Global Environmental Change最新文献_第8页

Land-use spillovers from environmental policy interventions 环境政策干预带来的土地使用溢出效应

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103013

Diana Ramírez-Mejía , Yves Zinngrebe , Erle C. Ellis , Peter H. Verburg

Environmental policy interventions are crucial for addressing biodiversity loss and climate change, yet their effectiveness can be compromised by land-use spillovers, where efforts to reduce impacts in one place displace them elsewhere. Despite growing recognition of spillovers, they remain unevenly defined, inconsistently measured, and poorly integrated into policy evaluation and accountability frameworks. This systematic review synthesizes current research on land-use spillovers triggered by environmental policies, including carbon pricing, protected areas, supply chain interventions, and payments for ecosystem services. We identify three dominant pathways: leakage, indirect land use change (iLUC), and positive spillovers, emerging under common conditions such as weak enforcement, market integration, limited livelihood alternatives, and accessible frontier lands. These conditions are shaped by broader institutional, economic, demographic, and biophysical drivers, yet are rarely integrated into policy design and evaluation. While methods to evaluate spillover effects range from global scale ex ante models to local ex post spatial and econometric analyses, few studies bridge scales or connect findings to international policy frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) or the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Cases are concentrated in climate-linked interventions and in South America, leaving important geographic and sectoral blind spots. This limits their relevance for designing policies that minimize displaced impacts and foster more durable outcomes. Advancing spillover research will require common frameworks, more consistent methodologies, and multi-scale tools that can enhance comparability, attribution, and integration into environmental governance.

环境政策干预对于解决生物多样性丧失和气候变化问题至关重要，但其有效性可能受到土地利用溢出效应的影响，即在一个地方减少影响的努力会在其他地方被取代。尽管越来越多的人认识到溢出效应，但它们的定义仍然不均匀，衡量方法也不一致，而且很难纳入政策评估和问责框架。本系统综述综合了目前关于由环境政策引发的土地利用溢出效应的研究，包括碳定价、保护区、供应链干预和生态系统服务支付。我们确定了三种主要途径：泄漏、间接土地利用变化（iLUC）和积极溢出效应，它们出现在执法不力、市场一体化、有限的生计选择和可获得的边境土地等常见条件下。这些条件受到更广泛的制度、经济、人口和生物物理驱动因素的影响，但很少被纳入政策设计和评估。虽然评估溢出效应的方法多种多样，从全球尺度的事前模型到局部事后空间和计量经济学分析，但很少有研究将尺度联系起来，或将研究结果与《生物多样性公约》（CBD）或《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）等国际政策框架联系起来。病例集中在与气候有关的干预措施和南美洲，留下了重要的地理和部门盲点。这就限制了它们在制定政策以尽量减少流离失所影响和促进更持久成果方面的相关性。推进溢出效应研究需要共同的框架、更一致的方法和多尺度工具，以增强可比较性、归因性和融入环境治理。

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引用次数: 0

Attributing deforestation-driven biodiversity decline in the Gran Chaco to agricultural commodity supply chains 将大查科地区森林砍伐导致的生物多样性下降归咎于农产品供应链

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103011

Isabel Carpenter , Tobias Kuemmerle , Alfredo Romero-Muñoz , Sebastián Aguiar , Ignacio Gasparri , Michael J. Lathuillière , Sofía Nanni , Vivian Ribero , Matthias Baumann

