Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568139
Yilin Ji;Chunhui Li;Wei Fan
The prefaded signal synthesis (PFS) is a popular channel emulation method used for multiple-input multiple-output over-the-air (MIMO-OTA) testing with the multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC) setup. It aims to synthesize the second-order statistics of a target propagation channel in terms of the spatial and temporal correlation. The emulated spatial and temporal correlation is evaluated in a confined volume (test zone) enclosing the device-under-test (DUT). In the industry, it has been often asked about (i) the minimum sufficient spatial sampling density within the test zone when solving probe weights, and (ii) the effect of the antenna radiation pattern of different DUT’s on the emulated channel. In this paper, we aim to address those questions analytically from the perspective of the power spectral density function in the direction and Doppler frequency domain, i.e., the Fourier dual of the spatial and temporal correlation function. Moreover, we use the same Fourier duality to study (i) the root cause of the empirical statistics being different from the statistical expectation for a single channel realization, and (ii) the applicability and effectiveness of two spectral operations, namely the decorrelation and the whitening operation, on improving the empirical statistics for the emulated channel.
{"title":"Fourier Analysis of the Prefaded Signal Synthesis in MPAC Setup","authors":"Yilin Ji;Chunhui Li;Wei Fan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568139","url":null,"abstract":"The prefaded signal synthesis (PFS) is a popular channel emulation method used for multiple-input multiple-output over-the-air (MIMO-OTA) testing with the multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC) setup. It aims to synthesize the second-order statistics of a target propagation channel in terms of the spatial and temporal correlation. The emulated spatial and temporal correlation is evaluated in a confined volume (test zone) enclosing the device-under-test (DUT). In the industry, it has been often asked about (i) the minimum sufficient spatial sampling density within the test zone when solving probe weights, and (ii) the effect of the antenna radiation pattern of different DUT’s on the emulated channel. In this paper, we aim to address those questions analytically from the perspective of the power spectral density function in the direction and Doppler frequency domain, i.e., the Fourier dual of the spatial and temporal correlation function. Moreover, we use the same Fourier duality to study (i) the root cause of the empirical statistics being different from the statistical expectation for a single channel realization, and (ii) the applicability and effectiveness of two spectral operations, namely the decorrelation and the whitening operation, on improving the empirical statistics for the emulated channel.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1213-1225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10993413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To explore the anisotropic nature and improve computational efficiency, eigenvalue (EV-) analysis is adopted to implement the transfer matrix method (TMM), abbreviated as EV-TMM, enabling the accurate capture of propagation coefficients with different polarizations under the inhomogeneous multi-layer background. When the plane waves carrying electromagnetic information enters an anisotropic medium from air, it will excite four beams with different energies and propagation directions in the medium. Starting from the anisotropic Maxwell’s equations, the governing equation in matrix form is constructed from constitutive relations of the electromagnetic field. When facing different anisotropy, the eigenvalues along the vertical direction are obtained calculating the partial differential equation. Subsequently, given the electric intensity in the co-polarization direction, other relevant components can be easily acquired based on the aforementioned governing equation and Faraday’s law. For characterizing the data connections between different layer media, the tangential conditions of electric and magnetic fields are applied to construct the transfer matrix for the multi-layer media. To verify the reliability of EV-TMM, the commercial software COMSOL, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the conventional TMM (C-TMM) are selected as benchmarks for rigorous validation through two numerical experiments under different plane wave modes. EV-TMM saves at least 51.3% of memory and 57.0% of CPU computation time when analyzing various anisotropic structures. Finally, we utilize the amplitude modulation technology to change the value at the transverse vectors and obtain color images of the propagation coefficient in subsurface multi-layer media by EV-TMM, thus achieving the analysis for geological structure.
