International Journal of Hydrogen Energy最新文献_第10页

Biofuel conversion through heterogeneous solid catalysts and carbon nanotubes by biological waste material with sheep fat oil 通过异相固体催化剂和碳纳米管将生物废料与绵羊脂肪油转化为生物燃料

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.313

T. Sathish , R. Saravanan , Jayant Giri , Shoyebmohamad F. Shaikh , Mohd Ubaidullah , Ümit Ağbulut

Heterogeneous solid catalysts have been largely developed for biodiesel production, because of their strong hydrothermal stability, attractive acid-base properties, and efficient recovery/reusability. Hence, the catalyst from biological waste was an effective choice because of its lower emissions, and cost-effective method than other catalysts preparations. In this study, the biofuel was prepared by using sheep fat oil using different biological waste catalysts under various operating conditions. The catalyst was prepared by microalgae ash, and waste fruit waste ash through a pyrolysis reactor at 250 °C for 30 min. Furthermore, the CNT nanoparticles integrated with the catalyst during transesterification to enhance the biofuel conversion efficiency. The conversion process was performed under operating conditions of various catalyst loading (5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt%), various oil: methanol ratios (1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10), and reaction times of about (60 min, 120 min, 180 min, and 240 min). Based on the experimental results, the following conclusions were drawn. The resulting, peak operating conditions such as catalyst loading of 15 wt%, oil: methanol ratios of 1:6, and reaction time of 240 min recorded a higher biofuel conversion than other conditions. Furthermore, the CNT nanoparticle integration within catalysts for both MAC and WFA is about 59.8%, 63.5%, 62.3%, and 61.6%, 60.2%, and 58.7% at a condition of higher Catalyst loading (15 wt%), Oil: methanol molar ratio (1:4), and reaction time (240 min).

由于异相固体催化剂具有很强的水热稳定性、诱人的酸碱特性以及高效的回收/再利用能力，因此已被广泛开发用于生物柴油的生产。因此，与其他催化剂制备方法相比，从生物废料中提取催化剂排放低、成本效益高，是一种有效的选择。本研究使用不同的生物废料催化剂，在不同的操作条件下，利用绵羊脂肪油制备生物燃料。催化剂由微藻类灰烬和废弃水果废料灰烬通过热解反应器在 250 °C、30 分钟的条件下制备而成。此外，在酯交换过程中，纳米碳纳米管颗粒与催化剂结合，提高了生物燃料的转化效率。转化过程是在不同的催化剂负载量（5 wt%、10 wt% 和 15 wt%）、不同的油：甲醇比例（1:4、1:6、1:8 和 1:10）和大约（60 分钟、120 分钟、180 分钟和 240 分钟）的反应时间等操作条件下进行的。根据实验结果，得出以下结论。与其他条件相比，催化剂负载量为 15 wt%、油：甲醇比例为 1:6、反应时间为 240 分钟等峰值操作条件下的生物燃料转化率更高。此外，在催化剂负载量（15 wt%）、油：甲醇摩尔比（1:4）和反应时间（240 分钟）较高的条件下，MAC 和 WFA 催化剂内的 CNT 纳米粒子集成度分别约为 59.8%、63.5%、62.3% 和 61.6%、60.2% 和 58.7%。

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引用次数: 0

DFT investigations of doping effects on the structural stability, thermal diffusion, and absorption/desorption kinetics in cubic, hexagonal, and monoclinic Mg2NiHx hydrides 立方、六方和单斜 Mg2NiHx 水合物中掺杂对结构稳定性、热扩散和吸收/解吸动力学影响的 DFT 研究