Agricultural expansion is one of the principal drivers of biodiversity loss globally. Attributing biodiversity loss to domestically consumed versus internationally traded agricultural production is vital to make supply chains more transparent and sustainable. However, such an attribution is challenging due to the complexity of agricultural supply chains and the lack of tools and data. Here, we attributed biodiversity decline in the Gran Chaco, specifically the Argentinian and Paraguayan Chaco, to both soy and beef agricultural commodities and the domestic and foreign demand for these. We integrated three sources of multitemporal data at a subnational scale (data on mammal diversity, land use change and commodity trade) to first differentiate pasture- versus cropland-driven biodiversity decline and second, to assess the share of the decline associated with domestically consumed and internationally traded Argentinian and Paraguayan soy and Paraguayan beef. In doing so, we provided four novel insights. First, pasture expansion had a greater relative biodiversity impact than cropland expansion. Second, the biodiversity decline associated with domestic and international consumption depended on both the quantity of imports and the precise location of production and sourcing. Third, domestic consumption of commodities in Argentina and Paraguay was associated with a much greater risk of driving decline in biodiversity than agricultural exports from these nations. Fourth, considering only one facet of biodiversity risks underestimating the decline in biodiversity linked to agricultural expansion and commodity supply chains. By connecting agriculturally driven biodiversity decline in the Gran Chaco to commodity supply chains, we highlight the importance of increasing the transparency of supply chains to make them more sustainable. Doing so will be critical to prevent further biodiversity loss in not only the Gran Chaco but also the other dry forests of the world.

农业扩张是全球生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素之一。将生物多样性损失归因于国内消费而非国际贸易的农业生产，对于提高供应链的透明度和可持续性至关重要。然而，由于农业供应链的复杂性以及缺乏工具和数据，这种归因是具有挑战性的。在这里，我们将大查科，特别是阿根廷和巴拉圭查科的生物多样性下降归因于大豆和牛肉农产品以及国内外对这些农产品的需求。我们整合了次国家规模的三个多时段数据来源（哺乳动物多样性、土地利用变化和商品贸易数据），首先区分牧场和农田驱动的生物多样性下降，其次评估国内消费和国际贸易的阿根廷和巴拉圭大豆和巴拉圭牛肉的下降份额。在此过程中，我们提供了四个新颖的见解。首先，草场扩张对生物多样性的相对影响大于耕地扩张。其次，与国内和国际消费相关的生物多样性下降取决于进口量和生产和采购的确切地点。第三，阿根廷和巴拉圭的国内商品消费与导致生物多样性下降的风险比这些国家的农产品出口大得多。第四，只考虑生物多样性风险的一个方面，低估了与农业扩张和商品供应链相关的生物多样性下降。通过将大查科地区农业驱动的生物多样性下降与商品供应链联系起来，我们强调了提高供应链透明度以使其更具可持续性的重要性。这样做不仅对防止大查科森林的生物多样性进一步丧失，而且对防止世界上其他干旱森林的生物多样性进一步丧失至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Sharing the road: Political ideologies and political party preference as drivers of public transport infrastructure support 共享道路：政治意识形态和政党偏好作为公共交通基础设施支持的驱动因素

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103012

Joanna Syrda

Urgently needed policy efforts to reduce emissions are often met with divided support, arguably along political lines. While an effective path forward requires shared attitudes and cooperation, political polarization on this issue has been observed in many countries, including the UK.

Using a representative sample of British citizens (N = 2,515), this research is the first to examine if and to what extent political ideologies − specifically welfarism and economic left–right orientation − along with party preference, drive support for various transport infrastructure policy directions: (a) new cycle lanes, (b) improving existing public transport, (c) spaces for electric car charging points, (d) building carparks, (e) widening pavements, and (f) creating pedestrian high streets – individually and as an aggregate scale.

While left-leaning individuals are more likely to support the listed transport initiatives both in aggregate and individually, this research is the first to show that welfarist political ideology plays the most significant role in half of the cases and ranks second only to political party preference in the other half. This highly significant positive relationship between welfarism and these transport initiatives is moderated – and strengthened − by both high interest in politics and high degree of closeness to a political party.

