Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1109/ojap.2024.3387331
Braden P. Smyth, Hamed Khoshniyat, Mahdi Barati, Samuel Clark, Rashid Mirzavand, Ashwin K. Iyer
{"title":"Energy Autonomous Dual-Band Antenna System for RFID-Based Real-Time Battery Level Monitoring","authors":"Braden P. Smyth, Hamed Khoshniyat, Mahdi Barati, Samuel Clark, Rashid Mirzavand, Ashwin K. Iyer","doi":"10.1109/ojap.2024.3387331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojap.2024.3387331","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140579125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3384397
Ketavath Kumar Naik;Bokkisam Venkata Sai Sailaja
A compact dual-band reconfigurable elliptical-shaped patch antenna designed in this article. The proposed patch antenna with rectangular strip lines and an elliptical with half-moon slots presented to operate dual bands. To achieve the reconfigurability, RF-MEMS switches proposed on rectangular strip lines of the patch antenna. The capacitive shunt type RF-switch designed the proposed elliptical antenna to operate at 5G applications. The displacement of the proposed RF-MEMS switch with an air gap of $3~mu $ m, the actuation of 5.02 V, and the stress of the proposed beam is bearable up to 85.7 MPa is observed. The reconfigurable elliptical-shaped patch antenna resonates at 8.34 GHz and 10.47 GHz with a reflection coefficient of −32.28 dB and −22.7 dB respectively. The operating frequencies and gains are observed at the RF-MEMS switch placed on a patch for dual bands for four states. At the state-I, two operating frequencies and gain are 8.4G Hz, and 10.52G Hz with 2.28 dBi, and 2.18 dBi. Similarly, state-II frequencies are 8.56 GHz, and 10.55 GHz with gains of 2.08 dBi, and 1.30 dBi; state-III frequencies are 8.49 GHz, 10.47 GHz with gains of 2.48 dBi, and 3.04 dBi; and state-IV, frequencies are 8.49 GHz, 10.49 GHz with gain of 2.58 dBi, and 2.64 dBi. The compact elliptical patch antenna was simulated and a measured value is presented in this article and also both values are agreed.
{"title":"RF-MEMS Switch for Reconfigurable With Half-Moon Slots on Elliptical-Shaped Patch Antenna for 5G Applications","authors":"Ketavath Kumar Naik;Bokkisam Venkata Sai Sailaja","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3384397","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3384397","url":null,"abstract":"A compact dual-band reconfigurable elliptical-shaped patch antenna designed in this article. The proposed patch antenna with rectangular strip lines and an elliptical with half-moon slots presented to operate dual bands. To achieve the reconfigurability, RF-MEMS switches proposed on rectangular strip lines of the patch antenna. The capacitive shunt type RF-switch designed the proposed elliptical antenna to operate at 5G applications. The displacement of the proposed RF-MEMS switch with an air gap of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m, the actuation of 5.02 V, and the stress of the proposed beam is bearable up to 85.7 MPa is observed. The reconfigurable elliptical-shaped patch antenna resonates at 8.34 GHz and 10.47 GHz with a reflection coefficient of −32.28 dB and −22.7 dB respectively. The operating frequencies and gains are observed at the RF-MEMS switch placed on a patch for dual bands for four states. At the state-I, two operating frequencies and gain are 8.4G Hz, and 10.52G Hz with 2.28 dBi, and 2.18 dBi. Similarly, state-II frequencies are 8.56 GHz, and 10.55 GHz with gains of 2.08 dBi, and 1.30 dBi; state-III frequencies are 8.49 GHz, 10.47 GHz with gains of 2.48 dBi, and 3.04 dBi; and state-IV, frequencies are 8.49 GHz, 10.49 GHz with gain of 2.58 dBi, and 2.64 dBi. The compact elliptical patch antenna was simulated and a measured value is presented in this article and also both values are agreed.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10496461","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3386452
Abdul Jabbar;Mostafa Elsayed;Jalil Ur Rehman Kazim;Zhibo Pang;Julien Le Kernec;Muhammad Ali Imran;Qammer H. Abbasi;Masood Ur-Rehman
In this paper, for the first time we present the complete design of a dynamic metasurface antenna (DMA) array at the 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. First, a novel complementary electric inductive-capacitive (CELC) metamaterial element (unlike conventional rectangular CELC) is designed to resonate around 60.5 GHz. The proposed CELC meta-element in its resonance state manifests dispersive characteristics and exhibits significant left-handed metamaterial properties such as negative group refractive index, negative effective permittivity, and negative group velocity, which are thoroughly elucidated. A low-loss V-band planar substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) structure is designed at dominant $TE_{10}$ to excite the CELC meta-element by an in-plane magnetic field. Two PIN diodes are loaded in the small capacitive gap between the CELC meta-element and the SIW structure. The switching state of the PIN diodes readily renders the meta-element either radiating or non-radiating. The difference between radiating and non-radiating states is more than 11 dB. Consequently, a fully addressable digital tunable DMA element is formed. Then, a one-dimensional DMA is designed by embedding 16 such meta-elements into the upper conducting wall of the edge-fed SIW structure for electronic steering with high gain, high radiation efficiency, and low side lobe levels. The radiation state of each CELC meta-element is dynamically controlled through a high-speed field programmable gate array (FPGA). The DC biasing network for PIN