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.368

L. Rouaïguia , L. Rabahi , N. Mosteghanemi , A. Kellou

The pseudo-potential plane-wave method, based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) and using the Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA), is applied to investigate the effects of progressive hydrogen insertion on the structural stability and energetics of Mg₂NiH_x hydrides. The obtained results indicate that Mg₂Ni crystallizes in the hexagonal (P6₂22) structure. Taking into account the site preference of H atoms, the progressive hydrogenation of Mg₂Ni favors the formation of Mg₂NiH_x hydrides in cubic (Fm-3m) and monoclinic (C2/c) phases rather than the parent hexagonal phase. The alloying effects of Cu, Y, Si, Ti, Cr, and Fe on the structural stability and absorption/desorption kinetics of monoclinic Mg₂NiH₄ are also investigated. More particularly, systems with Cu and Si additions have the lowest desorption temperatures, as confirmed by Molecular Dynamic (MD) calculations. The thermal diffusion is well observed in all studied compounds. The corresponding average thermal diffusion coefficients are mainly attributed to hydrogen atoms and are increased by the addition of Cu. These trends are expected to have an important role in phase transitions observed during hydrogen insertion. The present study based on DFT and MD calculations shows that doped Mg₂NiH_x are promising hydrides with interesting kinetic behavior. The obtained results can be useful for future experimental studies devoted to improving hydrogen absorption/desorption temperatures, low energy costs, and high atomic hydrogen storage capacities in Mg₂Ni.

以密度泛函理论（DFT）为基础，采用广义梯度逼近法（GGA），应用伪电位平面波方法研究了渐进式氢插入对 Mg2NiHx 氢化物结构稳定性和能量学的影响。结果表明，Mg2Ni 以六方（P6222）结构结晶。考虑到 H 原子的位点偏好，Mg2Ni 的逐步氢化有利于 Mg2NiHx 氢化物形成立方（Fm-3m）和单斜（C2/c）相，而不是母六方相。此外，还研究了 Cu、Y、Si、Ti、Cr 和 Fe 合金对单斜 Mg2NiH4 结构稳定性和吸收/解吸动力学的影响。分子动力学（MD）计算证实，添加了铜和硅的体系具有最低的解吸温度。在所有研究的化合物中都能很好地观察到热扩散。相应的平均热扩散系数主要归因于氢原子，并随着铜的添加而增大。这些趋势有望在氢插入过程中观察到的相变中发挥重要作用。基于 DFT 和 MD 计算的本研究表明，掺杂的 Mg2NiHx 是很有前途的氢化物，具有有趣的动力学行为。所获得的结果将有助于未来的实验研究，以提高 Mg2Ni 的氢吸收/解吸温度、低能源成本和高原子氢存储容量。

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引用次数: 0

NdCoO3 nanoparticles grown on reduced graphene oxide sheets as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction 生长在还原氧化石墨烯片上的 NdCoO3 纳米粒子作为氢气进化反应的高效电催化剂

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.389

Gouranga Mahapatra , Sumanta Bera , Arijit Kapuria , Anup Debnath , Yan-Kuin Su , Shyamal K. Saha

To meet the huge energy crisis due to the limitation of fossil fuel, hydrogen has been considered the most promising clean energy source due to its high efficiency, non-toxic, and clean emission products. Therefore, over the past few years, researchers have been trying to find an effective route for bulk production of hydrogen energy from water splitting. Many efforts have already been made to use suitable electrocatalysts such as transition metal-based oxides, hydroxide alloys, and carbides for hydrogen production from water splitting but these electrocatalysts are hindered due to instability over prolonged usages in alkaline solution. To overcome this issue, rare-earth perovskite oxide materials are being focussed as an efficient electrocatalyst for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) through water splitting in an alkaline medium. In the present work, we have explored to synthesize the rare-earth perovskite neodymium cobalt oxide (NdCoO₃) nanoparticles grown on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheet, via a hydrothermal route for electrochemical hydrogen evolution in an alkaline medium. The NdCoO₃/rGO nanocomposite shows a remarkably low overpotential of 84mV at the desired current density of 10 mA/cm², compared to pristine NdCoO₃ and rGO. The synergistic impact between NdCoO₃ and the rGO backbone, resulting in enhanced efficiency in the HER. The nanocomposite also shows high stability and durability even more than 100 h of electrolysis under an inert atmosphere.

由于化石燃料的局限性，为应对巨大的能源危机，氢能以其高效、无毒、排放清洁等优点被认为是最有前途的清洁能源。因此，在过去的几年里，研究人员一直在努力寻找从水分裂中批量生产氢能的有效途径。人们已经做了很多努力，使用合适的电催化剂（如过渡金属基氧化物、氢氧化合金和碳化物）从水裂解中制氢，但这些电催化剂由于在碱性溶液中长期使用不稳定而受到阻碍。为了克服这一问题，稀土包晶氧化物材料正被作为一种高效的电催化剂，用于在碱性介质中通过水分裂进行电催化氢进化反应（HER）。在本研究中，我们探索通过水热法合成了生长在还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）片上的稀土包晶氧化钕钴（NdCoO3）纳米颗粒，用于碱性介质中的电化学氢进化反应。与原始 NdCoO3 和 rGO 相比，NdCoO3/rGO 纳米复合材料在 10 mA/cm2 的理想电流密度下显示出 84mV 的极低过电位。NdCoO3 和 rGO 骨架之间的协同作用提高了 HER 的效率。该纳米复合材料还显示出很高的稳定性和耐久性，在惰性气氛下电解时间甚至超过 100 小时。

