International Journal of Hydrogen Energy最新文献

{"title":"Ni(CN)2@NiS anchored on graphitic carbon nitride as an advanced functional electrode for self-powered hydrazine-assisted hydrogen generation","authors":"Boka Fikadu Banti ,&nbsp;Hyojin Kang ,&nbsp;Sohrab Asgaran ,&nbsp;Birhanu Bayissa Gicha ,&nbsp;Marianna Gniadek ,&nbsp;Mahendra Goddati ,&nbsp;Cheru Fekadu ,&nbsp;Njemuwa Nwaji ,&nbsp;Jaebeom Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The anodic substitution of a sluggish oxygen evolution reaction with a more energy-saving hydrazine oxidation reaction has the potential to greatly reduce energy consumption for hydrogen production. However, the underlying mechanism of the hydrazine oxidation reaction remains ambiguous, and the existing hydrazine splitting generally requires an external power source to drive the anodic and cathodic reactions, which is not suitable for outdoor applications. In this study, we have developed a heterostructure sulfide-based catalyst that effectively catalyzes both hydrazine oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions. Through in situ Raman spectroscopy, we have confirmed that the breakage of the nitrogen-nitrogen single bond is a pathway for the hydrazine oxidation reaction. The enhanced electrocatalytic performance is attributed to the increased active sites and accelerated electron transfer within the heterostructures, which reduced the energy barrier, thereby enabling the fabricated electrolyzer using the g-C₃N₄/Ni(CN)₂@NiS catalyst to deliver 200 mA cm⁻² with a low voltage of 0.31 V. The assembled electrolyzer can be powered by a g-C₃N₄/Ni(CN)₂@NiS anode-equipped direct hydrazine fuel cell, achieving self-powered hydrogen production with faradaic efficiency of more than 97 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 152831"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnesium-waste for as a green hydro-reactive material in hydrogen production: Modification, hydrolysis, cost and environmental impact assessment","authors":"Merve Yılmam ,&nbsp;Bilge Coşkuner Filiz ,&nbsp;Aysel Kantürk Figen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, waste magnesium (Mg) chips as a green hydro-reactive material in hydrogen production evaluated by modification, hydrolysis, cost, and environmental impact assessment. Mg chips modified via ball milling or mixing with additives such as sodium formate (SF), formic acid (FA), and acetic acid (AA) and tested through controlled hydrolysis experiments. Mg-based hydro-reactive materials coded as M−9 modified by ball-milling with FA and mixing with AA showed improved hydrogen production rate up to 4000 mL H₂ min⁻¹ g⁻¹ and yield of 900 mL H₂ g⁻¹. Furthermore, a detailed environmental impact and cost assessment performed to evaluate the feasibility of proposed system as green and economically viable route for hydrogen production. The green modification procedure of M − 9 had 12.32 MJ kg⁻¹, 1.66 kg CO₂ kg⁻¹, 59.29 kg CO_2eq kg⁻¹ of environmental impact assessment of process values and greenness index of 0.73.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 152929"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of hydrogen addition on soot formation and radiative characteristics of oxygen-enriched ethylene laminar inverse diffusion flame","authors":"Pei Shi,&nbsp;Jinyu Zhu,&nbsp;Guanghai Liu,&nbsp;Yuying Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to optimize combustion processes, it is necessary to have a detailed understanding of the effects of fuel and oxidizer composition on flame. In this work, 18 ethylene coaxial laminar inverse diffusion flames are constructed to investigate the influence of hydrogen and oxygen concentrations on the soot formation and radiative heat transfer. The results show that, as the hydrogen content increases, the flame peak temperature rises, and the increase in peak temperature weakens at higher oxygen indices (OIs). Hydrogen addition significantly decreases the peak soot volume fraction (SVF) due to the inhibition of PAH condensation, and hydrogen has less effect on peak SVF as the OI increases. For flames without hydrogen addition, two regions of high radiative source terms can be found, which are dominated by gaseous species and soot particles, respectively. With the addition of hydrogen, the radiative source terms in both zones decrease due to lower CO₂ concentration and SVF, and the impact of hydrogen on maximum radiative source term increases at higher OIs. These findings provide guidance on the use of hydrogen-hydrocarbon hybrid fuels in oxygen-enriched IDF systems, balancing synergistic soot suppression while maintaining thermal efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 151948"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation study on the effect of key parameters and gradient porous transport layer on the performance of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer","authors":"Qinghui Zeng ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Yang ,&nbsp;Erjun Bu ,&nbsp;Feng Ji ,&nbsp;Fanhang Yuan ,&nbsp;Yuan Jin ,&nbsp;Kui Xi ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Gao ,&nbsp;Chunhui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cell (PEMEC) effectively mitigate power fluctuations in renewable energy systems due to its rapid dynamic response and broad operational range. However, oxygen accumulation under the rib region of the porous transport layer (PTL) impairs mass transfer uniformity and reduces overall efficiency. In this study, a multi-physics numerical model is established to parametrically analyzed the effects of operating temperature, velocity, water saturation, channel/rib width ratio, PTL porosity, contact angle, permeability, thickness, and proton exchange membrane (PEM) thickness on PEMEC performance. Novel PTL designs of gradient porosity (Cases 1–5), gradient contact angle (Cases 6–10), and gradient porosity synergy gradient contact angle configuration (Case 11) are proposed. Results reveal that an operating temperature of 80 °C, inlet velocity of 0.5 m/s, water saturation of 0.9, PTL thickness of 200 μm, and PEM thickness of 25 μm contribute to higher energy efficiency but also lead to more pronounced non-uniformity at the anode catalyst layer (ACL)/PEM interface. However, channel/rib width ratio of 3:1, PTL porosity of 0.7, permeability of 5 × 10⁻¹² m², and contact angle of 15° can effectively enhance uniform mass transfer and energy efficiency. Notably, the Case 11 configuration increases the average current density by 7.84 %, improves the uniformity of the current density at the ACL/PEM interface by 7.15 %, decreases the concentration voltage by 4.16 %, and increases the energy efficiency by 3.06 %. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the operation and the direction for structural optimization, and the PTL dual-gradient strategy offers a promising approach for advanced engineering in high-performance PEMEC applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 152931"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TensorFlow-based deep learning framework for thermodynamic and entropy generation analysis of dihydrogen oxide-based nanofluids","authors":"Jamshaid Iqbal ,&nbsp;Yasir Akbar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152947","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hybrid nanofluids are able to be optimized for heat transport and pressure drop characteristics by utilizing their significant aspect ratio, advanced thermal systems and the combined effects of nanomaterials, while thoroughly considering the advantages and disadvantages of each suspension. Therefore, this study investigates the entropy production and the thermal characteristic of two dimensional electrically conducting peristaltic transport of dihydrogen oxide based hybrid nanofluids (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;). The dihydrogen oxide based &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; are essential for improving thermal performance by increasing thermal conductivity of the foundational fluids, thus simultaneously decreasing energy losses related with irreversibility. The current analysis considers various physical effects, including Hall current, velocity slip, Ohmic heating, viscous dissipation, thermal radiation, porous medium, and thermal slip boundary conditions. This analysis presents a new mathematical model designed to enhance energy management in hybrid nanofluids based on dihydrogen oxide base fluid. To the best of our knowledge, this research presents a novel concept and is unique in the literature. The leading equations are simplified in accordance with the physical constraints of lubrication theory and a dimensionless approach. The Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) is used to tabulate the solutions to finalized relations that involve highly complicated partial differential equations. Moreover, series solutions for velocity and temperature profiles are validated through numerical schemes. Additionally, a mathematical and graphical analysis of all relevant dimensionless factors on velocity, entropy production, and temperature profiles is presented. The streamlines and isotherms analysis are also taken into account. Furthermore, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) model was implemented in &lt;em&gt;Python&lt;/em&gt; using &lt;em&gt;TensorFlow 2.18&lt;/em&gt; and is employed to train the datasets obtained from analytical solutions for all related profiles. A DNN architecture consisted of an input layer with six neurons, two hidden layers with 100 neurons in each and an output layer with three neurons. To enhance learning efficiency and convergence, the &lt;em&gt;ReLU&lt;/em&gt; activation function and Adam optimizer are employed. Predictive accuracy is rigorously evaluated by using statistical metrics. The findings reveal the substantial influence of both magnetic and thermal factors and hence suggest new ways for improving the heat transfer characteristics of dihydrogen oxide-based &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. The outcomes reveal that the velocity of dihydrogen oxide-based &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;H&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;F&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; decreases near the middle of the channel for greater values of the Hartmann number,","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 152947"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T-graphene nanotube: A promising candidate for H2 storage application","authors":"Mohammad Tanvir Ahmed ,&nbsp;Debashis Roy ,&nbsp;Abdullah Al Roman ,&nbsp;Farid Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152932","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152932","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen (H) storage on the tetragonal graphene nanotube (TGNT) is studied using density functional theory calculations. The cohesive energy of −8.48 eV and the absence of negative phonon frequency confirm the structural and dynamic stability of TGNT. The TGNT was found to be a stable geometry at room temperature, as determined by molecular dynamics simulation. The TGNT has successfully adsorbed up to 30H₂ molecules on its surface with a very nominal deformation energy of about −0.08 eV. The average adsorption energy for H₂ molecules is −0.083 eV/H_2, resulting in a low desorption temperature. The TGNT demonstrates a storage capacity of up to 9.49 wt% H₂. No significant change in the metallic behavior of TGNT is observed due to H₂ adsorption. The optical reflectivity shows a slight red shift after H₂ adsorption. The reduced density gradient analysis reveals the presence of van der Waals interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate. This research suggests that TGNT is a potential candidate for H₂ storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 152932"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia borane as a hydrogen-rich additive for cleaner and enhanced combustion of Biodiesel–Diesel Blends: Experimental insights","authors":"Ananya Gamage ,&nbsp;Har Vinder Pal Singh Sandhu ,&nbsp;Khee Hang Kua ,&nbsp;Chee Choy Chow ,&nbsp;Meng-Choung Chiong ,&nbsp;Yew Mun Hung ,&nbsp;Jong Boon Ooi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of ammonia borane (AB) additives at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 ppm (designated B20A1, B20A2, and B20A3, respectively) on the droplet combustion characteristics of B20 biodiesel-diesel blends. Single-droplet