This study aims to determine the steps for developing interactive learning media, the feasible of interactive learning media, and determine student responses. This research method is Research and Development (R&D) and uses the ADDIE. The instruments of this research are interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. With the research subject of teachers and students of class VD SDN Jatimulya 11. The data analysis techniques of this study were expert validation questionnaire data analysis and student response questionnaire data analysis. The results of the study showed that the feasibility of the media got a score of 79.5% (Valid) for media expert validation, 80% (Very valid) for materials expert validation, and 81% (Very valid) for linguistic validation. Then the students gave a positive response to the media by getting a score of 92.1% (Excellent). Based on these results, the product is feasible to be used as a medium to support learning in elementary schools
本研究旨在确定互动学习媒体的发展步骤，互动学习媒体的可行性，并确定学生的反应。本研究方法为研究与开发(R&D)，采用ADDIE方法。本研究的工具是访谈、问卷调查和文献资料。具有研究课题的教师和学生的班VD SDN Jatimulya 11。本研究的数据分析技术为专家验证问卷数据分析和学生回应问卷数据分析。研究结果显示，媒体专家验证的可行性为79.5%(有效)，材料专家验证的可行性为80%(非常有效)，语言验证的可行性为81%(非常有效)。学生对媒体做出了积极的回应，成绩为92.1%(优秀)。基于这些结果，该产品作为一种支持小学学习的媒介是可行的
{"title":"Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbasis Articulate Storyline 3 Pada Materi Jenis Usaha Ekonomi dan Pengaruh Kegiatan Ekonomi di Kelas V Sekolah Dasar","authors":"Aura Syafira, Jamaludin Ujang, Taufik Muhammad","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6218","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the steps for developing interactive learning media, the feasible of interactive learning media, and determine student responses. This research method is Research and Development (R&D) and uses the ADDIE. The instruments of this research are interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. With the research subject of teachers and students of class VD SDN Jatimulya 11. The data analysis techniques of this study were expert validation questionnaire data analysis and student response questionnaire data analysis. The results of the study showed that the feasibility of the media got a score of 79.5% (Valid) for media expert validation, 80% (Very valid) for materials expert validation, and 81% (Very valid) for linguistic validation. Then the students gave a positive response to the media by getting a score of 92.1% (Excellent). Based on these results, the product is feasible to be used as a medium to support learning in elementary schools","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43644936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this research is to identify innovations that can be used in the online learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this research is an exploratory qualitative approach, using a phenomenological approach, collecting data obtained from various credible references (eg journals, books, etc.) and then processing the data by the author. The results showed that the use of the E-Learning method in managing learning during the COVID-19 pandemic was very appropriate to be applied at SD N 33 Cempa, Pinrang Regency. The E-learning method as a technological innovation has procedures that do not depend on place and time, E-learning in the form of blended learning is a student learning innovation that is appropriate and well implemented at SD N 33 Cempa, Pinrang Regency during the current covid-19 pandemic.
这项研究的目的是确定在Covid-19大流行期间可用于在线学习过程的创新。本研究采用的方法是一种探索性质的方法，采用现象学方法，从各种可信的参考文献(如期刊、书籍等)中收集数据，然后由作者对数据进行处理。结果表明，在新冠肺炎大流行期间使用E-Learning方法管理学习是非常合适的，适用于平让县SD N 33 Cempa。电子学习方法作为一种技术创新，具有不依赖于地点和时间的程序，混合学习形式的电子学习是一种学生学习创新，在当前的covid-19大流行期间，在平让县县SD N 33 Cempa得到了很好的实施。
{"title":"Inovasi Pembelajaran Siswa di Tengah Pandemic Covid -19 (Studi Kasus SD Negeri 33 Cempa Kabupaten Pinrang)","authors":"Hasmawati Ishak, Abdul Halim Wedda, Ilham Ilham","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6824","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to identify innovations that can be used in the online learning process during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this research is an exploratory qualitative approach, using a phenomenological approach, collecting data obtained from various credible references (eg journals, books, etc.) and then processing the data by the author. The results showed that the use of the E-Learning method in managing learning during the COVID-19 pandemic was very appropriate to be applied at SD N 33 Cempa, Pinrang Regency. The E-learning method as a technological innovation has procedures that do not depend on place and time, E-learning in the form of blended learning is a student learning innovation that is appropriate and well implemented at SD N 33 Cempa, Pinrang Regency during the current covid-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42882940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to determine the strategy of Islamic religious education teachers in shaping the Islamic personality of students in elementary schools. This study used a qualitative descriptive method involving Islamic religious education teachers, head master and representatives of students' parents as research informants. The results showed that the Islamic religious learning strategy oriented to the formation of the Islamic character of students was carried out adaptively in accordance with local government policies related to learning strategies during the pandemic and the need for the presence of role models to shape students' Islamic personalities. Various solutions that can be applied by Islamic religious education teachers in an effort to form students' Islamic character during pandemic are to apply learning activity scheduling strategies, apply student learning discipline strategies and strengthen exemplary and optimize learning assistance from students' parents.
