International Journal of Hydrogen Energy最新文献

{"title":"Thermodynamic optimization of bromine-mediated propane dehydrogenation system for efficient propylene and hydrogen production","authors":"Yuzhu Chen ,&nbsp;Weimin Guo ,&nbsp;Kaifeng Yang ,&nbsp;Na Du ,&nbsp;Tianhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Kun Yang ,&nbsp;Peter D. Lund","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional propane dehydrogenation processes face critical limitations in energy intensity and byproduct valorization. This study proposes an innovative bromine-mediated oxidative dehydrogenation system for synergistic propylene and hydrogen coproduction, addressing these challenges through thermochemical integration and waste heat recovery. A multi-stage reaction pathway coupled with electrothermal activation of hydrogen bromide regeneration enables efficient energy cascading and byproduct utilization. Rigorous thermodynamic modeling, validated via Aspen Plus simulations, systematically evaluates system performance under design and off-design conditions using multi-dimensional metrics. The optimized configuration achieves 82.69% propane conversion with 76.68% hydrogen recovery efficiency, attaining 9.52% overall energy efficiency - a 2.63 percentage-point enhancement through thermal recovery integration. Off-design analysis indicates that elevated pressure and increased bromine-to-propane molar ratio enhance propylene selectivity and energy efficiency, while higher bromination temperatures reduce propane conversion rates and energy performance. Solar power-assisted operation demonstrates economic viability, lowering propylene production costs by $0.03/kg compared to conventional methods. This study fills critical research gaps by providing thermodynamic analysis and valuable insights into energy performance, thereby demonstrating considerable theoretical and practical significance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"123 ","pages":"Pages 61-72"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on vented hydrogen explosion in synergetic application of hydrogen concentration and pipe length","authors":"Zhanggui Xu ,&nbsp;Jiefan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yun Zhang ,&nbsp;Zihan Chu ,&nbsp;Cunjuan Yu ,&nbsp;Guoen Fu ,&nbsp;Jianfu Xu ,&nbsp;Wen Zhou ,&nbsp;Haixia Zhao ,&nbsp;Yanwu Yu ,&nbsp;Penggang Jin ,&nbsp;Weiguo Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combined effect of pipe length and hydrogen concentration may influence the energy output mechanism of vented hydrogen explosions. High-speed photography system and pressure acquisition device were utilized to collect data regarding vented hydrogen explosions under diverse conditions. Experimental results demonstrated that the coupling effects of hydrogen concentration and pipe length exhibited significant correlations in flame propagation and pressure dynamics. When the hydrogen concentration was 30 %, the flame area increased linearly from 952 cm² to 1834 cm² as the pipe length extended from 100 mm to 1000 mm. In contrast, at 50 % hydrogen concentration, the flame area reached its maximum value of 1340 cm² in a 500 mm-long pipe before diminishing with longer duct configurations. Pressure measurements revealed distinct constraint effects: Under 30 % hydrogen concentration, the internal overpressure escalated significantly from 0.54 MPa (100 mm) to 0.68 MPa (1000 mm). Distinctively, a secondary pressure peak emerged in 50 % hydrogen scenarios, indicating potential external explosion hazards. Mechanistic analysis suggested that for hydrogen-rich mixtures (50 %), limiting pipe length to 500 mm effectively controled flame area below 1340 cm². Regarding near-stoichiometric conditions (30 %), maintaining pipe lengths shorter than 100 mm restricted internal overpressure below 0.54 MPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"123 ","pages":"Pages 89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced protection of SOFC interconnects with dual coating using combined electrophoretic and sputtering methods","authors":"Thi Huong Thao Dang ,&nbsp;In-Taek Lee ,&nbsp;Juhan Kim ,&nbsp;Van-Khoe Vo ,&nbsp;Sumi Kim ,&nbsp;Hyo-Jun Lim ,&nbsp;Jung-A Lee ,&nbsp;Joon-Hyung Lee ,&nbsp;Young-Woo Heo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chromium poisoning in 460FC stainless steel interconnects significantly impairs the performance of solid oxide fuel cells. A dual-layer coating was developed to address this issue, combining a Cu_1.25Mn_1.65Fe_0.1O₄ spinel layer, applied via electrophoretic deposition, and a Cu–Mn metal layer, deposited using sputtering. This approach demonstrated high effectiveness, producing coatings with uniform thickness and precise elemental composition. The oxidation rate was investigated by analyzing the