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引用次数: 0

Combustion and heat transfer characteristics of a heavy-duty low-pressure-direct-injection hydrogen engine with a flat-roof-and-shallow-bowl combustion chamber 带有平顶浅碗燃烧室的重型低压直喷式氢气发动机的燃烧和传热特性

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.359

Bowen Wang , Hao Lin , Chong Bai , Can Yang , Yuxin Chen , Zhaoyang Zu , Yong Yin , Xiaobei Cheng , Zhi Li

Hydrogen shows great potential for its use in internal combustion engines as a carbon-free fuel. Most experimental studies focus on light-duty engines, while experimental studies of heavy-duty direct-injection hydrogen engines are still rare. In this study, a dedicated low-pressure-direct-injection combustion system is designed on a 2.15 L single-cylinder hydrogen engine. Based on this, the combustion and heat transfer characteristics of the engine are investigated at IMEP 10 bar and 15 bar, with various excess air ratios (λ = 1.8–3.0) and spark timings (−16 to −4°CA ATDC), and the applicability of classical empirical heat transfer models in hydrogen engines are further examined. As the spark timing advances, the combustion phases are linearly advanced, while the combustion duration remains almost unchanged due to the high reactivity of hydrogen. The λ range for stable combustion is λ = 2.0–3.0 at IMEP 10 bar and λ = 2.2–2.8 at IMEP 15 bar, relatively narrower than the reported results in light-duty engines. Knock occurs under conditions of λ = 1.8 with IMEP 10 bar and λ = 2.0 with IMEP 15 bar. At λ = 3.0, combustion instability occurs at both 10 bar and 15 bar IMEP. It is noted that pre-ignition occurs alongside combustion instability at λ = 3.0 and IMEP 15 bar. Selected heat transfer models fail to accurately predict the heat transfer laws of the engine, and the modified Shudo equation shows good performance.

氢作为一种无碳燃料，在内燃机中的应用潜力巨大。大多数实验研究都集中在轻型发动机上，而重型直喷式氢气发动机的实验研究还很少见。本研究在 2.15 升单缸氢气发动机上设计了专用的低压直喷燃烧系统。在此基础上，研究了发动机在 IMEP 10 巴和 15 巴、不同过量空气比（λ = 1.8-3.0）和火花正时（-16 至 -4°CA ATDC）条件下的燃烧和传热特性，并进一步检验了经典经验传热模型在氢气发动机中的适用性。随着火花正时的提前，燃烧阶段线性提前，而由于氢的高反应性，燃烧持续时间几乎保持不变。在 IMEP 为 10 巴时，稳定燃烧的 λ 范围为 λ = 2.0-3.0；在 IMEP 为 15 巴时，稳定燃烧的 λ 范围为 λ = 2.2-2.8，比轻型发动机的报告结果相对较窄。当 IMEP 为 10 巴时，爆震发生在 λ = 1.8 的条件下，当 IMEP 为 15 巴时，爆震发生在 λ = 2.0 的条件下。当 λ = 3.0 时，在 10 巴和 15 巴 IMEP 条件下都会出现燃烧不稳定现象。值得注意的是，在 λ = 3.0 和 IMEP 为 15 巴时，预点火与燃烧不稳定性同时发生。选定的传热模型无法准确预测发动机的传热规律，而修改后的 Shudo 方程显示出良好的性能。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the influence factors of gravimetric hydrogen storage density of type III cryo-compressed hydrogen storage vessel III 型低温压缩储氢容器重量计储氢密度的影响因素研究

