验 2 显示,只有 dieser 才喜欢话语主题发生变化的语境,但 der 对话语的 topichood 并不敏感。我们认为实验结果支持了我们的观点,即这两个指示代词具有不同的话语功能:der 标记一个句子话题,而 dieser 是话语话题的转移者(和标记者)。
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引用次数: 0
Is this good science communication? Construction and validation of a multi-dimensional quality assessment scale from the audience’s perspective 这是好的科学传播吗?从受众角度构建和验证多维质量评估量表
IF 2.4 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2024.1384403
Monika Taddicken, Julian Fick, Nina Wicke
The expansion of science communication underscores the increasing importance of understanding what constitutes good science communication. This question concerns the public’s understanding and engagement with science. The scholarly discussion has shifted from the traditional deficit model to a more dialog-oriented approach yet remains normatively anchored. There is a pivotal lack of attention to the audience’s perspective regarding the question of what good science communication is. Moreover, different formats of science communication have hardly been researched thus far. Therefore, this paper introduces a multi-dimensional scale to capture the audience’s assessment of specific science communication formats. We utilized a multi-step process to identify relevant criteria from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The instrument integrates 15 distinct quality dimensions, such as comprehensibility, credibility, fun, and applicability, structured according to different quality levels (functional, normative, user-, and communication-oriented). It considered theory-driven and practice-experienced categories and was validated through confirmatory factor analyses conducted on a German representative sample (n = 990). For validation, the scale was applied to a science blog post and a science video on homeopathy. After employing a seven-step process, we conclude that the newly devised scale effectively assesses the perceived quality of both blog and video science communication content. The overall assessment aligns with common target variables, such as interest and attitudes. The results regarding the different quality subdimensions provide a nuanced understanding of their contribution to the perceived overall quality. In this way, the scale aids in enhancing science communication in accordance with audience perceptions of quality. This marks the inaugural introduction of a comprehensive measurement instrument tailored to gauge quality from the audience’s standpoint, rendering it applicable for utilization by both researchers and practitioners.
科学传播的扩展突出表明,了解什么是良好的科学传播变得越来越重要。这个问题关系到公众对科学的理解和参与。学术界的讨论已经从传统的赤字模式转向更注重对话的方法,但仍以规范为基础。在 "什么是好的科学传播 "这一问题上,受众的视角明显缺乏关注。此外,迄今为止,几乎没有对科学传播的不同形式进行过研究。因此,本文引入了一个多维量表来捕捉受众对特定科学传播形式的评价。我们采用了一个多步骤的过程,从理论和实践的角度来确定相关标准。该工具整合了 15 个不同的质量维度,例如可理解性、可信度、趣味性和适用性,并根据不同的质量水平(功能性、规范性、用户性和传播导向性)进行结构化。该量表考虑了理论驱动和实践经验两个类别,并通过对德国代表性样本(n = 990)进行确认性因子分析进行了验证。为了进行验证,该量表被应用于一篇关于顺势疗法的科普博文和一段科普视频。经过七步流程后,我们得出结论,新设计的量表可以有效评估博客和视频科学传播内容的感知质量。整体评估结果与兴趣和态度等共同目标变量相一致。有关不同质量子维度的结果让我们对它们对整体感知质量的贡献有了细致的了解。因此,该量表有助于根据受众的质量感知加强科学传播。这标志着首次推出了从受众角度衡量质量的综合测量工具,使其适用于研究人员和从业人员。
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