coating's mass gain. The dual-layer coating underwent a thermal transformation, re-establishing the CuMn₂O₄ spinel structure through metal diffusion and forming a thick oxide scale. After 1000 h at 800 °C, the area-specific resistance of the SUS/EPD/SM dual-layer coated sample demonstrated excellent conductivity at 5.76 mΩ cm². Additionally, the SUS/EPD/SM dual-layer coating provides resistance to chromium poisoning, significantly reducing the chromium content diffusing from stainless steel to the surface compared to single-layer coatings produced by each method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 150-158"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical hydrogen storage in zeolite template carbon and its application in a proton/potassium hybrid ion hydrogel battery coupling with nickel-zinc co-doped Prussian blue analogues","authors":"Sheng Yang ,&nbsp;Caiyun Xu ,&nbsp;Qinlong Fan ,&nbsp;Yuhui Wei ,&nbsp;Deyu Qu ,&nbsp;Xi Li ,&nbsp;Zhizhong Xie ,&nbsp;Haolin Tang ,&nbsp;Junsheng Li ,&nbsp;Dan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon-based materials have been demonstrated to possess great potential as effective candidates for electrochemical hydrogen storage. Here, Zeolite templated carbon (ZTC) was synthesized via an impregnation method, employing zeolite NaY as the template and furfuryl alcohol/propylene as the carbon precursor. The performance of ZTC in hydrogen storage applications within an alkaline electrolyte environment was systematically examined. Meantime, an aqueous hybrid ion battery is developed using ZTC as the anode material and nickel-zinc-based Prussian blue analogue (PBA)as the cathode material. The battery operates at a voltage of 1.5 V with a capacity of 52.5 mAh g⁻¹ and demonstrates excellent rate performance and cycle stability. Moreover, a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel electrolyte was also applied to this battery. With the same electrode materials, the hydrogel battery exhibits a slightly lower capacity than that of the battery with an aqueous solution electrolyte. However, the cyclic stability of the hydrogel battery becomes more prominent as the operating period increases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 139-149"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the temperature-driven microkinetic processes of NH3 decomposition on the Co(111) surface","authors":"Tian Tang ,&nbsp;Penghui Ren ,&nbsp;Jinfei Chen ,&nbsp;Heyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenyun Qiao ,&nbsp;Linhan Yu ,&nbsp;Xinbao Li ,&nbsp;Xuesen Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The limited understanding of the reaction mechanism, particularly the unresolved debate on surface dynamics, hinders the advancement of catalytic ammonia (NH₃) decomposition as a viable pathway for carbon-free hydrogen production. This study integrates spin-polarized DFT + U calculations with microkinetic simulations to investigate the microkinetic of NH₃ decomposition on the promising transition metal Co(111) surface. The results show that NH₃ decomposition on Co(111) exhibits temperature-dependent properties. The N∗<strong>−</strong>N∗ coupling (N∗ + N∗ → N₂∗) is identified as the rate-limiting step across all temperatures, despite being highly favorable both thermodynamically (ΔH = −0.85 eV) and kinetically (Ea = 0.23 eV). Below 750 K, NH₃ decomposition is limited by the second dehydrogenation step (NH₂∗ + H∗ → NH∗ + 2H∗), due to its high activation energy (Ea = 2.27 eV) and strong NH₃ adsorption (Eads = 1.54 eV). As the temperature rises (750–1000 K), the reverse shift in the equilibrium of the third dehydrogenation step (NH∗ + 2H∗ → N∗ + 3H∗, ΔH = +0.59 eV) and H∗<strong>−</strong>H∗ coupling (H∗ + H∗ → N₂∗, ΔH = +1.02/+1.05 eV) causes NH₂∗ and NH∗ accumulation, reducing H₂ and N₂ production rates. This study aims to clarify the long-standing debate on rate-determining steps in NH₃ decomposition and provides theoretical insights for developing efficient Co-based catalysts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"123 ","pages":"Pages 118-124"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on sulfonated organic polymer based composite membranes for PEM water electrolyzers","authors":"Jamal Afzal,&nbsp;Haijiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is the most effective energy carrier for future applications because it produces no harmful byproducts and is highly efficient. However, numerous obstacles persist in the application of hydrogen, including production, transport, storage, and conversion. Compared with alkaline water electrolysis, which is a well-established technology for water electrolysis, polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysers (PEMWEs) have made significant advances in terms of