迫切需要的减排政策努力往往得不到不同的支持，可以说是政治上的分歧。有效的前进道路需要共同的态度和合作，但包括英国在内的许多国家在这一问题上出现了政治两极分化。这项研究使用了英国公民的代表性样本（N = 2515），首次检验了政治意识形态——特别是福利主义和经济左右取向——以及政党偏好是否以及在多大程度上推动了对各种交通基础设施政策方向的支持：(a)新建自行车道；(b)改善现有的公共交通；(c)为电动汽车充电点提供空间；(d)兴建停车场；(e)拓宽人行道；以及(f)单独或整体兴建步行街。虽然左倾的个人更有可能在总体上和个人上支持列出的交通倡议，但这项研究首次表明，福利主义的政治意识形态在一半的情况下发挥了最重要的作用，在另一半的情况下仅次于政党偏好。福利主义和这些交通倡议之间的这种高度显著的积极关系，由于对政治的高度兴趣和与政党的高度亲密关系而得到缓和和加强。

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引用次数: 0

Intersecting inequalities and urban heat adaptation 交叉不平等和城市热适应

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103003

Petra Tschakert , Anshu Ogra , Upasna Sharma , Krishna Karthikeyan , Abhilasha Singh , Adhiraj Bhowmik

Urban heat management often fails marginalised dwellers and communities due to inadequate attention to multidimensional vulnerabilities and intersecting inequalities. An overemphasis on generic characterisations of ‘vulnerable groups’ rather than embodied, lived experiences of heat-related distress risks substantial maladaptive outcomes. It exacerbates thermal insecurities and suffering among most disadvantaged populations while obscuring structural deficiencies around housing, transportation, and energy that sustain uneven power between urban privilege and disadvantage. This empirical study from Perth, Western Australia, and Delhi, India, uses 35 semi-structured interviews and 6 focus group discussions to examine intersecting inequalities and their structural drivers among diversely situated at-risk populations along with insights from governmental employees and members of the not-for-profit sector. We show overlapping layers of systemic disadvantage, substantial barriers to adaptation, and losses, as well as some subversive adaptive action. Our results indicate that concerted efforts are needed—in research, emergency management, and the policy world—to make visible such intersectional thermal suffering and address it via co-created, culturally sensitive, and cross-scalar heat action and adaptation planning.

由于对多维脆弱性和相互交叉的不平等关注不足，城市热管理往往使边缘化居民和社区失败。过度强调“弱势群体”的一般特征，而不是具体的、与热有关的痛苦的生活经历，有可能导致严重的适应不良后果。它加剧了大多数弱势群体的热不安全感和痛苦，同时掩盖了住房、交通和能源方面的结构性缺陷，这些缺陷导致城市特权阶层和弱势群体之间的权力不平衡。这项来自西澳大利亚州珀斯和印度德里的实证研究，利用35次半结构化访谈和6次焦点小组讨论，考察了不同处境的风险人群中交叉的不平等及其结构性驱动因素，并结合了政府雇员和非营利部门成员的见解。我们展示了重叠的系统性劣势，适应的实质性障碍和损失，以及一些颠覆性的适应行为。我们的研究结果表明，需要在研究、应急管理和政策领域共同努力，使这种交叉的热痛苦可见，并通过共同创造、文化敏感和跨标量热行动和适应规划来解决它。

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引用次数: 0

The labour and resource use requirements of a good life for all 人人享有美好生活所需的劳动力和资源

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103008

Chris McElroy , Daniel W. O’Neill

We use multi-regional input–output analysis to calculate the paid labour, energy, emissions, and material use required to provide basic needs for all people. We calculate two different low-consumption scenarios, using the UK as a case study: (1) a “decent living” scenario, which includes only the bare necessities, and (2) a “good life” scenario, based on the minimum living standards demanded by UK residents. We compare the resulting footprints to the current footprint of the UK, and to the footprints of the US, China, India, and a global average. Labour footprints are disaggregated by sector, skill level, and region of origin.

