Cooperation has been vital to the evolution of all living things, including single-celled organisms (Velicer, 2005, 2003; Velicer and Stredwick, 2002; Crespi, 2001; Velicer et al., 2000; Boorman and Levitt, 1980), fish (Brosnan et al., 2003; Dugatkin, 1991, 1992, 1997; Milinski, 1987), birds (Brown and Brown, 1996; Faaborg et al., 1995), canines (Creel and Creel, 2002; Courchamp and Macdonald, 2001; Fentress and Ryon, 1986), felines (Caro, 1994; Packer and Pusey, 1982), non-human primates (Brosnan and de Waal, 2003; de Waal, 1996, 1982; Harcourt and de Waal, 1992; Chapais, 1992), and humans (Ostrom et al., 1999; Fehr and Fischbacher, 2003; Johnson et al., 2003).Even so, the evolution of cooperative, prosocial behavior under circumstances in which individual interests are at odds with common interests, (circumstances characterized as social dilemmas (Gotts et al., 2003; Dawes and Messick, 2000)), remains a largely unsolved, multidisciplinary puzzle (Hammerstein, 2003). Approaches to these types of problems have, for the most part, been applications of evolutionary game theory (Gintis, 2000; Hofbauer and Sigmund, 1998; Maynard-Smith, 1982; Maynard-Smith and Price, 1973; Trivers, 1971; Hamilton, 1967; von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1944) and due to their importance as generalized models of many important socio-economic situations (Tomassini, 2006), iconic games such as the Prisoner’s Dilemma have been widely employed as metaphors (Doebeli and Hauert, 2005; Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981; Axelrod, 1984; Nowak and Sigmund, 1992, 2004; Nowak and May, 1992; Maynard-Smith, 1982; Sugden, 1986).
合作对包括单细胞生物在内的所有生物的进化都至关重要(Velicer, 2005, 2003;Velicer and Stredwick, 2002;Crespi, 2001;Velicer et al.， 2000;Boorman and Levitt, 1980)， fish (Brosnan et al.， 2003;Dugatkin, 1991,1992,1997;Milinski, 1987)，鸟类(Brown and Brown, 1996;Faaborg et al.， 1995)，犬科动物(Creel and Creel, 2002;Courchamp and Macdonald, 2001;Fentress和Ryon, 1986)，猫科动物(Caro, 1994;Packer and Pusey, 1982)，非人类灵长类动物(Brosnan and de Waal, 2003;de Waal, 1996,1982;Harcourt and de Waal, 1992;Chapais, 1992)和人类(Ostrom et al.， 1999;Fehr and Fischbacher, 2003;Johnson et al.， 2003)。即便如此，在个人利益与共同利益不一致的情况下(这种情况被称为社会困境)，合作、亲社会行为的进化(Gotts et al.， 2003;Dawes和Messick, 2000))，仍然是一个很大程度上未解决的多学科难题(Hammerstein, 2003)。解决这类问题的方法在很大程度上是进化博弈论的应用(Gintis, 2000;Hofbauer and Sigmund, 1998;梅纳德,1982;梅纳德-史密斯和普莱斯，1973;特里弗斯,1971;汉密尔顿,1967;von Neumann和Morgenstern, 1944)，并且由于它们作为许多重要社会经济情况的广义模型的重要性(Tomassini, 2006)，诸如囚徒困境之类的标志性游戏被广泛用作隐喻(Doebeli和Hauert, 2005;阿克塞尔罗德和汉密尔顿，1981;阿克塞尔罗德,1984;诺瓦克和西格蒙德，1992,2004;Nowak and May, 1992;梅纳德,1982;爱丁堡,1986)。
{"title":"Social Contracts on Social Networks: Local Patterns of Interaction, Local Strategy Dynamics and the Emergence of Reciprocity","authors":"G. Jones, S. Brosnan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1376804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1376804","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperation has been vital to the evolution of all living things, including single-celled organisms (Velicer, 2005, 2003; Velicer and Stredwick, 2002; Crespi, 2001; Velicer et al., 2000; Boorman and Levitt, 1980), fish (Brosnan et al., 2003; Dugatkin, 1991, 1992, 1997; Milinski, 1987), birds (Brown and Brown, 1996; Faaborg et al., 1995), canines (Creel and Creel, 2002; Courchamp and Macdonald, 2001; Fentress and Ryon, 1986), felines (Caro, 1994; Packer and Pusey, 1982), non-human primates (Brosnan and de Waal, 2003; de Waal, 1996, 1982; Harcourt and de Waal, 1992; Chapais, 1992), and humans (Ostrom et al., 1999; Fehr and Fischbacher, 2003; Johnson et al., 2003).Even so, the evolution of cooperative, prosocial behavior under circumstances in which individual interests are at odds with common interests, (circumstances characterized as social dilemmas (Gotts et al., 2003; Dawes and Messick, 2000)), remains a largely unsolved, multidisciplinary puzzle (Hammerstein, 2003). Approaches to these types of problems have, for the most part, been applications of evolutionary game theory (Gintis, 2000; Hofbauer and Sigmund, 1998; Maynard-Smith, 1982; Maynard-Smith and Price, 1973; Trivers, 1971; Hamilton, 1967; von Neumann and Morgenstern, 1944) and due to their importance as generalized models of many important socio-economic situations (Tomassini, 2006), iconic games such as the Prisoner’s Dilemma have been widely employed as metaphors (Doebeli and Hauert, 2005; Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981; Axelrod, 1984; Nowak and Sigmund, 1992, 2004; Nowak and May, 1992; Maynard-Smith, 1982; Sugden, 1986).","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128481949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youngsoo Kim, William B. Vogt, R. Krishnan, Rahul Telang