{"title":"Efficient Calculation of Propagation Coefficients in Anisotropic Media Through Transfer Matrix Method Based on Eigenvalue Analysis","authors":"Jiuyang Fan;Zhixiang Huang;Xiaoli Feng;Yuxian Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568033","url":null,"abstract":"To explore the anisotropic nature and improve computational efficiency, eigenvalue (EV-) analysis is adopted to implement the transfer matrix method (TMM), abbreviated as EV-TMM, enabling the accurate capture of propagation coefficients with different polarizations under the inhomogeneous multi-layer background. When the plane waves carrying electromagnetic information enters an anisotropic medium from air, it will excite four beams with different energies and propagation directions in the medium. Starting from the anisotropic Maxwell’s equations, the governing equation in matrix form is constructed from constitutive relations of the electromagnetic field. When facing different anisotropy, the eigenvalues along the vertical direction are obtained calculating the partial differential equation. Subsequently, given the electric intensity in the co-polarization direction, other relevant components can be easily acquired based on the aforementioned governing equation and Faraday’s law. For characterizing the data connections between different layer media, the tangential conditions of electric and magnetic fields are applied to construct the transfer matrix for the multi-layer media. To verify the reliability of EV-TMM, the commercial software COMSOL, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the conventional TMM (C-TMM) are selected as benchmarks for rigorous validation through two numerical experiments under different plane wave modes. EV-TMM saves at least 51.3% of memory and 57.0% of CPU computation time when analyzing various anisotropic structures. Finally, we utilize the amplitude modulation technology to change the value at the transverse vectors and obtain color images of the propagation coefficient in subsurface multi-layer media by EV-TMM, thus achieving the analysis for geological structure.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1199-1212"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10993419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An optically transparent single-layer dual-frequency dual-polarization metasurface operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz is proposed to enhance millimeter-wave transmission through glass. The unit cell design of the proposed metasurface has three distinct pattern types: square annular, Jerusalem cross, and circular. The former pattern can independently control the low-frequency resonance, while the latter two can control the high-frequency resonance. The proposed metasurface can achieve a large incident angle of 60 degrees for electromagnetic waves in TE and TM polarizations. After the metal layer of the proposed metasurface is meshed, the transparency of the metasurface is significantly improved. The meshed metasurface can be coated on the glass back cover of a smartphone to improve the performance of the millimeter-wave phased array antenna system under the glass back cover without affecting the aesthetics of the smartphone back cover. The prototype of a dual-band patch phased array antenna with the metasurface-coated glass superstrate is fabricated and tested as proof of concept. The experimental results are good and the effectiveness of the proposed metasurface is well verified.
{"title":"Optically Transparent Single-Layer Dual-Frequency Dual-Polarization Metasurface Applied in Close Proximity to Smartphone Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna Systems","authors":"Wen Fu;Igor Syrytsin;Rocio Rodriguez Cano;Peiye Liu;Andrey Kobyakov;Gert Frølund Pedersen;Shuai Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549085","url":null,"abstract":"An optically transparent single-layer dual-frequency dual-polarization metasurface operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz is proposed to enhance millimeter-wave transmission through glass. The unit cell design of the proposed metasurface has three distinct pattern types: square annular, Jerusalem cross, and circular. The former pattern can independently control the low-frequency resonance, while the latter two can control the high-frequency resonance. The proposed metasurface can achieve a large incident angle of 60 degrees for electromagnetic waves in TE and TM polarizations. After the metal layer of the proposed metasurface is meshed, the transparency of the metasurface is significantly improved. The meshed metasurface can be coated on the glass back cover of a smartphone to improve the performance of the millimeter-wave phased array antenna system under the glass back cover without affecting the aesthetics of the smartphone back cover. The prototype of a dual-band patch phased array antenna with the metasurface-coated glass superstrate is fabricated and tested as proof of concept. The experimental results are good and the effectiveness of the proposed metasurface is well verified.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"789-796"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10916750","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of a $4times 4$ patch array antenna for radar-based obstacle detection systems in railway transportation. Sidelobe suppression is achieved through amplitude tapering of sub-array elements in the E-plane and asymmetric power dividers in the feed network for the H-plane. The array antenna is framed by a coplanar ground conductor to further reduce sidelobes and fed by a coplanar waveguide port for enhanced impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna offers an impedance bandwidth from 9.13 GHz to 9.76 GHz (6.3%) and a broadside gain of 18.15 dBi at the center frequency of 9.55 GHz. Sidelobe suppression exceeds 12.22 dB and 19.06 dB in the E- and H-plane, respectively. The 3-dB beamwidth is 17° in the E-plane and 16° in the H-plane with simulated radiation efficiency of 85%. A prototype was fabricated and measured, with sensitivity analysis conducted to assess performance variations due to fabrication tolerances and measurement fixture effects. To validate system performance, antenna prototypes were integrated into a frequency-modulated continuous wave radar system and tested in a realistic railway environment. The system successfully detected a truck crossing a railway track at approximately 1,260 meters, confirming the antenna’s suitability for radar-based obstacle detection in railway transportation.