We find that neither low-consumption scenario provides a realistic path to providing a good life for all. While the decent living scenario would require only an 18-hour working week, and on a per capita basis, 35 GJ of energy use, 4.0 tonnes of emissions, and 5.5 tonnes of materials per year, it fails to provide essential needs. The good life scenario encompasses these needs, but would require a 46-hour working week, 73 GJ of energy use, 7.5 tonnes of emissions, and 13.2 tonnes of materials per capita. Both scenarios represent substantial reductions from the UK’s current labour footprint of 65 hours per week, which the UK is only able to sustain by importing a substantial portion of its labour from other countries. We conclude that limiting consumption to the level of basic needs is not enough to achieve sustainability. Substantial changes to provisioning systems are also required.

我们使用多区域投入产出分析来计算满足所有人基本需求所需的有偿劳动、能源、排放和材料使用。我们以英国为例，计算了两种不同的低消费情景：(1)“体面生活”情景，只包括基本必需品；(2)“美好生活”情景，基于英国居民所要求的最低生活标准。我们将由此产生的足迹与英国目前的足迹、美国、中国、印度的足迹以及全球平均水平进行比较。劳动力足迹按部门、技能水平和原籍地区分类。我们发现，这两种低消费方案都不是为所有人提供美好生活的现实途径。虽然体面的生活情景只需要每周工作18小时，并且以人均为基础，每年消耗35吉焦的能源，4.0吨的排放和5.5吨的材料，但它无法满足基本需求。美好生活的情景包含了这些需求，但需要每周工作46小时，能源消耗73吉焦，排放量7.5吨，人均材料消耗13.2吨。这两种情况都代表了英国目前每周65小时的劳动力足迹的大幅减少，英国只能通过从其他国家进口相当一部分劳动力来维持。我们的结论是，将消费限制在基本需求的水平不足以实现可持续性。还需要对供应系统进行重大更改。

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引用次数: 0

Driving ecologically unequal exchange: A global analysis of multinational corporations’ role in environmental conflicts 推动生态不平等交换：跨国公司在环境冲突中角色的全球分析

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103006

Marcel Llavero-Pasquina

Multinational corporations are being confronted by activists and scholars over their involvement in environmental conflicts and human rights violations. In response, many multinational corporations engage in human rights and ESG voluntary initiatives to mitigate their impacts and publicly bolster their contribution to society. These actions relate to disputed economic development theories which assert that foreign direct investment allows multinational companies to contribute to economic growth, human rights, and environmental well-being in so-called developing countries. To test these arguments, this article presents the largest statistical analysis on the role of multinational corporations in environmental conflicts based on data from the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice including more than 3,300 environmental conflicts and 5,500 companies. The results show how multinational corporations, overwhelmingly domiciled in the Global North, are involved in environmental conflicts in the Global South. Environmental conflicts with the presence of foreign companies disproportionately involve commodities with biophysical properties ideally suited to facilitate ecologically unequal exchange and show more socioeconomic impacts and worse outcomes than cases without foreign companies. These results cast doubt on the validity of corporate sustainability assessments based entirely on company self-reported data, and call for scholars and practitioners to centre the lived realities of those resisting corporate extractivism to evaluate the socio-ecological performance of firms.

跨国公司因卷入环境冲突和侵犯人权而受到活动人士和学者的指责。作为回应，许多跨国公司参与人权和ESG自愿倡议，以减轻其影响，并公开加强其对社会的贡献。这些行动与有争议的经济发展理论有关，这些理论断言，外国直接投资允许跨国公司为所谓的发展中国家的经济增长、人权和环境福利做出贡献。为了验证这些论点，本文基于全球环境正义地图集（Global Atlas of environmental Justice）的数据，对跨国公司在环境冲突中的作用进行了最大规模的统计分析，其中包括3300多起环境冲突和5500家公司。研究结果显示，绝大多数总部位于全球北方的跨国公司是如何卷入全球南方的环境冲突的。与没有外国公司的情况相比，外国公司存在的环境冲突不成比例地涉及具有生物物理特性的商品，这些特性非常适合促进生态不平等的交换，并显示出更大的社会经济影响和更糟糕的结果。这些结果对完全基于公司自我报告数据的公司可持续性评估的有效性提出了质疑，并呼吁学者和从业者以那些抵制公司采掘性的人的生活现实为中心来评估公司的社会生态绩效。

