Aqueous zinc-based batteries are emerging as highly promising alternatives to commercially successful lithium-ion batteries, particularly for large-scale energy storage in power stations. Phosphate cathodes have garnered significant research interest owing to their adjustable operation potential, electrochemical stability, high theoretical capacity, and environmental robustness. However, their application is impeded by various challenges, and research progress is hindered by unclear mechanisms. In this review, the various categories of phosphate materials as zinc-based battery cathodes are first summarized according to their structure and their corresponding electrochemical performance. Then, the current advances to reveal the Zn2+ storage mechanisms in phosphate cathodes by using advanced characterization techniques are discussed. Finally, some critical perspectives on the characterization techniques used in zinc-based batteries and the application potential of phosphates are provided. This review aims to guide researchers toward advanced characterization technologies that can address key challenges, thereby accelerating the practical application of phosphate cathodes in zinc-based batteries for large-scale energy storage.
Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have become an ideal alternative to lithium-ion batteries in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their abundant raw materials and cost-effectiveness. With the progress of human society, the requirements for energy storage systems in extreme environments, such as deep-sea exploration, aerospace missions, and tunnel operations, have become more stringent. The comprehensive performance of NIBs at low temperatures (LTs) has also become an important consideration. Under LT conditions, challenges such as increased viscosity of electrolyte, abnormal growth of solid electrolyte interface, and poor contact between collector and electrode materials emerge. The aforementioned issues hinder the diffusion kinetics of sodium ions (Na+) at the electrode/electrolyte interface and cause rapid degradation of battery performance. Consequently, the optimization of electrolyte composition and cathode/anode materials becomes an effective approach to improve LT performance. This review discusses the conduction behavior and limiting factors of Na+ in both solid electrodes and liquid electrolytes at LT. Furthermore, it systematically reviews the recent research progress of LT NIBs from three aspects: cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolyte components. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for developing high-performance LT NIBs.
Front cover image: Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have received much attention because they are cheaper and safer than Li metals. However, the introduction of strong adhesives (i.e. binders) between electrodes and current collectors leads to capacity decay and lower rate capability due to their electrochemical inactivity and low electrical conductivity. This work reports flexible ZIBs without binder- and conductive agent-free pyroprotein-based fibres/VO2 electrodes. These ZIBs offer application possibilities for portable and wearable power sources. cey2.469.