In addition to wireless telephony boom, a similar exponential increasing trend in wireless data service -for example, short message service (SMS) – is visible as technology advances. We develop a structural model to examine user demand for voice and SMS services. Specifically, we measure the own- and the cross-price elasticities of these services. The cross-price elasticity is of significant importance because marketing activities are critically influenced by whether the goods are substitutes or complements. The research context poses significant econometric challenges due to three-part tariffs, and sequential discrete plan choice and continuous quantity choice decisions. Using detailed individual consumption data of more than 6000 customers, we find that SMS and voice services are small substitutes. A 10% increase in the price of voice minutes will induce about 0.8% increase in the demand for SMS. The own price elasticity of voice is also low, to the order of approximately -0.1. Younger users’ demand is far more inelastic than that of older users. We then conduct counterfactual policy experiments that fully capture the effects of change in key parameters on the firm revenues. Finally, we discuss the generalizability of our framework.
{"title":"Empirical Analysis of Mobile Voice and SMS Service: A Structural Model","authors":"Youngsoo Kim, William B. Vogt, R. Krishnan, Rahul Telang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1085285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1085285","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to wireless telephony boom, a similar exponential increasing trend in wireless data service -for example, short message service (SMS) – is visible as technology advances. We develop a structural model to examine user demand for voice and SMS services. Specifically, we measure the own- and the cross-price elasticities of these services. The cross-price elasticity is of significant importance because marketing activities are critically influenced by whether the goods are substitutes or complements. The research context poses significant econometric challenges due to three-part tariffs, and sequential discrete plan choice and continuous quantity choice decisions. Using detailed individual consumption data of more than 6000 customers, we find that SMS and voice services are small substitutes. A 10% increase in the price of voice minutes will induce about 0.8% increase in the demand for SMS. The own price elasticity of voice is also low, to the order of approximately -0.1. Younger users’ demand is far more inelastic than that of older users. We then conduct counterfactual policy experiments that fully capture the effects of change in key parameters on the firm revenues. Finally, we discuss the generalizability of our framework.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"03 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116079880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When platforms compete for consumers, two types of consumer heterogeneity will matter: consumers value the presence of other consumers on a platform differently, and consumers contribute to the value of the platform differently. The optimal discriminatory pricing policy for platforms will depend on whether those two dimensions of consumer heterogeneity are positively or negatively correlated, which is an empirical question. In a companion paper (Cantillon & Yin, 2008), we study membership decisions of trading firms for two competing exchanges: LIFFE and DTB. Our analysis shows that different traders care about liquidity differently. In this paper, we estimate the heterogeneous contribution to liquidity by different types. We combine the estimates from both papers of heterogeneous preferences and contributions to liquidity. We find that valuations of liquidity tend to be correlated with contributions to liquidity in this setting.