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.375

Kexin Li , Xueqiang Dong , Haocheng Wang , Maoqiong Gong

Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage is a high-density hydrogen storage method, with volumetric hydrogen storage density determined by temperature and pressure. However, the gravimetric hydrogen storage density is influenced by vessel volume, insulation method, operating pressure, operating temperature, and vessel structural dimensions. This study investigates the variations in gravimetric hydrogen storage density under different influencing factors based on the design methods for the liner, winding layers, and insulation layers of cryo-compressed hydrogen storage vessels. The research findings indicate that the optimal pressure must be determined based on the vessel volume. For small-volume vessels, the hydrogen storage density remains relatively unchanged once the pressure reaches 40 MPa, while for large-volume vessels, the best performance occurs at pressures between 20 and 30 MPa. Additionally, vessels with a smaller length-to-diameter ratio and a semicircular dome cross-section exhibit superior hydrogen storage performance. Larger volumes and lower operating temperatures favor the increase of hydrogen storage density. Finally, the study analyzes future process improvements to further explore ideal scales and structures that can achieve the DOE's targets and enhance the economic efficiency of hydrogen transportation.

低温压缩贮氢是一种高密度贮氢方法，其体积贮氢密度由温度和压力决定。然而，氢的重力存储密度受容器容积、绝缘方法、工作压力、工作温度和容器结构尺寸的影响。本研究根据低温压缩储氢容器的内衬、缠绕层和隔热层的设计方法，研究了不同影响因素下的重力储氢密度变化。研究结果表明，最佳压力必须根据容器容积来确定。对于小容积容器，当压力达到 40 兆帕时，储氢密度相对保持不变，而对于大容积容器，最佳性能出现在压力为 20 至 30 兆帕时。此外，长径比更小、横截面呈半圆穹顶形的容器具有更优越的储氢性能。较大的容积和较低的工作温度有利于提高储氢密度。最后，研究分析了未来的工艺改进，以进一步探索能够实现能源部目标并提高氢气运输经济效益的理想尺度和结构。

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引用次数: 0

Advances in etching approaches for synthesis of MAX derived V2CTx MXene and application of V2CTx for green hydrogen production 用于合成 MAX 衍生 V2CTx MXene 的蚀刻方法的进展以及 V2CTx 在绿色制氢中的应用

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.351

Sehar Tasleem, Taghreed Shafaut, Edreese Housni Alsharaeh

Among two-dimensional (2D) materials, transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are a prominent family because of their remarkable dispersion in different solvents, flexible surface chemistry, functional transition metal surfaces, higher mechanical strength, and excellent electric conductivities. However, prominent research has been carried out on titanium-based MXene, especially for green H₂ production through photocatalysis and electrochemical approaches, marginalizing the perspective of other MXene sub-families like V₂CT_x. Therefore, this review broadly summarizes the synthesis approach of V₂CT_x from V₂AlC MAX parent material, mainly involving widely used, simple, and facile HF acid and HCl/fluoride salt for in-situ HF generation etching approaches to obtain highly pure V₂CT_x. The most significant properties of V₂CT_x, including electrical, mechanical, and magnetic properties, are discussed, followed by a discussion on the thermal and aqueous solution stability challenges of V₂CT_x. Moreover, the current catalytic material development in terms of green H₂ generation from V₂CT_x-based nanocomposites is discussed for electrochemical and photocatalytic H₂ production applications. Lastly, a detailed conclusion and insight into future perspectives are provided. There is a lack of significant and detailed critical review on the etching approach for the synthesis of pure V₂CT_x and the application of V₂CT_x-based nanocomposites for energy-related applications; thus, this review will aid in the advancement of the utilization of MXenes, especially V₂CT_x for energy-related applications.

在二维（2D）材料中，过渡金属碳化物和氮化物（MXenes）因其在不同溶剂中的显著分散性、灵活的表面化学性质、功能性过渡金属表面、较高的机械强度和优异的导电性而成为一个突出的家族。然而，对钛基 MXene，特别是通过光催化和电化学方法生产绿色 H2 的研究一直很突出，而对 V2CTx 等其他 MXene 亚家族的研究则相对较少。因此，本综述概述了从 V2AlC MAX 母材料合成 V2CTx 的方法，主要涉及广泛使用、简单易行的高频酸和盐酸/氟化盐原位高频生成蚀刻方法，以获得高纯度的 V2CTx。讨论了 V2CTx 最重要的特性，包括电学、机械和磁学特性，随后讨论了 V2CTx 在热稳定性和水溶液稳定性方面的挑战。此外，还讨论了基于 V2CTx 的纳米复合材料在电化学和光催化制取 H2 应用方面的绿色 H2 生成催化材料开发现状。最后，还提供了详细的结论和对未来前景的展望。目前还缺乏关于合成纯 V2CTx 的蚀刻方法以及基于 V2CTx 的纳米复合材料在能源相关应用中的应用的重要而详细的关键性综述；因此，本综述将有助于推进对 MXenes，尤其是 V2CTx 在能源相关应用中的利用。

