International Journal of Hydrogen Energy最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing cost-effectiveness of offshore green hydrogen production through integrated wind-solar-storage system","authors":"Wenxuan Guo ,&nbsp;Lijie Wang ,&nbsp;Xinrong Yan ,&nbsp;Zhongyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Linjie Xu ,&nbsp;Yuhao Shao ,&nbsp;Yangshu Lin ,&nbsp;Haidong Fan ,&nbsp;Yi Ding ,&nbsp;Yurong Xie ,&nbsp;Yongxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Chenghang Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green hydrogen emerges as a key decarbonization solution for China's energy transition. This study explores the technical and economic viability of an offshore hydrogen production system powered by renewable energy sources, with a particular focus on a 3000 MW wind farm (a typical sea area). Utilizing techno-economic modelling, the study aims to optimize system components and forecast hydrogen production costs. The research identifies an optimal configuration that significantly reduces the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) to 37.98 CNY/kg. This is achieved through the integration of 3820 MW of floating photovoltaic (PV) capacity and 2133 MWh of battery energy storage systems (BESS). The PV installations are the primary driver of cost reduction, lowering the LCOH by an estimated 1.47 CNY/kg. While BESS enhances system performance, its impact on cost reduction is less significant. The integration of PV capacity enhances electrolyzer efficiency and productivity, increasing annual operational hours by approximately 1132 h. The study projects that offshore green hydrogen will become competitive with grey hydrogen by 2035 and could surpass blue hydrogen in medium-to fast-advancement scenarios by 2050. The cost of hydrogen production is influenced by wind turbine and electrolyzer costs, which could further decrease with technological advancements, making green hydrogen highly competitive by 2050.This research underscores the importance of integrating offshore wind and floating PV for cost-effective, sustainable hydrogen production, providing insights into its potential as a key element in the transition to a zero-carbon energy economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153697"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cobalt-incorporated iron sulfide with lattice compression for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution","authors":"Wen Xin ,&nbsp;Yuqian He ,&nbsp;Fanqiang Bu ,&nbsp;Li Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Kan ,&nbsp;Chunmei Lv ,&nbsp;Yanqing Jiao ,&nbsp;Bing Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiuwen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Engineering the electronic structure of transition metal sulfide has become a promising strategy for designing highly efficient catalysts to enhance alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Herein, we report a lattice compression strategy that involves incorporating Co into Fe₃S₄ nanosheets (Co–Fe₃S₄). The optimized Co–Fe₃S₄ achieves a low overpotential of 109 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² in 1.0 M KOH, significantly outperforming Fe₃S₄ (178 mV). The Co–Fe₃S₄‖RuO₂ electrolyzer delivers a low cell voltage of 1.66 V to reach 10 mA cm⁻², which is comparable to the commercial Pt/C‖RuO₂ pair (1.58 V). Notably, the Co–Fe₃S₄‖RuO₂ system shows excellent electrochemical stability, with only a 2.44 % decay after 100 h of operation. Theoretically calculations demonstrate that lattice compression in Co–Fe₃S₄ modulates electronic redistribution, optimizing the d-band center and enhancing H∗ adsorption, while the positive synergy between Fe and Co accelerates water dissociation and significantly lowers the energy barrier of the rate-determining step from ∗(H–OH) to ∗H, making Co–Fe₃S₄ thermodynamically favorable for achieving outstanding HER kinetics compared to Fe₃S₄. This work offers a feasible strategy for modulating the composition and electronic structure of electrocatalysts, advancing the development of sustainable hydrogen production technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153728"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitride and amorphous/crystalline multilayers as hydrogen permeation barriers","authors":"Balint Istvan Hajas ,&nbsp;Vincenc Nemanič ,&nbsp;Marko Žumer ,&nbsp;Ardita Kurtishaj Hamzaj ,&nbsp;Alexander Kirnbauer ,&nbsp;Tomasz Wojcik ,&nbsp;Szilard Kolozsvári ,&nbsp;Paul Heinz Mayrhofer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen-permeation remains a critical challenge for hydrogen-based energy systems, necessitating effective hydrogen permeation barrier (HPB) coatings. This study investigates nitride-based monolithic and multilayer (ML) coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering, including TiN, (Ti,Al)N, MoN/TaN, and Si-B-C-N-O, as well as TiN/AlN and Si-B-C-N-O/TiN MLs. Microstructural characterization revealed pronounced differences, ranging from columnar morphologies to glass-like, essentially columnar-free architectures. Hydrogen permeation resistance was evaluated on EUROFER97 substrates at 400 °C using a gaseous hydrogen permeation method and quantifying the permeation reduction factor (PRF).