diodes at such high frequency is meticulously designed and integrated using 4-layer standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The parallelized biasing network of PIN diodes through a high-speed FPGA enables agile dynamic control over the radiation pattern of the entire digitally coded metasurface aperture. Versatile beam synthesis (such as narrow beams, wide beams, and multiple beams) is achieved based on different digital coding combinations. The prototypes of the single DMA element and 16-element 1-dimensional DMA array are fabricated and verified through practical measurements. Simulated and measured results show good agreement. The beam-switching agility is quantified and observed to be within 5 ns, indicating significant promise for mmWave applications with ultra-low latency. The proposed DMA is a potential enabler to unfold a diverse range of next-generation mmWave wireless applications such as agile electronic beam-steering, adaptive beamforming and beam-shaping, holographic computational imaging, mmWave industrial wireless communication, cognitive radars, as well as integrated sensing and communication (ISAC).
{"title":"60 GHz Programmable Dynamic Metasurface Antenna (DMA) for Next-Generation Communication, Sensing, and Imaging Applications: From Concept to Prototype","authors":"Abdul Jabbar;Mostafa Elsayed;Jalil Ur Rehman Kazim;Zhibo Pang;Julien Le Kernec;Muhammad Ali Imran;Qammer H. Abbasi;Masood Ur-Rehman","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3386452","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3386452","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, for the first time we present the complete design of a dynamic metasurface antenna (DMA) array at the 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. First, a novel complementary electric inductive-capacitive (CELC) metamaterial element (unlike conventional rectangular CELC) is designed to resonate around 60.5 GHz. The proposed CELC meta-element in its resonance state manifests dispersive characteristics and exhibits significant left-handed metamaterial properties such as negative group refractive index, negative effective permittivity, and negative group velocity, which are thoroughly elucidated. A low-loss V-band planar substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) structure is designed at dominant \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$TE_{10}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 to excite the CELC meta-element by an in-plane magnetic field. Two PIN diodes are loaded in the small capacitive gap between the CELC meta-element and the SIW structure. The switching state of the PIN diodes readily renders the meta-element either radiating or non-radiating. The difference between radiating and non-radiating states is more than 11 dB. Consequently, a fully addressable digital tunable DMA element is formed. Then, a one-dimensional DMA is designed by embedding 16 such meta-elements into the upper conducting wall of the edge-fed SIW structure for electronic steering with high gain, high radiation efficiency, and low side lobe levels. The radiation state of each CELC meta-element is dynamically controlled through a high-speed field programmable gate array (FPGA). The DC biasing network for PIN diodes at such high frequency is meticulously designed and integrated using 4-layer standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The parallelized biasing network of PIN diodes through a high-speed FPGA enables agile dynamic control over the radiation pattern of the entire digitally coded metasurface aperture. Versatile beam synthesis (such as narrow beams, wide beams, and multiple beams) is achieved based on different digital coding combinations. The prototypes of the single DMA element and 16-element 1-dimensional DMA array are fabricated and verified through practical measurements. Simulated and measured results show good agreement. The beam-switching agility is quantified and observed to be within 5 ns, indicating significant promise for mmWave applications with ultra-low latency. The proposed DMA is a potential enabler to unfold a diverse range of next-generation mmWave wireless applications such as agile electronic beam-steering, adaptive beamforming and beam-shaping, holographic computational imaging, mmWave industrial wireless communication, cognitive radars, as well as integrated sensing and communication (ISAC).","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10494997","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3385288
Mahmoud N. Mahmoud;Reyhan Baktur
This paper presents three prototypes of cavity-backed slot antennas integrated with solar panels. The antenna design is straightforward and requires minimal alteration on the solar panel’s geometry. The antennas and solar cells are on the same surface and are effectively independent of each other. This eliminates the need for custom designed solar cells required in previous studies. The integrated solar panel antennas were demonstrated using all commercial-off-the-shelf space-qualified components and printed circuit board technology. The presented modular design method is valuable for CubeSats primarily built with standardized commercial components and where the surface area is limited to house solar panels and antennas separately. The integrated solar-antenna panels include a circularly polarized antenna, a linear two-slot antenna, and a dual band antenna. Measurements were performed to validate both antennas’ and solar panels’ functionality and the results are outstanding when compared to the antenna design data and solar cells’ specifications.