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引用次数: 0

Strategic implication of sustainability practices and corporate performance under competitive landscape; An empirical investigation 竞争格局下可持续发展实践与企业绩效的战略含义实证调查

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103010

Umakanta Gartia, Rajesh Bhue, Ajaya Kumar Panda

Business success is now significantly shaped by combining competitive tactics and sustainability. The existing literature focuses on the effect of sustainability practices on corporate financial outcomes, yet under different levels of product market competition (PMC) are largely unexplored. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the link between ‘sustainable practices’ and ‘firm financial performance’ (FFP), considering the moderating role of PMC. We analyzed a sample of 569 Indian listed firms from 2010 to 2022, using the Feasible Least Squares (FGLS) technique. The study reveals that sustainability practices enhance firm’s internal and external earnings. Further, the moderating role of PMC acts as a disciplinary mechanism. Under high PMC level, sustainability practices increase firm’s internal earnings, while with low PMC, sustainability practices do not carry significant influence. The present study also observed that only environmental practices negatively impacting firm’s internal earnings in non-competitive environments. Furthermore, PMC does not influence the link between sustainability practices and external earnings. This finding validates and provides a robust result by addressing the endogeneity concerns through ‘two-stage least squares’ (2SLS) method and different post-diagnostic tests. The findings complement the deterrence hypothesis and stakeholder theory of corporate disclosure by integrating PMC with sustainability practices and FFP. The firm should strategically align the adoption of sustainability practices with competitive forces to enhance FFP, strengthen market assurance, and maintain long-run value creation. The study underscores the significance of sustainability practices as a strategic tool in competitive markets. It offers theoretical and practical implications for corporate decision-makers, investors, policymakers and academics by formulating effective strategies and policies that develop resilience under competitive environments while balancing short-time gains and long-run performance.

如今，商业成功在很大程度上取决于竞争策略和可持续性的结合。现有文献主要关注可持续性实践对企业财务结果的影响，但在不同水平的产品市场竞争（PMC）下，这些文献大多未被探索。因此，本研究旨在分析“可持续实践”与“企业财务绩效”（FFP）之间的联系，并考虑PMC的调节作用。本文采用可行最小二乘法（FGLS）分析了2010年至2022年间569家印度上市公司的样本。研究表明，可持续发展实践提高了企业的内部和外部收益。此外，PMC的调节作用是一种惩戒机制。在高PMC水平下，可持续发展实践对企业内部盈余的影响显著，而在低PMC水平下，可持续发展实践对企业内部盈余的影响不显著。本研究还观察到，在非竞争环境中，只有环境实践对企业的内部收益产生负面影响。此外，PMC并不影响可持续性实践与外部收益之间的联系。这一发现通过“两阶段最小二乘法”（2SLS）方法和不同的诊断后测试解决了内生性问题，从而验证并提供了稳健的结果。研究结果通过将PMC与可持续性实践和FFP相结合，对公司信息披露的威慑假设和利益相关者理论进行了补充。公司应在战略上将可持续性实践的采用与竞争力量结合起来，以提高FFP，加强市场保障，并保持长期价值创造。该研究强调了可持续性实践作为竞争市场战略工具的重要性。它通过制定有效的战略和政策，在竞争环境中发展弹性，同时平衡短期收益和长期绩效，为企业决策者、投资者、政策制定者和学者提供了理论和实践意义。

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引用次数: 0

The history of a + 3 °C future: Global and regional drivers of greenhouse gas emissions (1820–2050) 未来+ 3°C的历史：温室气体排放的全球和区域驱动因素（1820-2050）