</div><div>Monolithic crystalline coatings showed limited performance, with TiN reaching PRF ∼190, while (Ti,Al)N failed due to bias-induced defects. Contrary, TiN/AlN multilayers composed of alternating 2-nm-thin TiN and 1-nm-thin AlN layers achieved PRF &gt;20000 by suppressing columnar diffusion paths. Amorphous Si-B-C-N-O exhibited excellent barrier performance (PRF &gt;1000), which further improved in Si-B-C-N-O/TiN MLs (PRF ∼5300). These results demonstrate that interface engineering and microstructural control provide decisive design strategies for advanced HPBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153638"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amino acid segmented glycopolymer/g-C3N4 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light","authors":"Dattatray Namdev Sutar ,&nbsp;Annadanam V. Sesha Sainath ,&nbsp;Ujjwal Pal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The amino acid-segmented glycopolymer hybrid catalysts offer a versatile platform due to their tunable functionality and structural adaptability. This study presents the first demonstration of block copolymers incorporated onto <em>g</em>-C₃N₄ significantly enhance photocatalytic hydrogen generation. The diblock copolymer with <em>g</em>-C₃N₄, forming PNAT-<em>b</em>-PMMD@<em>g</em>-C₃N₄, where redox-active amino acid segments act as efficient hole mediators. This facilitates rapid transfer of photogenerated holes from <em>g</em>-C₃N₄ to the sacrificial agent triethanolamine, suppresses recombination and boosts overall hydrogen evolution efficiency. The PMMD block improves aqueous dispersion and strengthens interfacial contact. Notably, PNAT-<em>b</em>-PMMD@<em>g</em>-C₃N₄ loaded with 1.0 wt% Pt cocatalyst exhibited the highest hydrogen evolution rate of 490 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, outperforming PNAP-<em>b</em>-PMMD@<em>g</em>-C₃N₄ (386 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and pristine <em>g</em>-C₃N₄ (54 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). Photoluminescence analysis reveals suppressed electron-hole recombination in the composite, consistent with its higher HER activity. The synergistic π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding between the polymer and <em>g</em>-C₃N₄ further enhance catalytic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153632"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and control of H2–CH4 flames via ionization, thermal conductivity, and flow measurements","authors":"María Agustina Ravotti ,&nbsp;Arianna Caillotto ,&nbsp;Paolo Canu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of hydrogen into natural gas combustion systems requires reliable and cost-effective diagnostic tools to ensure safe and efficient operation. This study investigates flame ionization detectors (FID) and thermal conductivity detectors (TCD) for monitoring and controlling H₂/CH₄ combustion. Results show that the optimal FID electrode position shifts toward the flame core with increasing hydrogen content and depends on burner design. FID provides robust detection of hydrogen-rich flames, with measurable signals up to 95% H₂. Flame stoichiometry correlates with the ionization current scaled by burning power at a fixed H₂/CH₄ ratio. These correlations must be empirically determined for specific burner–electrode setups. TCD quantifies the H₂/CH₄ ratio accurately from 0% to 100%. A combustion control loop integrating FID, TCD, and flow transmitters and controllers is proposed, enabling reliable and low-cost adaptation of combustion systems to hydrogen-enriched fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153613"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital shadow–driven optimization of membrane reactors for high-efficiency blue hydrogen production","authors":"Tara Torabi ,&nbsp;Maryam Barmaki ,&nbsp;Kamran Ghasemzadeh ,&nbsp;Rashid Jamshidi ,&nbsp;Federico Galvanin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for low-carbon energy has intensified interest in hydrogen, especially via methanol steam reforming (MSR) for on-site production. However, optimizing MSR reactors—particularly those using membrane and fluidized-bed technologies—is complex due to nonlinear interactions among key parameters like temperature, pressure, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), and feed ratio. Traditional mechanistic models, while informative, are often too computationally intensive for real-time applications. To address this, the study proposes a digital shadow framework that integrates computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with machine learning (ML) to enable fast, scalable optimization of MSR systems. CFD simulations were used to model transport and reaction phenomena in four reactor types: PBR, FBR, and their membrane-equipped versions (PBMR and FBMR). The CFD simulation results were validated against experimental data from the literature, and their outputs under varied conditions provided datasets for training various ML regressors (MLP, RFR, SVR, GBR, XGB, and KNN). The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare different reactor configurations, to identify the optimal configuration for efficient hydrogen production via MSR. The ML models served as surrogates for rapid performance prediction. Among them, KNN outperformed others, achieving R² ∼ 1 and MSE ∼0.002 for FBMR, and was selected for optimization using Bayesian methods. Under optimized conditions, FBMR yielded the best performance with ∼98.4 % methanol conversion and ∼96.2 % hydrogen yield due to superior mixing and hydrogen removal. PBMR followed with ∼91.7 % conversion and nearly 100 % hydrogen selectivity. FBR (∼88 %) outperformed PBR (∼79 %), highlighting fluidization's benefits. Sensitivity analysis revealed that feed ratio and pressure most influenced FBMR performance, while GHSV and stoichiometry were more critical in PBR and FBR. Overall, the study confirms the advantages of silica-MRs, particularly FBMR, for high-efficiency hydrogen production. The digital shadow provides a robust, accurate tool for optimizing reactor design and operations in clean hydrogen technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153583"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion and emissions of ammonia–hydrogen dual-fuel engine under oxygen-enriched conditions","authors":"Wenyue Guo ,&nbsp;Gengfei Liu ,&nbsp;Tiantian Hu ,&nbsp;Minshuo Shi ,&nbsp;Wanhua Su ,&nbsp;Binyang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Against the backdrop of the global energy crisis and climate change, utilizing ammonia as engine fuels has emerged as a viable pathway to zero-carbon power generation. However, ammonia combustion is inherently characterized by slow flame propagation speed and high ignition temperature. Consequently, hydrogen has emerged as an effective and efficient additive to promote ammonia combustion. This study employs a combined experimental and simulation method to examine the effects of intake oxygen concentration and hydrogen mass ratio on combustion reaction mechanisms, engine performance, and emission characteristics. The results reveal that Intake oxygen enrichment markedly accelerates the combustion process, primarily by enhancing the initial oxidation of ammonia and promoting the generation of OH radicals. Furthermore, an increased hydrogen mass ratio substantially facilitates chain propagation reactions and intensifies the heat release process. In terms of combustion performance, Intake oxygen enrichment and higher hydrogen mass ratio exhibit synergistic effects, collectively advancing the combustion phase, shortening the combustion duration, and enhancing the degree of constant-volume combustion. At 24 % oxygen concentration and 10 % hydrogen mass ratio, the engine achieves a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 34.28 %, representing a 1.81 % improvement compared to the baseline case (23 % O₂, 5 % H₂). Emission analyses indicate that increasing both intake oxygen concentration and hydrogen ratio effectively suppresses N₂O and unburned ammonia emissions, though it simultaneously promotes NO formation. By rationally optimizing the intake oxygen concentration and hydrogen mass ratio, a favorable balance between efficiency and NOx emissions can be achieved. The findings of this study provide valuable theoretical insights and practical guidance for the parameter optimization and clean, efficient operation of ammonia-hydrogen-fueled engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153681"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive interaction between CH4 and FeO at high temperature: A ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Yushan Bu,&nbsp;Kejiang Li,&nbsp;Zeng Liang,&nbsp;Chunhe Jiang,&nbsp;Zhengjian Liu,&nbsp;Jianliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the microscopic mechanisms governing methane–iron oxide interactions is essential for advancing low-carbon metallurgical and catalytic processes. However, the atomic-scale pathways of methane activation, lattice oxygen removal, and interfacial carbon accumulation during CH₄–FeO gas–solid reactions remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we employ large-scale reactive molecular dynamics simulations based on the ReaxFF framework to explore the high-temperature CH₄–FeO interaction, with a particular focus on the coupling among atomic diffusion, charge transfer, and interfacial reaction dynamics.