{"title":"Integrated Solar Panel Slot Antennas Certified for CubeSat Missions","authors":"Mahmoud N. Mahmoud;Reyhan Baktur","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3385288","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3385288","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents three prototypes of cavity-backed slot antennas integrated with solar panels. The antenna design is straightforward and requires minimal alteration on the solar panel’s geometry. The antennas and solar cells are on the same surface and are effectively independent of each other. This eliminates the need for custom designed solar cells required in previous studies. The integrated solar panel antennas were demonstrated using all commercial-off-the-shelf space-qualified components and printed circuit board technology. The presented modular design method is valuable for CubeSats primarily built with standardized commercial components and where the surface area is limited to house solar panels and antennas separately. The integrated solar-antenna panels include a circularly polarized antenna, a linear two-slot antenna, and a dual band antenna. Measurements were performed to validate both antennas’ and solar panels’ functionality and the results are outstanding when compared to the antenna design data and solar cells’ specifications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10492465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140579006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3385675
Koushik Dutta;Mobayode O. Akinsolu;Puneet Kumar Mishra;Bo Liu;Debatosh Guha
Open resonant cavity antenna (ORCA) and its recent advances promise attractive features and possible applications, although the designs reported so far are solely based on the classical electromagnetic (EM) theory and general perception of EM circuits. This work explores machine learning (ML)-assisted antenna design techniques aiming to improve and optimize its major radiation parameters over the maximum achievable operating bandwidth. A state-of-the-art method, e.g., parallel surrogate model-assisted hybrid differential evolution for antenna synthesis (PSADEA) has been exercised upon a reference ORCA geometry revealing a fascinating outcome. This modifies the shape of the cavity which was not predicted by EM-based analysis as well as promising significant improvement in its radiation properties. The PSADEA-generated design has been experimentally verified indicating 3dB-11dB improvement in sidelobe level along with high broadside gain maintained above 17 dBi over the 18.5% impedance bandwidth of the ORCA. The new design has been theoretically interpreted by the theory of geometrical optics (GO). This investigation demonstrates the potential and possibilities of employing artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques in antenna design where multiple parameters need to be adjusted simultaneously for the best possible performances.