{"title":"A Wideband 4×4 Patch Array Antenna With Low Sidelobes for Radar-Based Obstacle Detection in Railway Transportation","authors":"Thipamas Phakaew;Tiwat Pongthavornkamol;Danai Torrungrueng;Thomas Dallmann;Suramate Chalermwisutkul","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548112","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> patch array antenna for radar-based obstacle detection systems in railway transportation. Sidelobe suppression is achieved through amplitude tapering of sub-array elements in the E-plane and asymmetric power dividers in the feed network for the H-plane. The array antenna is framed by a coplanar ground conductor to further reduce sidelobes and fed by a coplanar waveguide port for enhanced impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna offers an impedance bandwidth from 9.13 GHz to 9.76 GHz (6.3%) and a broadside gain of 18.15 dBi at the center frequency of 9.55 GHz. Sidelobe suppression exceeds 12.22 dB and 19.06 dB in the E- and H-plane, respectively. The 3-dB beamwidth is 17° in the E-plane and 16° in the H-plane with simulated radiation efficiency of 85%. A prototype was fabricated and measured, with sensitivity analysis conducted to assess performance variations due to fabrication tolerances and measurement fixture effects. To validate system performance, antenna prototypes were integrated into a frequency-modulated continuous wave radar system and tested in a realistic railway environment. The system successfully detected a truck crossing a railway track at approximately 1,260 meters, confirming the antenna’s suitability for radar-based obstacle detection in railway transportation.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"774-788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10912488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-04DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548005
Mohammad Soltani;George V. Eleftheriades
This work introduces a metamaterial cover layer designed to extend the scan range of patch-antenna phased arrays in both principal planes without compromising directivity. The key innovation lies in the anisotropic properties of the cover layer which suppress the excitation of the fundamental surface-wave (SW) mode, effectively mitigating scan blindness within the desired angular range. This suppression mechanism is simply not possible with a conventional dielectric-slab wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) layer. The anisotropic slab SW suppression key mechanism is analyzed using the transverse resonance technique, yielding design equations for practical implementation. The metamaterial cover uniquely combines a wire medium (WM) slab and an artificial dielectric layer. This combination addresses two critical limitations of wide-angle scanning phased arrays: scan blindness and mutual coupling. The performance of the metamaterial cover is analyzed using the current sheet model and the spectral domain Green’s function of the stratified dielectric media, incorporating a detailed model of the WM slab. Results demonstrate an improvement in scan range across more than 10% fractional bandwidth. To validate the concept, a prototype is fabricated and applied to a home-made $8times 8$ -element patch-antenna phased array with half-wavelength element spacing and a limited scan range. Crucially, in the E-plane, where surface waves limit performance in the bare array, the scan range is dramatically increased from ±30° to ±50°. The prototype achieves a final scan range of ±50° in the E-plane and ±60° in the H-plane, experimentally confirming the effectiveness of the proposed metamaterial cover in enabling wide-angle scanning.
{"title":"An Anisotropic Metamaterial Cover Layer for Scan Range Enhancement of Patch-Antenna Phased Arrays in Both Principal Planes","authors":"Mohammad Soltani;George V. Eleftheriades","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548005","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces a metamaterial cover layer designed to extend the scan range of patch-antenna phased arrays in both principal planes without compromising directivity. The key innovation lies in the anisotropic properties of the cover layer which suppress the excitation of the fundamental surface-wave (SW) mode, effectively mitigating scan blindness within the desired angular range. This suppression mechanism is simply not possible with a conventional dielectric-slab wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) layer. The anisotropic slab SW suppression key mechanism is analyzed using the transverse resonance technique, yielding design equations for practical implementation. The metamaterial cover uniquely combines a wire medium (WM) slab and an artificial dielectric layer. This combination addresses two critical limitations of wide-angle scanning phased arrays: scan blindness and mutual coupling. The performance of the metamaterial cover is analyzed using the current sheet model and the spectral domain Green’s function of the stratified dielectric media, incorporating a detailed model of the WM slab. Results demonstrate an improvement in scan range across more than 10% fractional bandwidth. To validate the concept, a prototype is fabricated and applied to a home-made <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-element patch-antenna phased array with half-wavelength element spacing and a limited scan range. Crucially, in the E-plane, where surface waves limit performance in the bare array, the scan range is dramatically increased from ±30° to ±50°. The prototype achieves a final scan range of ±50° in the E-plane and ±60° in the H-plane, experimentally confirming the effectiveness of the proposed metamaterial cover in enabling wide-angle scanning.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"759-773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10909674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-03DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3547376
Jianhui Huang;Kwai-Man Luk
A simple and effective method, by using ‘0-1’ excitations, to reduce the sidelobe level (SLL) for a wideband magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna array is proposed. First of all, the multiple-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) is utilized to search optimal ‘0-1’ excitations for SLL reductions. Then, the ‘0’ and ‘1’ excitation can be achieved by incorporating the absorbing element embedded with a resistor and an ME dipole antenna element, respectively. Different from the traditional tapered excitation techniques, the proposed array utilizes an equal power divider to distribute the power to each element. Finally, a planar $16times 16$ stripline-fed antenna array according to the optimized array configuration is designed, fabricated, and measured. An overlapped impedance bandwidth of 57% (10–18 GHz) is achieved with the standing wave ratio (SWR) less than 2, and the SLLs are lower than −17.5 dB across 40% bandwidth both in E- and H-planes. In addition, the measured realized gain of this array prototype is up to 26.2 dBi with a high realized aperture efficiency ranging from 61% to 73%. The proposed lightweight, high-gain and high-integration Ku-band antenna array with low SLL characteristics shows great potential in satellite communications.