</div><div>The simulations reveal that methane-induced reduction initiates at the gas–solid interface and propagates inward through progressive lattice oxygen depletion, consistent with the moving reaction-front assumption of the unreacted-core model. CH₄ molecules undergo catalytic dissociation on the FeO surface, generating reactive intermediates such as H* and CH₃⁻ that actively participate in surface reduction reactions. Charge distribution and self-diffusion analyses demonstrate that hydrogen exhibits high interfacial mobility and efficiently promotes oxygen removal from the FeO lattice, whereas carbon remains largely confined near the interface, leading to localized carbon accumulation.</div><div>Within the ultrathin metallic Fe layers formed during the simulations (on the order of ∼10 Å), oxygen-containing species exhibit an apparent multi-regime migration behavior. This behavior reflects atomic-scale transport under defect-free conditions and should be interpreted as a microscopic feature of the simulated system. In practical reduction processes involving thicker metallic layers, oxygen transport is expected to be dominated by macroscopic defects such as pores and cracks rather than bulk diffusion through metallic iron. Although the accessible simulation timescale limits the direct observation of long-term product evolution, the present results capture the essential atomic-scale characteristics of the CH₄–FeO reduction pathway and provide mechanistic insight into interface-controlled reduction and carbon deposition phenomena observed experimentally. Future work will extend the simulations to longer timescales and more realistic reaction environments, including multi-component gas mixtures (CH₄–CO–H₂–H₂O) and coupled temperature–pressure conditions, while integrating molecular dynamics with controlled experiments to further validate and refine the proposed mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153675"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled full-field hydrodynamic–geomechanical assessment of sequential CO2 cushioning and cyclic hydrogen storage in a UKCS depleted gas reservoir","authors":"Prashant Jadhawar,&nbsp;Ekene Onyejiuwa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrodynamic and geomechanical evaluations of underground hydrogen (H₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) storage are performed using a full-field history-matched model of a depleted gas reservoir located in the Southern North Sea (SNS) of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS). H₂ injection and production (optimised rates 120 MMscf/d and 78 MMscf/d, respectively) in cyclic mode for a period of 9 years following the initial 2-year CO₂ cushion gas injection period resulted in 82 % H₂ recovery in the cyclic scheme. The geomechanical investigations revealed minor vertical displacement (uplift) less than 0.35 ft, low slip tendencies (&lt;0.20), and faults requiring an additional pressure of 1200 to 2450 psi to trigger fault failure, all safely below the thresholds. These comparative novel findings confirm that this UKCS–SNS reservoir can be geomechanically safely repurposed for CO₂ and H₂ storage within the same geological formation, whether deployed separately or sequentially (cyclically).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153625"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost efficiency in clean urban mobility: TCO breakdown of hydrogen and electric buses in the European Union with projections for 2030 and 2050","authors":"Pier Paolo Brancaleoni ,&nbsp;Andrea Nicolò Damiani Ferretti ,&nbsp;Enrico Corti ,&nbsp;Francesco Bellucci ,&nbsp;Davide Moro","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decarbonization of urban public transport is a key objective of European climate and energy policies, driving the adoption of alternative propulsion technologies for city buses. Battery-electric and hydrogen-based powertrains are among the most promising solutions for greenhouse gases abatement, however, even economic competitiveness, which depends on technology evolution, energy costs, and vehicle design characteristics, must be evaluated. This paper presents a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis of urban buses equipped with four different propulsion systems: battery electric, and three hydrogen-based concepts. The analysis is performed for the whole European market under three temporal scenarios: 2024, 2030, and 2050. Key factors such as vehicle mass and the number of major component replacements over the vehicle lifetime are explicitly considered. The results indicate that the most cost-effective powertrain varies across scenarios, demonstrating that no single technology is universally optimal, emphasizing the importance of scenario-dependent evaluations for strategic planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 153615"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}