{"title":"Application of Machine Learning-Assisted Global Optimization for Improvement in Design and Performance of Open Resonant Cavity Antenna","authors":"Koushik Dutta;Mobayode O. Akinsolu;Puneet Kumar Mishra;Bo Liu;Debatosh Guha","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3385675","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3385675","url":null,"abstract":"Open resonant cavity antenna (ORCA) and its recent advances promise attractive features and possible applications, although the designs reported so far are solely based on the classical electromagnetic (EM) theory and general perception of EM circuits. This work explores machine learning (ML)-assisted antenna design techniques aiming to improve and optimize its major radiation parameters over the maximum achievable operating bandwidth. A state-of-the-art method, e.g., parallel surrogate model-assisted hybrid differential evolution for antenna synthesis (PSADEA) has been exercised upon a reference ORCA geometry revealing a fascinating outcome. This modifies the shape of the cavity which was not predicted by EM-based analysis as well as promising significant improvement in its radiation properties. The PSADEA-generated design has been experimentally verified indicating 3dB-11dB improvement in sidelobe level along with high broadside gain maintained above 17 dBi over the 18.5% impedance bandwidth of the ORCA. The new design has been theoretically interpreted by the theory of geometrical optics (GO). This investigation demonstrates the potential and possibilities of employing artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques in antenna design where multiple parameters need to be adjusted simultaneously for the best possible performances.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10492853","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140579561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3383791
Son Xuat Ta;Tran Hien Bui;Khac Kiem Nguyen;Nghia Nguyen-Trong
A compact dual-band tripolarized antenna with simple structure and high isolation operating at 2.45 GHz and 3.5 GHz bands is presented. The design is composed of a slotted patch and a monopolar patch connected together by four vias. The antenna uses a double differential-fed scheme for x- and y-horizontally polarized broadside radiations and a single-ended port at the center for vertically-polarized omnidirectional radiation. The combination of slotted patch, monopolar patch, and vias yields several interesting features, which are exploited in the design to achieve dual-band tripolarized operation. Thank to the differential feed scheme and structural symmetry, the proposed antenna achieves a very high isolation among all ports. For verification, the final design is fabricated and measured. The double differential-fed scheme are realized by using two wideband out-of-phase power dividers, whose operational bandwidth covers both 2.45 and 3.5 GHz bands. The antenna with profile of $0.09lambda _{2.45-{mathrm { GHz}}}$ yields a measured 10-dB return loss bandwidth of $2.43-2$ .49 GHz and $3.23-3$ .66 GHz and isolation of $ge $ 35 dB among all ports. Tripolarized radiation is verified with far-field measurement, showing highly symmetrical pattern and low cross-polarization in all three operational modes. The proposed design is a good candidate for dual-band communication systems which require polarization and pattern diversity antennas.
{"title":"A Compact Dual-Band Tripolarized Patch Antenna With Simple Structure and Very High Isolation","authors":"Son Xuat Ta;Tran Hien Bui;Khac Kiem Nguyen;Nghia Nguyen-Trong","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3383791","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3383791","url":null,"abstract":"A compact dual-band tripolarized antenna with simple structure and high isolation operating at 2.45 GHz and 3.5 GHz bands is presented. The design is composed of a slotted patch and a monopolar patch connected together by four vias. The antenna uses a double differential-fed scheme for x- and y-horizontally polarized broadside radiations and a single-ended port at the center for vertically-polarized omnidirectional radiation. The combination of slotted patch, monopolar patch, and vias yields several interesting features, which are exploited in the design to achieve dual-band tripolarized operation. Thank to the differential feed scheme and structural symmetry, the proposed antenna achieves a very high isolation among all ports. For verification, the final design is fabricated and measured. The double differential-fed scheme are realized by using two wideband out-of-phase power dividers, whose operational bandwidth covers both 2.45 and 3.5 GHz bands. The antenna with profile of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.09lambda _{2.45-{mathrm { GHz}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 yields a measured 10-dB return loss bandwidth of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.43-2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000.49 GHz and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.23-3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000.66 GHz and isolation of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ge $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 35 dB among all ports. Tripolarized radiation is verified with far-field measurement, showing highly symmetrical pattern and low cross-polarization in all three operational modes. The proposed design is a good candidate for dual-band communication systems which require polarization and pattern diversity antennas.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10486953","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140579593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406950
Renan A. Santos;Helton S. Bernardo;Danilo H. Spadoti;Guilherme S. da Rosa;Rafael A. Penchel
In this paper, we propose a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) operating in the TM50-like mode, designed for gain enhanced and sidelobe levels (SLLs) reduction. Our methodology involves altering the resonator’s surface current distribution by introducing three groups of transverse slots at points of null electric field. Additionally, two symmetrically positioned stubs are utilized to the antenna’s gain enhanced. We verify that proper combinations of such artifacts on the proposed radiators significantly reduce the SLL while maintaining the high-gain characteristics of the TM50-like mode. A prototype was fabricated and characterized for operation around 7.6 GHz, in the C band. The results demonstrate that a realized gain of 15.0 dBi can be achieved, with the SLL reduced to approximately 15 dB, representing an excellent option for high-gain applications requiring a low profile and compact size.