{"title":"Asymmetric Network Effects","authors":"E. Cantillon, Pai-Ling Yin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1303624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1303624","url":null,"abstract":"When platforms compete for consumers, two types of consumer heterogeneity will matter: consumers value the presence of other consumers on a platform differently, and consumers contribute to the value of the platform differently. The optimal discriminatory pricing policy for platforms will depend on whether those two dimensions of consumer heterogeneity are positively or negatively correlated, which is an empirical question. In a companion paper (Cantillon & Yin, 2008), we study membership decisions of trading firms for two competing exchanges: LIFFE and DTB. Our analysis shows that different traders care about liquidity differently. In this paper, we estimate the heterogeneous contribution to liquidity by different types. We combine the estimates from both papers of heterogeneous preferences and contributions to liquidity. We find that valuations of liquidity tend to be correlated with contributions to liquidity in this setting.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132825611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ghose, Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis, A. Sundararajan
In this paper, we analyze how different dimensions of a seller's reputation affect pricing power in electronic markets. Given the interplay between buyers' trust and sellers' pricing power, we use text mining techniques to identify and structure dimensions of importance from feedback posted on reputation systems. By aggregating and scoring these dimensions based on the sentiment they contain, we use them to estimate a series of econometric models associating reputation with price premiums. We find that different dimensions do indeed affect pricing power differentially, and that a negative reputation hurts more than a positive one helps on some dimensions but not on others. We provide evidence that sellers of identical products in electronic markets differentiate themselves based on a distinguishing dimension of strength, and that buyers vary in the relative importance they place on different fulfillment characteristics. We highlight the importance of textual reputation feedback further by demonstrating that it substantially improves the performance of a classifier we have trained to predict future sales. Our results also suggest that online sellers distinguish themselves on specific and varying fulfillment characteristics that resemble the unique selling points highlighted by successful brands. We conclude by providing explicit examples of IT artifacts (buyer and seller tools) that use our interdisciplinary approach to enhance buyer trust and seller efficiency in online environments. This paper is the first study that integrates econometric, text mining and predictive modeling techniques toward a more complete analysis of the information captured by reputation systems, and it presents new evidence of the importance of their effective and judicious design in online markets.