{"title":"A Wideband and Low Sidelobe Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna Array With Embedded Resistors","authors":"Jianhui Huang;Kwai-Man Luk","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3547376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3547376","url":null,"abstract":"A simple and effective method, by using ‘0-1’ excitations, to reduce the sidelobe level (SLL) for a wideband magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna array is proposed. First of all, the multiple-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) is utilized to search optimal ‘0-1’ excitations for SLL reductions. Then, the ‘0’ and ‘1’ excitation can be achieved by incorporating the absorbing element embedded with a resistor and an ME dipole antenna element, respectively. Different from the traditional tapered excitation techniques, the proposed array utilizes an equal power divider to distribute the power to each element. Finally, a planar <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> stripline-fed antenna array according to the optimized array configuration is designed, fabricated, and measured. An overlapped impedance bandwidth of 57% (10–18 GHz) is achieved with the standing wave ratio (SWR) less than 2, and the SLLs are lower than −17.5 dB across 40% bandwidth both in E- and H-planes. In addition, the measured realized gain of this array prototype is up to 26.2 dBi with a high realized aperture efficiency ranging from 61% to 73%. The proposed lightweight, high-gain and high-integration Ku-band antenna array with low SLL characteristics shows great potential in satellite communications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"749-758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10909215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-02DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3566473
Jonas Gedschold;Diego Dupleich;Sebastian Semper;Michael Döbereiner;Alexander Ebert;Giovanni Del Galdo;Reiner S. Thomä
Developing channel models typically requires aggregating channel measurements and the corresponding extracted propagation parameters from different research institutions to form a sufficiently large data basis. However, uncertainties arising from limitations of the sounding hardware and algorithms may greatly impact the comparability between sounding results. Especially, (sub-)THz channel sounders do not allow simultaneous spatially and timely resolved measurements as known from sub-6 GHz and mm-wave applications (right now), limiting the possibilities of a hardware-independent channel characterization. At the same time, a high Doppler bandwidth may occur due to the high carrier frequencies, limiting the time spans for coherent or incoherent data processing. Hence, assessing the sounder’s performance and limits is important before interpreting the measurement results. Evaluating the sounder performance requires a traceable reference allowing tracing back measurements (or estimated propagation parameters) to a physical ground truth. Therefore, we propose and discuss an over-the-air artifact allowing a joint verification of delay and Doppler parameters in a multipath scenario. The evaluations of exemplary sub-THz measurements with a multicarrier-based sounder highlight the strong interplay between sounder hardware and estimation algorithms, especially when coping with the mutual interference of parameters from multiple propagation paths. Hence, a metrological assessment always requires considering the full processing pipeline from the unprocessed measurements up to the extracted propagation parameters.