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引用次数: 0

Development and verification of a new 3D coupled code for tritium transport in gas and solid based on OpenFOAM 基于 OpenFOAM 的新型气体和固体氚输运三维耦合代码的开发与验证

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.326

Haoran Cao, Gonglin Li, Zehua Guo, Ming Ding

For fusion reactors using deuterium and tritium as fuel, the leakage of tritium poses a threat to the environment and personnel due to its radioactivity. Therefore, tritium transport throughout the operation of fusion reactors is an important factor in evaluating the safety of fusion plants. This work introduces a 3D tritium transport model for tritium in gas and solid phases and develops a coupled transport code based on OpenFOAM. The gas-phase transport model is validated using helium injection tests, with deviation in the steady-state values within ±10%. A series of cases are set up to verify the solid-phase transport model. The validation results were compared with analytical value and TMAP, with relative deviation within 1%. Furthermore, reproducing the gas-driven permeation (GDP) experiment and the thermal absorption/desorption experiment of deuterium in beryllium to further validate, with results matching well with experimental values. The all verification and validation results show that the new developed 3D code can capture the transport behaviors of tritium in different scenarios.

对于使用氘和氚作为燃料的聚变反应堆来说，由于氚的放射性，氚的泄漏会对环境和人员造成威胁。因此，氚在聚变反应堆整个运行过程中的迁移是评估聚变工厂安全性的一个重要因素。这项工作介绍了氚在气相和固相中的三维氚输运模型，并开发了基于 OpenFOAM 的耦合输运代码。气相输运模型通过氦注入试验进行了验证，稳态值偏差在±10%以内。还设置了一系列案例来验证固相输运模型。验证结果与分析值和 TMAP 进行了比较，相对偏差在 1%以内。此外，还重现了铍中氘的气体驱动渗透（GDP）实验和热吸收/解吸实验，以进一步验证，结果与实验值吻合良好。所有验证和确认结果表明，新开发的三维代码可以捕捉氚在不同情况下的输运行为。

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引用次数: 0

Heterostructuring the CO2-derived Mo2C layer with MoP2 via molten salt electrolysis for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction 通过熔盐电解将二氧化碳衍生的 Mo2C 层与 MoP2 异构，实现高效氢进化反应

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.362

Shuiping Zhong , Tianhan Lei , Licong Liang , Xiaopeng Chi , Wei Weng , Chen Cheng , Ding Tang

Electrochemical fixation of CO₂ in molten salts as carbides for catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction can contribute to carbon neutrality and value-added conversion of CO₂ as well as facilitate the production of sustainable green hydrogen energy. However, the functional ability of the CO₂-derived carbides still needs to be substantially improved. Herein, heterostructuring the CO₂-derived Mo₂C layer with MoP₂ is realized via electro-splitting of CO₂ in Ca₃(PO₄)₂-containing molten salt. The as-designed Mo₂C–MoP₂ heterostructure layer presents significantly improved HER performances, namely overpotential being 109 mV @ 100 mA cm⁻² and stability for 600 h @ 200 mA cm⁻², greatly outperforming both the bare Mo₂C layer and commercial Pt candidates. The superior performances of the Mo₂C–MoP₂ heterostructure are in one way attributed to the modified electronic structure that decrease the energy barrier of the Volmer rate-determining step for HER. In another way, the Mo₂C–MoP₂ dual-phase increases the hydrophilicity ability of the catalytic layer, accelerating the detachment of the H₂ bubbles. The results can provide new insights for both value-added fixation of carbon dioxide and preparation of high-performance non-noble electrocatalyst.