quick activation, sensitive to power variation, high working current density, pollution free electrolyte, and less installation space, and their installation capacity was growing in the recent year. This renders technology a promising candidate for large-scale hydrogen production, particularly for energy storage in conjunction with renewable energy sources, an application where PEMWEs offer inherent advantages over alkaline electrolysis. Increasingly high operational current densities have resulted from advancements in PEMWE technology, necessitating mass transport strategies to guarantee adequate reactant supply and product removal. Based on all of this, and for the first time, this review will provide an overview of hydrogen production technologies and discuss their corresponding structures, principles, advantages, and limitations. The current state of knowledge regarding proton exchange membranes that are based on solid polymers with sulfonated and phosphoric acid group and their characterization and diagnosis for PEMWEs, with a focus on the flow channels, liquid-gas diffusion layer, and polymer electrolyte membrane will also be discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"123 ","pages":"Pages 100-117"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction effect of temperature and cathodic protection on electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion cracking behavior of E690 steel in artificial seawater","authors":"Dong Sang ,&nbsp;Jie Wei ,&nbsp;Feng Shi ,&nbsp;Xing Gao ,&nbsp;Shuo Zhang ,&nbsp;Nan Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan He ,&nbsp;Hongrui Jiang ,&nbsp;Junhua Dong ,&nbsp;Wei Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the interaction effects of seawater temperature (0–30 °C), cathodic protection (−950 mV_SCE), calcareous deposition (CaCO₃), and tensile loading on the electrochemical corrosion, hydrogen permeation, and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of E690 steel in marine environment. The results show that under open circuit potential (OCP) condition, the anodic dissolution-driven SCC occurs due to the combined effects of anodic dissolution of Fe and tensile stress, resulting in ductile fracture. A large number of corrosion pits form at 30 °C, which become crack sources under load and promote SCC. The hydrogen-induced SCC occurs to E690 steel under a cathodic potential of −950 mV_SCE due to hydrogen evolution and hydrogen permeation, which causes brittle fracture. Temperature has a dual impact on SCC. On the one hand, increase of temperature promotes both electrochemical reactions and hydrogen permeation rate, which aggravates SCC sensitivity. The amount of hydrogen evolution increases from 4.1 C cm⁻² at 0 °C to 6.2 C cm⁻² at 30 °C. On the other hand, a CaCO₃ deposition layer is formed on steel surface at 20 °C and 30 °C, with the average thickness of 7 and 17 μm, respectively. Its physical covering effect slows down the rate of cathodic hydrogen evolution and hydrogen permeation, which reduces SCC sensitivity. Therefore, with the increase of temperature, the SCC sensitivity presents fluctuating changes of first increasing, then decreasing, and then increasing again. E690 steel is proved to have low SCC sensitivity at low temperature of 0 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"123 ","pages":"Pages 73-88"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic optimization texture and functional behavior of 3D skeleton carbon using amide-functionalized and N-doped strategies for enhancement photocatalytic water reduction","authors":"Jiahao Liu ,&nbsp;Xuqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Guo ,&nbsp;Yixuan Tao ,&nbsp;Dan Luo ,&nbsp;Jiangtao Chen ,&nbsp;Yun Zhao ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Jianbiao Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Dong ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Bingjun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon-based sensitization matrix in dye-sensitized photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (DS-PHE) system is crucial for riveting dye molecules and metal particles. The excellent conductivity and dispersibility of matrixes are necessary conditions for obtaining efficient catalytic activity. Herein, based on the collaborative regulation strategy, the amide-functionalized and N-doped three-dimensional skeleton carbon (AF-N-3DSC) is prepared using self-doping and functional group activation approaches. Due to the synergistic effect of heterogeneous atoms and functional groups, AF-N-3DSC as sensitized matrix not only possesses stable microstructure with acceptable specific surface area, but also shows superiority conductivity, dispersivity and adsorption properties. Under visible light irradiation, the constructed AF-N-3DSC@Pt nanohybrid photocatalysts via in-situ photodeposition method shows higher DS-PHE activity and stability. Typically, the hydrogen production rate of AF-N-3DSC@Pt reaches to 426.35 μmol/h with TEOA as sacrificial agent (pH = 7, volume ratio 10 %) and EY as dye sensitizer, which is 1.28 times and 2.43 times higher than N-3DSC@Pt photocatalyst and bare Pt photocatalyst.