{"title":"The Dimensions of Reputation in Electronic Markets","authors":"A. Ghose, Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis, A. Sundararajan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.885568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.885568","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we analyze how different dimensions of a seller's reputation affect pricing power in electronic markets. Given the interplay between buyers' trust and sellers' pricing power, we use text mining techniques to identify and structure dimensions of importance from feedback posted on reputation systems. By aggregating and scoring these dimensions based on the sentiment they contain, we use them to estimate a series of econometric models associating reputation with price premiums. We find that different dimensions do indeed affect pricing power differentially, and that a negative reputation hurts more than a positive one helps on some dimensions but not on others. We provide evidence that sellers of identical products in electronic markets differentiate themselves based on a distinguishing dimension of strength, and that buyers vary in the relative importance they place on different fulfillment characteristics. We highlight the importance of textual reputation feedback further by demonstrating that it substantially improves the performance of a classifier we have trained to predict future sales. Our results also suggest that online sellers distinguish themselves on specific and varying fulfillment characteristics that resemble the unique selling points highlighted by successful brands. We conclude by providing explicit examples of IT artifacts (buyer and seller tools) that use our interdisciplinary approach to enhance buyer trust and seller efficiency in online environments. This paper is the first study that integrates econometric, text mining and predictive modeling techniques toward a more complete analysis of the information captured by reputation systems, and it presents new evidence of the importance of their effective and judicious design in online markets.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122074698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Measuring ego-centered networks is an especially time-expensive endeavor. However, to be included in multi-thematic surveys, parsimony is needed instead of following a maximizing strategy. Therefore, one pressing questions is, whether and which type of parsimonious data collection produces what losses of information. We address these questions by comparing three different, but closely related operationalizations of ego-centered networks in three different surveys: the German Socio-Economic Panel Study as a multi-thematic large-scale survey, IDUN as a small study designed as a single-purpose instrument to measure egocentered networks in great detail, and the "Minipanel" as something in between these two. Different setup parameters are the number and type of name generators and descriptors of alteri and a numerical limitation of naming ties. We look specifically whether there are effects on the size of the networks, the composition of networks, and the sociostructural differences with regard to availability of positive aspects of social networks, especially different types of social support. Additionally, we examine the differences between effects of network variables on perceived satisfaction in the surveys. Among others, and above the highly expectable differences in network size, we find an effect of different operationalizations on the network composition. Compared to IDUN, GSOEP produces a considerable overestimation of family ties and a considerable underestimation of relations stemming from school, vocational training and leisure time. We show that specific strategies of parsimony not only lead to losses of information and distortions of network characteristics but can lead in addition to different conclusions about the availability of social capital.
{"title":"Costs and Benefits of Parsimony - Measuring Egocentric Social Networks and Social Support in Survey Research [Kosten und Nutzen der Sparsamkeit - Zur Erhebung sozialer Netzwerke und sozialer Unterstuetzungspotentiale in der Umfrageforschung]","authors":"S. Sattler, M. Diewald","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1358760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1358760","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring ego-centered networks is an especially time-expensive endeavor. However, to be included in multi-thematic surveys, parsimony is needed instead of following a maximizing strategy. Therefore, one pressing questions is, whether and which type of parsimonious data collection produces what losses of information. We address these questions by comparing three different, but closely related operationalizations of ego-centered networks in three different surveys: the German Socio-Economic Panel Study as a multi-thematic large-scale survey, IDUN as a small study designed as a single-purpose instrument to measure egocentered networks in great detail, and the \"Minipanel\" as something in between these two. Different setup parameters are the number and type of name generators and descriptors of alteri and a numerical limitation of naming ties. We look specifically whether there are effects on the size of the networks, the composition of networks, and the sociostructural differences with regard to availability of positive aspects of social networks, especially different types of social support. Additionally, we examine the differences between effects of network variables on perceived satisfaction in the surveys. Among others, and above the highly expectable differences in network size, we find an effect of different operationalizations on the network composition. Compared to IDUN, GSOEP produces a considerable overestimation of family ties and a considerable underestimation of relations stemming from school, vocational training and leisure time. We show that specific strategies of parsimony not only lead to losses of information and distortions of network characteristics but can lead in addition to different conclusions about the availability of social capital.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117037458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Amaro de Matos, P. Barros, Inacia Pacheco Pereira
The level of abstention in elections has been increasing over the years in the majority of democratic countries, whether compulsory voting exists or not. We provide empirical evidence for the role of social networks as a main factor of influence in the turnout of an election. More intense social networks and wider social networks are associated with a lower abstention rate.