{"title":"Metrology of Multicarrier-Based Delay-Doppler Channel Sounding for Sub-THz Frequencies","authors":"Jonas Gedschold;Diego Dupleich;Sebastian Semper;Michael Döbereiner;Alexander Ebert;Giovanni Del Galdo;Reiner S. Thomä","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3566473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3566473","url":null,"abstract":"Developing channel models typically requires aggregating channel measurements and the corresponding extracted propagation parameters from different research institutions to form a sufficiently large data basis. However, uncertainties arising from limitations of the sounding hardware and algorithms may greatly impact the comparability between sounding results. Especially, (sub-)THz channel sounders do not allow simultaneous spatially and timely resolved measurements as known from sub-6 GHz and mm-wave applications (right now), limiting the possibilities of a hardware-independent channel characterization. At the same time, a high Doppler bandwidth may occur due to the high carrier frequencies, limiting the time spans for coherent or incoherent data processing. Hence, assessing the sounder’s performance and limits is important before interpreting the measurement results. Evaluating the sounder performance requires a traceable reference allowing tracing back measurements (or estimated propagation parameters) to a physical ground truth. Therefore, we propose and discuss an over-the-air artifact allowing a joint verification of delay and Doppler parameters in a multipath scenario. The evaluations of exemplary sub-THz measurements with a multicarrier-based sounder highlight the strong interplay between sounder hardware and estimation algorithms, especially when coping with the mutual interference of parameters from multiple propagation paths. Hence, a metrological assessment always requires considering the full processing pipeline from the unprocessed measurements up to the extracted propagation parameters.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1175-1187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10982190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546667
Cristian A. Alistarh;Symon K. Podilchak;Dave J. Bekers;Laura Anitori;Wim L. van Rossum;Rob Boekema;Iram Shahzadi;Mathini Sellathurai;John S. Thompson;Yahia M. M. Antar
A compressed sensing (CS) digital radar system based on a sparse array design is proposed for use in automotive collision-avoidance applications. The proof-of-concept radar system offers an enlarged antenna aperture, employing fewer elements and can distinguish targets at an angular separation of only 2 degrees for a bandwidth of 6.25%. This resolution is made possible using a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration from the original sparse array which was implemented and tested using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. More specifically, the total aperture size (of the effective virtual receiver array) is $23.5lambda $ which is equivalent to a uniform-linear array (ULA) having 48 elements spaced at $0.5lambda $ apart. However, the total number of elements is 32. This defines a cost-effective setup offering a reduction of 16 elements which accounts for a 33% reduction in the number of required channels for the SIW array. Also, the radar exploits sparse-reconstruction techniques for target detection. Results of the simulations and measurements show that the performance of the proposed SIW antenna and experimentally verified radar system can offer competitive high-resolution detection when compared to other findings in the literature and to the best knowledge of the authors, no similar antenna and radar system implementation has been designed and experimentally verified.
{"title":"Compressed Sensing Digital MIMO Radar Using a Non-Uniformly Spaced SIW Sparse Receiver Array","authors":"Cristian A. Alistarh;Symon K. Podilchak;Dave J. Bekers;Laura Anitori;Wim L. van Rossum;Rob Boekema;Iram Shahzadi;Mathini Sellathurai;John S. Thompson;Yahia M. M. Antar","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546667","url":null,"abstract":"A compressed sensing (CS) digital radar system based on a sparse array design is proposed for use in automotive collision-avoidance applications. The proof-of-concept radar system offers an enlarged antenna aperture, employing fewer elements and can distinguish targets at an angular separation of only 2 degrees for a bandwidth of 6.25%. This resolution is made possible using a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration from the original sparse array which was implemented and tested using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. More specifically, the total aperture size (of the effective virtual receiver array) is <inline-formula> <tex-math>$23.5lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> which is equivalent to a uniform-linear array (ULA) having 48 elements spaced at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> apart. However, the total number of elements is 32. This defines a cost-effective setup offering a reduction of 16 elements which accounts for a 33% reduction in the number of required channels for the SIW array. Also, the radar exploits sparse-reconstruction techniques for target detection. Results of the simulations and measurements show that the performance of the proposed SIW antenna and experimentally verified radar system can offer competitive high-resolution detection when compared to other findings in the literature and to the best knowledge of the authors, no similar antenna and radar system implementation has been designed and experimentally verified.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"735-748"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10907910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3545596
Abdoalbaset Abohmra;Muhammad Zubair;Masood Ur Rehman;Hasan Abbas;Muhammad A. Imran;Qammer H. Abbasi