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"123 ","pages":"Pages 32-40"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The synergistic effect of Ni doping on Cu/Cu2O(111) surface in aqueous phase reforming of methanol for hydrogen production","authors":"Haiping Zhu ,&nbsp;Yuxin Ge ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Zihan Sun ,&nbsp;Zhuoyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Yongqi Mao ,&nbsp;Xueer Huang ,&nbsp;Jiajin Li ,&nbsp;Minglei Lu ,&nbsp;Tiejun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aqueous phase reforming of methanol (APRM) is a promising technology for efficiently producing hydrogen (H₂) in a sustainable approach, enabling convenient and safe H₂ storage and transportation. Herein, we develop a Ni/Cu/Cu₂O@CA catalyst with excellent performance by integrating density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental investigations. DFT results show that Ni doping greatly reduced the activation energy (E_a) of CH₃OH dehydrogenation and H₂O dissociation, especially the E_a of the rate-limiting step of CH₃O∗ → CH₂O∗ + H∗ from 1.71 eV to 1.28 eV. Additionally, the Cu/Cu₂O(111) surface is found to promote the CO conversion. To verify the synergistic effect between Ni and Cu/Cu₂O(111), a 3D spherical porous Ni/Cu/Cu₂O@CA catalyst is synthesized for APRM experiments, achieving a peak H₂ production rate of 135.93 μmolH₂/g_cat/s at 240 °C, which is 2.0 times higher than that of the Cu/Cu₂O@CA catalyst. Overall, this work presents an implementable strategy for developing non-noble metal catalysts for sustainable H₂ production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"123 ","pages":"Pages 52-60"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic modeling and emission characteristics of multi-staged partially cracked ammonia/ammonia-fueled gas turbine combustors","authors":"Jing Zhou,&nbsp;Fei Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>), as a zero-carbon fuel, plays a pivotal role in achieving carbon neutrality. However, the challenges of its low reactivity and high ignition energy have driven the development of partial ammonia cracking in gas turbines. The gaps exist regarding the emission characteristics of single- and dual-fuel staged gas turbine combustors fueled by partially cracked ammonia (PCA) and NH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. Effects of the ammonia cracking ratio, combustor inlet temperature and pressure, and water injection ratio on emission characteristics are analyzed in the typical two-staged single-fuel PCA combustor. With the ammonia cracking ratio increasing from 0 to 0.6, the optimal equivalence ratio of the rich fuel zone rises from 1.25 to 1.45, although the adjustment range remains limited. In contrast, the dual-fuel configurations fueled by PCA/NH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> are proposed for the reduced cracker cost and flexible control range over combustion parameters. The multi-staged configuration has demonstrated the capability to balance both combustion stability and emission control through parameter studies of the NH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> substitution rate, local equivalence ratio, and ammonia cracking ratio. Except for postmix configuration and high global equivalence ratio, the rich nitrogen oxides (NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) account for 55% to 77% of total emissions with the overall NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions below 50 ppm, indicating the low-NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> potential of the dual-fuel configuration design. Also, the nitrous oxide formation can be controlled through operating parameters in a multi-staged configuration, avoiding simultaneously high global and second rich fuel zone equivalence ratios. Furthermore, the dominating NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> formation and reduction mechanisms in the rich and lean fuel zones are identified with high and low nitrogen-hydrogen intermediates (NH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) levels. The high NH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> radicals in the lean fuel zone promote nitrous and nitric oxides formation, which should be minimized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 44-56"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}