{"title":"Strategi Pembentukan Karakter Islami Siswa Sekolah Dasar di Masa Transisi Covid-19 Menuju Aktivitas New Normal","authors":"M. Bk, Hamna Hamna","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6866","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the strategy of Islamic religious education teachers in shaping the Islamic personality of students in elementary schools. This study used a qualitative descriptive method involving Islamic religious education teachers, head master and representatives of students' parents as research informants. The results showed that the Islamic religious learning strategy oriented to the formation of the Islamic character of students was carried out adaptively in accordance with local government policies related to learning strategies during the pandemic and the need for the presence of role models to shape students' Islamic personalities. Various solutions that can be applied by Islamic religious education teachers in an effort to form students' Islamic character during pandemic are to apply learning activity scheduling strategies, apply student learning discipline strategies and strengthen exemplary and optimize learning assistance from students' parents.","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46234690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to produce a digital flipbook based on local games to improve the reading literacy and reading literacy. The method used is the research method (R&D), researching potential and problems, gathering information, product design, design validation, design revision, initial trial, product revision, usage trial, and product revision. Data analysis used descriptive percentage and N-gain test. The results of the study were based on the average value of the validity test on digital flipbooks based on local games in the media field 94%, material field 93%, reading literacy instrument field 93%, and student response field 95%, with criteria for all fields "very feasible" used. There is an increase in the reading literacy of elementary school students and the average pretest score is 66.63 to an average posttest score of 86.63 with an N-gain value of 0.71 which is included in the high category score.
{"title":"Pengembangan Digital Flipbook berbasis Dolanan Lokal untuk Meningkatkan Literasi Membaca Siswa SD di Desa Palaan pada Era Covid-19","authors":"T. Cholifah, Adzimatnur Muslihasari","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6843","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to produce a digital flipbook based on local games to improve the reading literacy and reading literacy. The method used is the research method (R&D), researching potential and problems, gathering information, product design, design validation, design revision, initial trial, product revision, usage trial, and product revision. Data analysis used descriptive percentage and N-gain test. The results of the study were based on the average value of the validity test on digital flipbooks based on local games in the media field 94%, material field 93%, reading literacy instrument field 93%, and student response field 95%, with criteria for all fields \"very feasible\" used. There is an increase in the reading literacy of elementary school students and the average pretest score is 66.63 to an average posttest score of 86.63 with an N-gain value of 0.71 which is included in the high category score.","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43254395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study in general is to determine the effect of the use of social media on students' writing skills. This study uses a qualitative and quantitative approach, a quasi-experimental type of research (quasi-experimental) with a non-equivalent control group design pattern. The data collection technique used in this research is a test with a test sheet instrument in written or essay form. The results showed that there was a significant difference between writing habits (using standard words) on social media and the writing skills of PGSD students at Muhammadiyah University of Gresik. This is because the degrees of freedom (df) are 25 with tcount > ttable, namely 5.251 > 2.342, so Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted.