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103009

Juan Infante-Amate , Emiliano Travieso , Eduardo Aguilera

Identifying the socio-economic drivers behind greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to design mitigation policies. Existing studies predominantly analyze short-term CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels, neglecting long-term trends and other GHGs. We examine the drivers of all greenhouse gas emissions between 1820–2050 globally and regionally. The Industrial Revolution triggered sustained emission growth worldwide—initially through fossil fuel use in industrialized economies but also as a result of agricultural expansion and deforestation. Globally, technological innovation and energy mix changes prevented 31 (17–42) Gt CO₂e emissions over two centuries. Yet these gains were dwarfed by 81 (64–97) Gt CO₂e resulting from economic expansion, with regional drivers diverging sharply: population growth dominated in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, while rising affluence was the main driver of emissions elsewhere. Meeting climate targets now requires the carbon intensity of GDP to decline 3 times faster than the global best 30-year historical rate (–2.25 % per year), which has not improved over the past five decades. Failing such an unprecedented technological change or a substantial contraction of the global economy, by 2050 global mean surface temperatures will rise more than 3 °C above pre-industrial levels.

确定温室气体排放背后的社会经济驱动因素对于制定缓解政策至关重要。现有的研究主要分析化石燃料的短期二氧化碳排放，而忽略了长期趋势和其他温室气体。我们研究了1820-2050年间全球和区域所有温室气体排放的驱动因素。工业革命引发了全球持续的排放增长——最初是由于工业化经济体使用化石燃料，但也由于农业扩张和森林砍伐。在全球范围内，两个世纪以来，技术创新和能源结构变化阻止了31亿吨二氧化碳当量的排放。然而，与经济扩张产生的81亿吨（64-97亿吨）二氧化碳当量相比，这些收益相形见绌，区域驱动因素差异很大：人口增长在拉丁美洲和撒哈拉以南非洲占主导地位，而富裕程度的提高是其他地区排放的主要驱动因素。要实现气候目标，GDP碳强度的下降速度必须比全球30年历史最佳速度（每年- 2.25%）快3倍，而过去50年这一速度并没有改善。如果没有这种前所未有的技术变革或全球经济大幅收缩，到2050年，全球平均地表温度将比工业化前水平上升3°C以上。

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引用次数: 0

The Politics of Sustainable Finance for Forests: Interests, beliefs and advocacy coalitions shaping forest sustainability criteria in the making of the EU Taxonomy 森林可持续金融的政治：利益、信念和倡导联盟在制定欧盟分类标准中塑造森林可持续性标准

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103001

A. Begemann , C. Dolriis , A. Onatunji , C. Chimisso , G. Winkel

The EU’s sustainable finance regulation classifying sustainable economic activities — known as “taxonomy” in short — has made headlines due to controversies about what can be considered a sustainable investment, and what not. This study investigates the evolution of advocacy coalitions and their strategies in the development of the taxonomy’s forestry criteria. It is built on an interpretive process tracing, involving 46 expert interviews conducted in 2019, 2021 and 2022, and an extensive document analysis. Our findings illustrate a complex process that is connected to a diversity of sectoral policies. This cross-sectoral nature of the policy process enables the emergence of cross-sectoral alliances, highlighting strikingly different policy beliefs and economic as well as bureaucratic/political interests connected to these. Owing to a rich set of strategies employed, and deals made at different policy levels, as well as an overall lack of transparency, the proclaimed “science-based” decision-making is de facto turned into a highly contested political minefield. Science – insofar involved – has contributed to the legitimisation of divergent beliefs rather than mediate among them. We conclude by arguing that the taxonomy’s potential to globally influence the regulation of sustainable finance as a “gold standard” is questionable because of the ambiguity resulting from the political struggle.