Quantum antennas represent a significant leap forward in antenna technology, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to enhance communication, imaging, and sensing applications in the terahertz, infrared, and optical regimes. This review begins with an overview of the theoretical foundations for quantum antennas as open quantum systems, discussing how strong coupling and quantum state manipulation can be harnessed for practical implementations. We then examine groundbreaking advancements in quantum antenna design, including the integration of novel material configurations, such as quantum dot arrays and their interactions with photonic reservoirs. The review explores the unique quantum phenomena exhibited by these antennas, including Rabi oscillations, solitons, and non-reciprocal behavior, which set them apart from classical antennas. Additionally, we discuss the role of quantum metasurfaces in manipulating electromagnetic waves at the quantum level, opening new avenues for antenna design and functionality. Understanding these quantum effects enables the optimization of antenna performance for emerging applications in quantum communication, where enhanced security and efficiency are paramount. Finally, this comprehensive analysis not only bridges the gap between classical and quantum antennas but also underscores the remarkable potential of quantum antennas, highlighting future directions and their evolving role in emerging technologies
{"title":"Frontiers in Quantum Antennas: Theoretical Foundations, Practical Applications, and Future Outlook","authors":"Abdoalbaset Abohmra;Muhammad Zubair;Masood Ur Rehman;Hasan Abbas;Muhammad A. Imran;Qammer H. Abbasi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3545596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3545596","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum antennas represent a significant leap forward in antenna technology, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to enhance communication, imaging, and sensing applications in the terahertz, infrared, and optical regimes. This review begins with an overview of the theoretical foundations for quantum antennas as open quantum systems, discussing how strong coupling and quantum state manipulation can be harnessed for practical implementations. We then examine groundbreaking advancements in quantum antenna design, including the integration of novel material configurations, such as quantum dot arrays and their interactions with photonic reservoirs. The review explores the unique quantum phenomena exhibited by these antennas, including Rabi oscillations, solitons, and non-reciprocal behavior, which set them apart from classical antennas. Additionally, we discuss the role of quantum metasurfaces in manipulating electromagnetic waves at the quantum level, opening new avenues for antenna design and functionality. Understanding these quantum effects enables the optimization of antenna performance for emerging applications in quantum communication, where enhanced security and efficiency are paramount. Finally, this comprehensive analysis not only bridges the gap between classical and quantum antennas but also underscores the remarkable potential of quantum antennas, highlighting future directions and their evolving role in emerging technologies","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"664-693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10902445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-25DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546122
Jordi C. F. Zandboer;Gabriele Federico;Ulf Johannsen;A. Bart Smolders
This paper analyzes state-of-the-art antenna concepts in the higher millimeter-wave frequency range (90-300 GHz), commonly referred to as the sub-THz frequency range. As the sub-THz range is still an emerging field of research, the aim of this review is to present and discuss different approaches and concepts reported in literature in the areas of antenna-in-package (AiP), antenna-on-chip (AoC) and other sub-THz antenna technology, focusing on the gain and occupied area parameters. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that AiP and AoC systems are very promising for highly integrated solutions requiring a small form factor, such as inter-device communication. At the same time, other concepts such as lens antennas provide a better solution for high-gain applications like fronthaul/backhaul scenarios. For D-band, a patch-AiP is the dominant antenna choice, but for H-band tailoring the antenna type to a specific application is highly recommended. The challenges involved in designing, manufacturing and measuring sub-THz antennas are best represented by the fact that only 26% of the listed AiP and AoC antennas operating above 200 GHz have documented performance measurements. This can be addressed by choosing the right manufacturing technology as well as measurement setup and corresponding calibration.
{"title":"A Review on Antenna Technology Developments for Sub-THz Wireless Communication: Application, Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Jordi C. F. Zandboer;Gabriele Federico;Ulf Johannsen;A. Bart Smolders","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546122","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes state-of-the-art antenna concepts in the higher millimeter-wave frequency range (90-300 GHz), commonly referred to as the sub-THz frequency range. As the sub-THz range is still an emerging field of research, the aim of this review is to present and discuss different approaches and concepts reported in literature in the areas of antenna-in-package (AiP), antenna-on-chip (AoC) and other sub-THz antenna technology, focusing on the gain and occupied area parameters. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that AiP and AoC systems are very promising for highly integrated solutions requiring a small form factor, such as inter-device communication. At the same time, other concepts such as lens antennas provide a better solution for high-gain applications like fronthaul/backhaul scenarios. For D-band, a patch-AiP is the dominant antenna choice, but for H-band tailoring the antenna type to a specific application is highly recommended. The challenges involved in designing, manufacturing and measuring sub-THz antennas are best represented by the fact that only 26% of the listed AiP and AoC antennas operating above 200 GHz have documented performance measurements. This can be addressed by choosing the right manufacturing technology as well as measurement setup and corresponding calibration.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"645-663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10904166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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