{"title":"Pengaruh Kebiasaan Menulis Menggunakan Kata Baku di Media Sosial Terhadap Keterampilan Menulis Mahasiswa di Perguruan Tinggi","authors":"N. Umam","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6980","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study in general is to determine the effect of the use of social media on students' writing skills. This study uses a qualitative and quantitative approach, a quasi-experimental type of research (quasi-experimental) with a non-equivalent control group design pattern. The data collection technique used in this research is a test with a test sheet instrument in written or essay form. The results showed that there was a significant difference between writing habits (using standard words) on social media and the writing skills of PGSD students at Muhammadiyah University of Gresik. This is because the degrees of freedom (df) are 25 with tcount > ttable, namely 5.251 > 2.342, so Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted.","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45273718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kardiana Metha Rozhana, Muhammad Fauzi Emqi, M. F. Anwar
Character education is the most important thing in realizing a good attitude for prospective teachers in the Faculty of Education. Efforts are made starting from academic and non-academic activities. These students are equipped with existing faculties in the faculties in terms of how to speak, dress, and act. The purpose of this study is to describe the activities that exist in the faculty related to how to grow character values on a populist campus. the average value in the Class of 2020 as many as 72.16% of students have a good attitude in the learning process. While the highest score was obtained in the 2021 batch as many as 77% of students had a good attitude. The questionnaire that was developed is one way to measure the character of each individual student. Efforts to cultivate characterful behavior must continue to be realized by supporting lecturers at the Faculty of Education.
{"title":"Implementasi Pembelajaran Berbasis Nilai Karakter pada Mahasiswa","authors":"Kardiana Metha Rozhana, Muhammad Fauzi Emqi, M. F. Anwar","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.7072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.7072","url":null,"abstract":"Character education is the most important thing in realizing a good attitude for prospective teachers in the Faculty of Education. Efforts are made starting from academic and non-academic activities. These students are equipped with existing faculties in the faculties in terms of how to speak, dress, and act. The purpose of this study is to describe the activities that exist in the faculty related to how to grow character values on a populist campus. the average value in the Class of 2020 as many as 72.16% of students have a good attitude in the learning process. While the highest score was obtained in the 2021 batch as many as 77% of students had a good attitude. The questionnaire that was developed is one way to measure the character of each individual student. Efforts to cultivate characterful behavior must continue to be realized by supporting lecturers at the Faculty of Education.","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48674182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this research is to develop thematic textbooks that are not in accordance with the real condition in west kalimantan. This research uses the Research and Development using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results of the study can be concluded that: The results of the cover and content design, the linguist's assessment, the material assessment an average of 4.66, percentage of agreement (PoA) of 92.00% in a very good criteria, eligible for use in third grade of elementary school. The results of the study have an impact on students and more interesting in understanding teaching material books based on local wisdom, this is because the books are adapted to local culture, especially Pontianak, West Kalimantan
{"title":"Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Tematik Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Kalimantan Barat Pada Kelas III Tema 3 SD/MI Tahun 2019/2020","authors":"Maha Lastasa Buju Basafpipana Habaridota","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.7101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.7101","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research is to develop thematic textbooks that are not in accordance with the real condition in west kalimantan. This research uses the Research and Development using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results of the study can be concluded that: The results of the cover and content design, the linguist's assessment, the material assessment an average of 4.66, percentage of agreement (PoA) of 92.00% in a very good criteria, eligible for use in third grade of elementary school. The results of the study have an impact on students and more interesting in understanding teaching material books based on local wisdom, this is because the books are adapted to local culture, especially Pontianak, West Kalimantan","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aims to determine the media feasibility of 3 short songs about wayang characters for a local content Bahasa Jawa lesson and know the students’ interest in the media. This type of research is R&D based on Borg & Gall procedure modified by Sukmadinata (2016). The analysis data research and data student responses used descriptive technique percentage and categories. The products tested by the media expert, content expert, and language expert to know the feasibility of the media. The results of the test from media expert got 89,5% or very feasible, from the content expert got 91,6% or very feasible, from language expert got 90% or very feasible. The results of the test showed that the media are worthy to apply for the elementary students then the writers did the research to know the students’ interest in media and got 92,5% media are very interesting