{"title":"Gain Enhancement and Sidelobe Level Reduction of Microstrip Patch Antenna Under Operation of TM50-Like Mode","authors":"Renan A. Santos;Helton S. Bernardo;Danilo H. Spadoti;Guilherme S. da Rosa;Rafael A. Penchel","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406950","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406950","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) operating in the TM50-like mode, designed for gain enhanced and sidelobe levels (SLLs) reduction. Our methodology involves altering the resonator’s surface current distribution by introducing three groups of transverse slots at points of null electric field. Additionally, two symmetrically positioned stubs are utilized to the antenna’s gain enhanced. We verify that proper combinations of such artifacts on the proposed radiators significantly reduce the SLL while maintaining the high-gain characteristics of the TM50-like mode. A prototype was fabricated and characterized for operation around 7.6 GHz, in the C band. The results demonstrate that a realized gain of 15.0 dBi can be achieved, with the SLL reduced to approximately 15 dB, representing an excellent option for high-gain applications requiring a low profile and compact size.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10543080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electromagnetic (EM) body models predict the impact of human presence and motions on the Radio-Frequency (RF) field originated from wireless devices nearby. Despite their accuracy, EM models are time-consuming methods which prevent their adoption in strict real-time computational imaging and estimation problems, such as passive localization, RF tomography, and holography. Physicsinformed Generative Neural Network (GNN) models have recently attracted a lot of attention thanks to their potential to reproduce a process by incorporating relevant physical laws and constraints. They can be used to simulate or reconstruct missing data or samples, reproduce EM propagation effects, approximated EM fields, and learn a physics-informed data distribution, i.e., the Bayesian prior. Generative machine learning represents a multidisciplinary research area weaving together physical/EM modelling, signal processing, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The paper discusses two popular techniques, namely Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and their adaptations to incorporate relevant EM body diffraction methods. The proposed EM-informed GNN models are verified against classical EM tools driven by diffraction theory, and validated on real data. The paper explores emerging opportunities of GNN tools targeting real-time passive RF sensing in communication systems with dense antenna arrays. Proposed tools are also designed, implemented, and verified on resource constrained wireless devices. Simulated and experimental analysis reveal that GNNs can limit the use of time-consuming and privacy-sensitive training stages as well as intensive EM computations. On the other hand, they require hyper-parameter tuning to achieve a good compromise between accuracy and generalization.
{"title":"Electromagnetic-Informed Generative Models for Passive RF Sensing and Perception of Body Motions","authors":"Stefano Savazzi;Federica Fieramosca;Sanaz Kianoush;Michele D’Amico;Vittorio Rampa","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407199","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407199","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic (EM) body models predict the impact of human presence and motions on the Radio-Frequency (RF) field originated from wireless devices nearby. Despite their accuracy, EM models are time-consuming methods which prevent their adoption in strict real-time computational imaging and estimation problems, such as passive localization, RF tomography, and holography. Physicsinformed Generative Neural Network (GNN) models have recently attracted a lot of attention thanks to their potential to reproduce a process by incorporating relevant physical laws and constraints. They can be used to simulate or reconstruct missing data or samples, reproduce EM propagation effects, approximated EM fields, and learn a physics-informed data distribution, i.e., the Bayesian prior. Generative machine learning represents a multidisciplinary research area weaving together physical/EM modelling, signal processing, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The paper discusses two popular techniques, namely Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and their adaptations to incorporate relevant EM body diffraction methods. The proposed EM-informed GNN models are verified against classical EM tools driven by diffraction theory, and validated on real data. The paper explores emerging opportunities of GNN tools targeting real-time passive RF sensing in communication systems with dense antenna arrays. Proposed tools are also designed, implemented, and verified on resource constrained wireless devices. Simulated and experimental analysis reveal that GNNs can limit the use of time-consuming and privacy-sensitive training stages as well as intensive EM computations. On the other hand, they require hyper-parameter tuning to achieve a good compromise between accuracy and generalization.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10542343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-29DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407053
Samar I. Farghaly;Mostafa M. Fouda;Manal M. Emara
Pattern synthesis is widely used in many radar and communication systems and received great interest. So, this paper proposes a new beamforming strategy based on a hybrid combination between grey wolf optimizer (GWO) with ${mathrm { L}}_{2}$ -norm called proposed GWO. This approach is applied to synthesized uniform linear arrays (ULA), Chebyshav arrays, and shaped pattern arrays. Moreover, it is utilized for side lobe level (SLL) and size reduction of antenna elements. In this strategy, the GWO is utilized to optimize the element spacing to adjust the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) to save it the same as desired pattern. Furthermore, the excitations of the antenna elements are optimized via the ${mathrm { L}}_{2}$ -norm minimization problem. The proposed GWO has low complexity (fewer iterations and computing time) compared to other algorithms. In addition, it has a very accurate approximation of the original radiation pattern. As well, the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave package is utilized to achieve the practical validation of the proposed methodologies. As an application of the proposed GWO, it is employed to create a proposed hybrid beamforming (PHB) structure for Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) systems. Consequently, the BS transmitting antennas are synthesized for gain maximization while utilizing the current amount of antenna elements. This results in considerable savings in antenna components and associated radio frequency (RF) chains which reduces system complexity. Furthermore, array gain maximization will increase the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, the SLL reduction scenario will decrease the interference from undesired users which in turn will also increase SNR. Hence, the performance of the system in terms of spectral efficiency (SE) and power utilization will be improved.