combustion experiments were performed using high-speed imaging combined with MATLAB-based image analysis to quantify ignition delay, burn rate, combustion duration, and evaporation characteristics. Results revealed significant improvements in combustion performance upon AB addition. Specifically, ignition delays decreased by up to 49.4 %, and burn rates increased by approximately 23.2 % at moderate AB concentrations (100 ppm), facilitating enhanced combustion initiation and energy release. Additionally, AB additives shortened droplet evaporation duration by up to 26.8 %. However, excessively high AB concentration (200 ppm) led to agglomeration and inconsistent hydrogen release, adversely affecting combustion uniformity. These findings demonstrate the promising potential of AB as an additive to enhance biodiesel-diesel blend combustion, emphasizing the need for optimized concentrations to balance combustion efficiency with stable performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 152825"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flight endurance enhancement via lightweight composite PEM fuel cell stack for Mini-UAVs: Modelling, manufacturing and testing","authors":"Uğur Aydın ,&nbsp;Ömer Erdemir ,&nbsp;M. Selim Çögenli ,&nbsp;Selahattin Çelik ,&nbsp;Hasan Özcan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells offer a promising alternative to conventional battery and internal combustion systems in mini-unmanned aerial vehicles (mini-UAVs) due to their high energy density and zero emissions. However, the integration of fuel cell systems into compact aerial platforms necessitates careful optimization of weight and thermal management. In this study, a lightweight composite-stack PEM fuel cell system was designed, manufactured, and tested to evaluate its impact on flight endurance. Bipolar plates were fabricated from composite graphite, and metallic components were gold-coated stainless steel with minimized thickness. The complete 32-cell stack, including fans and endplates, weighed only 641 g while delivering a nominal power of 295 W at 20,06V and peak power of 320 W at 18.36 V, corresponding to a gravimetric power density of 499 W/kg for peak power. The stack was integrated into a mini-UAV to drive the motor, and thrust performance was tested. Ground tests and climatic chamber experiments at −20 °C demonstrated reliable performance and environmental robustness. Compared to a traditional LiPo battery setup, the hybrid system offers a projected flight time extension from 4.5 up to 8 h under cruise conditions. These findings demonstrate that weight-optimized PEM fuel cell systems can significantly enhance the operational range of mini-UAVs and pave the way toward fully fuel-cell-powered aerial missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 152930"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of membrane electrode assembly fabrication for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: From catalyst ink preparation to membrane electrode assembly","authors":"Wei Shi Ng ,&nbsp;Nurulfasihah Azhar ,&nbsp;Nurul Nabila Rosman ,&nbsp;Mohd Shahbudin Masdar ,&nbsp;Edy Herianto Majlan ,&nbsp;Noor Shahirah Shamsul ,&nbsp;Zamzila Kassim ,&nbsp;Muhammad Faiz Aizamddin ,&nbsp;Rozan Mohamad Yunus","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable and clean energy are important for achieving net zero carbon goals and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and ozone depletion. Hydrogen (H₂) is a clean, sustainable energy source which can be produced by the environmentally friendly process of water electrolysis. Among the existing technologies, anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) offers a promising balance of performance and cost. AEMWE, as opposed to alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), enables differential pressure operation, allows for larger current densities, and utilises low-concentration alkaline solutions. Unlike proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), which relies on scarce noble metals for catalysts and components. Although AEMWE technology shows significant promise, it remains in the research and development phase and faces several challenges, especially in the fabrication of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). Key challenges include catalyst ink preparation to enhance dispersion and reduce agglomeration, minimising catalyst loss during catalyst coating, and avoiding membrane microcracking and pinhole formation during catalyst delamination and stacking with the hot press. This paper discusses these challenges and provides methods to overcome them in MEA fabrication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 152883"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A concept for high efficiency operation of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer","authors":"Torsten Berning ,&nbsp;Frano Barbir","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present fundamental calculations to identify operating conditions of a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer such that the product gases are exactly saturated with water vapor. The required stoichiometric flow ratios depend strongly on the electrolyzer temperature and reactant pressures, and they are below <span><math><mi>ξ</mi></math></span> = 3 which necessitates a symmetric electrolyzer design and uniform water feeding. Preheating the incoming water leads to a voltage gain in the order of 50 mV, and it is shown, how the electrolyzer temperature can conceivably be controlled via the water flow rate. The analysis results in diagrams to determine suitable operating conditions for three different electrolyzer operation modes: standby operation to reduce the startup time, normal operation and high-power operation with efficiencies of 96%, 91%, and 86%, respectively. A comparison with literature data gives indications about the expected current densities at the respective voltages. Finally, it is suggested that electrolyzer operation where the anode side pressure is at a partial vacuum can facilitate the proposed operation mode as well as reduce the iridium loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 152898"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}