{"title":"Pengembangan Media 3 Lagu Pendek Tokoh Pewayangan dalam Muatan Lokal Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Jawa","authors":"Veronica Titilaras Widyasari, E. Radia","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.7097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.7097","url":null,"abstract":"This research aims to determine the media feasibility of 3 short songs about wayang characters for a local content Bahasa Jawa lesson and know the students’ interest in the media. This type of research is R&D based on Borg & Gall procedure modified by Sukmadinata (2016). The analysis data research and data student responses used descriptive technique percentage and categories. The products tested by the media expert, content expert, and language expert to know the feasibility of the media. The results of the test from media expert got 89,5% or very feasible, from the content expert got 91,6% or very feasible, from language expert got 90% or very feasible. The results of the test showed that the media are worthy to apply for the elementary students then the writers did the research to know the students’ interest in media and got 92,5% media are very interesting","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42429358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to test and prove the difference in numeracy skills before and after using Dakonmatics learning. With a quantitative research approach and the type of pre-experimental research, namely One Group Pretest – Posttest (before and after). The research sample was the fourth grade students of SDN Kalanganyar Sedati Sidoarjo for the academic year 2021/2022, which amounted to 31 students. Data collection used the test method. T-test to test the effectiveness of using dakonmatics learning media. The results showed that there was a very significant difference in numeracy skills before and after using the dakonmatics learning media, this is evidenced by the magnitude of the probability (Sig. 2-tailed) = 0.000 < α = 0.05 and even more smaller than α = 0.01. So it can be concluded that the use of Dakonmatika learning media is effective in improving numeracy skills in FPB and KPK materials.
{"title":"Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Dakonmatika untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berhitung Siswa Kelas IV SDN Kalanganyar Sedati Sidoarjo","authors":"Ardianik Ardianik, Umar Hadi","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6677","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to test and prove the difference in numeracy skills before and after using Dakonmatics learning. With a quantitative research approach and the type of pre-experimental research, namely One Group Pretest – Posttest (before and after). The research sample was the fourth grade students of SDN Kalanganyar Sedati Sidoarjo for the academic year 2021/2022, which amounted to 31 students. Data collection used the test method. T-test to test the effectiveness of using dakonmatics learning media. The results showed that there was a very significant difference in numeracy skills before and after using the dakonmatics learning media, this is evidenced by the magnitude of the probability (Sig. 2-tailed) = 0.000 < α = 0.05 and even more smaller than α = 0.01. So it can be concluded that the use of Dakonmatika learning media is effective in improving numeracy skills in FPB and KPK materials.","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48308826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility, activity, practicality, and effectiveness of the product. This development process uses a 4D research model with the stages of defining, planning, developing, and distributing. The development of a digital conducting tutorial was declared feasible after going through the validation and testing process on students with a percentage of material experts 95% with very decent criteria, percentage of media experts 92.5% with very decent criteria. Products based on student activity questionnaires obtained a percentage of 94.5% with very active criteria and an assessment of student responses that obtained a percentage of 92.5% with very practical criteria. The digital conducting tutorial product for PGSD students was declared effective based on the average score of 32 students at 93.12 in the very effective criteria
{"title":"Pengembangan Tutorial Digital Conducting untuk Mahasiswa PGSD","authors":"Andika Gutama, Arief Rahman Hakim","doi":"10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21067/jbpd.v6i2.6920","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility, activity, practicality, and effectiveness of the product. This development process uses a 4D research model with the stages of defining, planning, developing, and distributing. The development of a digital conducting tutorial was declared feasible after going through the validation and testing process on students with a percentage of material experts 95% with very decent criteria, percentage of media experts 92.5% with very decent criteria. Products based on student activity questionnaires obtained a percentage of 94.5% with very active criteria and an assessment of student responses that obtained a percentage of 92.5% with very practical criteria. The digital conducting tutorial product for PGSD students was declared effective based on the average score of 32 students at 93.12 in the very effective criteria","PeriodicalId":32382,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Bidang Pendidikan Dasar","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44044714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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