{"title":"Beamforming of Transmit Antennas Using Grey Wolf Optimization and L2-Norm for Performance Enhancement of Beyond 5G Communications","authors":"Samar I. Farghaly;Mostafa M. Fouda;Manal M. Emara","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407053","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3407053","url":null,"abstract":"Pattern synthesis is widely used in many radar and communication systems and received great interest. So, this paper proposes a new beamforming strategy based on a hybrid combination between grey wolf optimizer (GWO) with \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm { L}}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-norm called proposed GWO. This approach is applied to synthesized uniform linear arrays (ULA), Chebyshav arrays, and shaped pattern arrays. Moreover, it is utilized for side lobe level (SLL) and size reduction of antenna elements. In this strategy, the GWO is utilized to optimize the element spacing to adjust the half-power beamwidth (HPBW) to save it the same as desired pattern. Furthermore, the excitations of the antenna elements are optimized via the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm { L}}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-norm minimization problem. The proposed GWO has low complexity (fewer iterations and computing time) compared to other algorithms. In addition, it has a very accurate approximation of the original radiation pattern. As well, the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave package is utilized to achieve the practical validation of the proposed methodologies. As an application of the proposed GWO, it is employed to create a proposed hybrid beamforming (PHB) structure for Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) systems. Consequently, the BS transmitting antennas are synthesized for gain maximization while utilizing the current amount of antenna elements. This results in considerable savings in antenna components and associated radio frequency (RF) chains which reduces system complexity. Furthermore, array gain maximization will increase the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, the SLL reduction scenario will decrease the interference from undesired users which in turn will also increase SNR. Hence, the performance of the system in terms of spectral efficiency (SE) and power utilization will be improved.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10540620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-28DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406136
Ying C. Zheng;L. Zhu;C. Ni;J. Ding;K. Cao;B. Liu
A dual-band sleeve monopole antenna with the substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology is proposed in this paper. Both the radiation structure and the feeding network are modified from the SICL structure. The antenna provides dual-band operation for LoRa (Long Range Radio) applications covering 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands. This antenna operates as a quarter-wavelength monopole with practical omnidirectional radiation performance for each band. The antenna exhibits a gain of 2.0 dBi at 433 MHz with more than 90% radiation efficiency, and a gain of 1.7 dBi at 868 MHz with more than 90% radiation efficiency. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidths are from $393 sim 450$ MHz and $826 sim 931$ MHz, respectively. A good agreement is observed between the measured and the simulated results, which demonstrates that the proposed scheme can be a possible candidate for LoRa applications.
{"title":"Design of a Dual-Band Planar Sleeve Monopole Antenna With the Substrate-Integrated Coaxial Line Technology","authors":"Ying C. Zheng;L. Zhu;C. Ni;J. Ding;K. Cao;B. Liu","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406136","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3406136","url":null,"abstract":"A dual-band sleeve monopole antenna with the substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology is proposed in this paper. Both the radiation structure and the feeding network are modified from the SICL structure. The antenna provides dual-band operation for LoRa (Long Range Radio) applications covering 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands. This antenna operates as a quarter-wavelength monopole with practical omnidirectional radiation performance for each band. The antenna exhibits a gain of 2.0 dBi at 433 MHz with more than 90% radiation efficiency, and a gain of 1.7 dBi at 868 MHz with more than 90% radiation efficiency. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidths are from \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$393 sim 450$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 MHz and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$826 sim 931$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 MHz, respectively. A good agreement is observed between the measured and the simulated results, which demonstrates that the proposed scheme can be a possible candidate for LoRa applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10540070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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