欧盟对可持续经济活动进行分类的可持续金融监管——简称“分类法”——由于关于什么可以被视为可持续投资、什么不能被视为可持续投资的争议而成为头条新闻。本研究调查了倡导联盟的演变及其在分类法林业标准发展中的策略。它建立在解释性过程追踪的基础上，涉及2019年、2021年和2022年进行的46次专家访谈，以及广泛的文件分析。我们的研究结果表明，这是一个与多种部门政策相关的复杂过程。这种政策过程的跨部门性质使跨部门联盟得以出现，突出了截然不同的政策信念以及与之相关的经济和官僚/政治利益。由于采用了一套丰富的战略，在不同的政策层面达成了协议，以及总体上缺乏透明度，所谓的“基于科学的”决策实际上变成了一个高度竞争的政治雷区。科学——就其参与程度而言——促成了不同信仰的合法化，而不是在它们之间进行调解。我们的结论是，由于政治斗争造成的模糊性，分类法作为“黄金标准”在全球范围内影响可持续金融监管的潜力值得怀疑。

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引用次数: 0

Why has the Brazilian Cerrado been left behind by voluntary environmental policies? 为什么巴西塞拉多被自愿性环境政策抛在了后面？

IF 8.6 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Global Environmental Change

Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2025.103005

Joyce Brandão , Fatima Cristina Cardoso , Rachael Garrett

The expansion of soy production has been a deforestation driver in Brazil in both the Amazon and the highly biodiverse Cerrado savannah ecosystem. To tackle this problem the soy industry implemented a sector-wide zero-deforestation policy in 2006 in the Amazon called the Soy Moratorium. The Soy Moratorium sharply reduced the soy-driven deforestation in the Amazon. However, to date, despite substantial soy deforestation, the neighbouring Cerrado remains unprotected. Here we ask why no comparable zero-deforestation agreement was implemented in the Cerrado. To answer this question, we integrated theory on policy adoption and selection from the voluntary environmental policy literature with theory on policy process and feasibility from public policy, political economy, and organizational theory. This expanded framework enabled us to better understand how historical, political and geographical contextual factors shaped the differing policy adoption outcomes in the Amazon and Cerrado. We then conducted 26 in-depth interviews, including with key private sector decision-makers on policy adoption to understand the relative importance of different potential factors. We found that the differences in public awareness, national politics and narratives, changes in trade relationships, leadership and sunk investments influenced why an agreement emerged in the Amazon and not the Cerrado. Despite these circumstances, a new political window for Cerrado conservation policies has recently emerged with Brazil’s political shifts to a left-centre coalition and efforts to extend new due-diligence deforestation regulations to other wooded lands, including the Cerrado.

大豆生产的扩大已经成为巴西亚马逊和生物多样性丰富的塞拉多大草原生态系统森林砍伐的驱动因素。为了解决这个问题，大豆行业于2006年在亚马逊地区实施了一项全行业的零砍伐政策，称为“大豆禁令”。大豆禁令大大减少了亚马逊地区因大豆而导致的森林砍伐。然而，迄今为止，尽管大量砍伐大豆，邻近的塞拉多仍未受到保护。在这里，我们要问为什么塞拉多没有实施类似的零森林砍伐协议。为了回答这个问题，我们将自愿性环境政策文献中的政策采纳和选择理论与公共政策、政治经济学和组织理论中的政策过程和可行性理论结合起来。这个扩展的框架使我们能够更好地理解历史、政治和地理背景因素如何影响亚马逊和塞拉多不同的政策采用结果。然后，我们进行了26次深度访谈，包括与主要私营部门决策者就政策采用进行访谈，以了解不同潜在因素的相对重要性。我们发现，公众意识、国家政治和叙事方面的差异、贸易关系的变化、领导力和沉没的投资影响了协议在亚马逊而不是塞拉多地区达成的原因。尽管如此，随着巴西政治转向左中联盟，并努力将新的尽职调查森林砍伐法规扩展到包括塞拉多在内的其他林地，塞拉多保护政策的新政治窗口最近出现了。

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