通过电化学方法将二氧化碳固定在熔盐中，作为催化氢进化反应的碳化物，有助于实现碳中和和二氧化碳的增值转化，以及促进可持续绿色氢能的生产。然而，二氧化碳衍生碳化物的功能性仍有待大幅提高。在此，通过在含 Ca3(PO4)2 的熔盐中对二氧化碳进行电分裂，实现了二氧化碳衍生的 Mo2C 层与 MoP2 的异质结构。所设计的 Mo2C-MoP2 异质结构层具有显著改善的 HER 性能，即过电势为 109 mV @ 100 mA cm-2，稳定性为 600 h @ 200 mA cm-2，大大优于裸 Mo2C 层和商用铂候选层。Mo2C-MoP2 异质结构的优异性能一方面归功于其改良的电子结构降低了 HER 的 Volmer 速率决定步骤的能垒。另一方面，Mo2C-MoP2 双相增加了催化层的亲水性，加速了 H2 气泡的分离。这些研究结果为二氧化碳的增值固定和高性能非贵金属电催化剂的制备提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrogen production using g-C3N4 based photocatalysts: A review 使用基于 g-C3N4 的光催化剂制氢：综述

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.270

Muhammad Bilal , Lu Wang , Zia Ur Rehman , Kewang Zheng , Jianhua Hou , Faheem K. Butt , Asif Hussain , Junaid Ahmad , Sami Ullah , Jawad Ahmad Jrar , Saif Ali , Xiaozhi Wang

Photocatalytic H₂ production is a promising technique to produce green energy by using sunlight, and helpful to resolve the energy crisis and environmental issues. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is an emerging metal-free photocatalyst, easy to synthesize by earth-abundant materials and able to work in the visible light region. g-C₃N₄ exhibits multidimensional nanostructures and has been widely studied in recent years for H₂ production due to its unique electronic properties, large surface area, suitable bandgap, and exceptional physicochemical and optical properties. Different strategies have been used to enhance the H₂ yield, such as morphology modification, tuning bandgap, defect engineering, heterojunction construction, and making composites with materials. This review comprehensively elaborated the various synthesis techniques, properties of material, Z-Scheme heterostructures, and factors affecting on photocatalytic H₂ production. This review also summarizes the advancements in the g–C₃N₄–based composites and methodologies of photocatalytic water splitting. Conclusively, future recommendations on the challenges provide a new direction to design g–C₃N₄–based photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications.

光催化制取 H2 是一种利用太阳光生产绿色能源的可行技术，有助于解决能源危机和环境问题。氮化石墨（g-C3N4）是一种新兴的无金属光催化剂，易于用地球富集材料合成，并能在可见光区域工作。g-C3N4 具有多维纳米结构，由于其独特的电子特性、大比表面积、合适的带隙以及优异的物理化学和光学性能，近年来已被广泛研究用于生产 H2。为提高 H2 产率，人们采用了不同的策略，如形貌修饰、调整带隙、缺陷工程、异质结构建以及与材料制成复合材料等。本综述全面阐述了各种合成技术、材料特性、Z-Scheme 异质结构以及影响光催化产生 H2 的因素。本综述还总结了基于 g-C3N4 的复合材料和光催化水分离方法的进展。最后，针对未来的挑战提出了建议，为设计用于能源和环境应用的基于 g-C3N4 的光催化剂提供了新的方向。

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引用次数: 0

PEMFC performance at nonstandard operating conditions: A review PEMFC 在非标准工作条件下的性能：综述

IF 8.1 2区工程技术 Q1 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.395

R.M. Mensharapov , N.A. Ivanova , D.D. Spasov , A.V. Bakirov , V.N. Fateev

For successful operation of a fuel cell, its lifetime should be at least 40,000 h. Durability tests are usually limited by certain/standard conditions. On the other hand, operation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) under real, nonstandard conditions may lead to an irreversible reduction in the device efficiency and/or degradation of its components. This review deals with the PEMFC performance under a variety of nonstandard conditions, including low and high humidity, and low and high temperatures. Mechanisms of influence of operating conditions on the device performance are identified and analyzed. It is shown that operation of a PEMFC with standard components under nonstandard operating conditions leads to irreversible consequences and reduces the expected lifetime of the device.

要使燃料电池成功运行，其使用寿命至少应为 40,000 小时。耐久性测试通常受到特定/标准条件的限制。另一方面，质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）在真实的非标准条件下运行可能会导致设备效率不可逆转地降低和/或其组件退化。本综述探讨了质子交换膜燃料电池在各种非标准条件下的性能，包括低湿和高湿、低温和高温。文中确定并分析了工作条件对设备性能的影响机制。研究表明，在非标准工作条件下，使用标准组件的 PEMFC 的运行会导致不可逆转的后果，并缩短设备的预期使用寿命。

引用次数: 0