{"title":"The Voting Paradox and Social Networks: An Empirical Analysis","authors":"J. Amaro de Matos, P. Barros, Inacia Pacheco Pereira","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1354790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1354790","url":null,"abstract":"The level of abstention in elections has been increasing over the years in the majority of democratic countries, whether compulsory voting exists or not. We provide empirical evidence for the role of social networks as a main factor of influence in the turnout of an election. More intense social networks and wider social networks are associated with a lower abstention rate.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123847479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen Ezell, R. Atkinson, Daniel Castro, George Ou
In this report, ITIF argues that supporting the deployment of faster broadband networks will be crucial to enabling next-generation Web-based applications and services that will play important roles in improving quality of life and boosting economic growth. While getting broadband service to the Americans who lack it is an important policy target, next-generation broadband will deliver a wave of new benefits to consumers, society, businesses, and the economy.
{"title":"The Need for Speed: The Importance of Next-Generation Broadband Networks","authors":"Stephen Ezell, R. Atkinson, Daniel Castro, George Ou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1354032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1354032","url":null,"abstract":"In this report, ITIF argues that supporting the deployment of faster broadband networks will be crucial to enabling next-generation Web-based applications and services that will play important roles in improving quality of life and boosting economic growth. While getting broadband service to the Americans who lack it is an important policy target, next-generation broadband will deliver a wave of new benefits to consumers, society, businesses, and the economy.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131795635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social networks, such as Facebook and Myspace have witnessed a rapid growth in their membership. Some of these businesses have tried an advertising-based model with very limited success. However, these businesses have not fully explored the power of their members to influence each other’s behavior. This potential viral or social effect can have significant impact on the success of these companies as well as provide a unique new marketing opportunity for traditional companies. However, this potential is predicated on the assumption that friends influence user’s behavior. In this study we empirically examine this issue. Specifically we address three questions - do friends influence purchases of users in an online social network; which users are more influenced by this social pressure; and can we quantify this social influence in terms of increase in sales and revenue. To address these questions we use data from Cyworld, an online social networking site in Korea. Cyworld users create mini-homepages to interact with their friends. These mini-homepages, which become a way of self-expression for members, are decorated with items (e.g., wallpaper, music), many of which are sold by Cyworld. Using 10 weeks of purchase and non-purchase data from 208 users, we build an individual level model of choice (buy - no-buy) and quantity (how much money to spend). We estimate this model using Bayesian approach and MCMC method. Our results show that there are three distinct groups of users with very different behavior. The low-status group (48% of users) are not well connected, show limited interaction with other members and are unaffected by social pressure. The middle-status group (40% users) is moderately connected, show reasonable non-purchase activity on the site and have a strong and positive effect due to friends’ purchases. In other words, this group exhibits “keeping up with the Joneses” behavior. On average, their revenue increases by 5% due to this social influence. The high-status group (12% users) is well connected and very active on the site, and shows a significant negative effect due to friends’ purchases. In other words, this group differentiates itself from others by lowering their purchase and strongly pursuing non-purchase related activities. This social influence leads to almost 14% drop in the revenue of this group. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our results.
{"title":"Do Friends Influence Purchases in a Social Network?","authors":"R. Iyengar, Sangman Han, Sunil Gupta","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1392172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1392172","url":null,"abstract":"Social networks, such as Facebook and Myspace have witnessed a rapid growth in their membership. Some of these businesses have tried an advertising-based model with very limited success. However, these businesses have not fully explored the power of their members to influence each other’s behavior. This potential viral or social effect can have significant impact on the success of these companies as well as provide a unique new marketing opportunity for traditional companies. However, this potential is predicated on the assumption that friends influence user’s behavior. In this study we empirically examine this issue. Specifically we address three questions - do friends influence purchases of users in an online social network; which users are more influenced by this social pressure; and can we quantify this social influence in terms of increase in sales and revenue. To address these questions we use data from Cyworld, an online social networking site in Korea. Cyworld users create mini-homepages to interact with their friends. These mini-homepages, which become a way of self-expression for members, are decorated with items (e.g., wallpaper, music), many of which are sold by Cyworld. Using 10 weeks of purchase and non-purchase data from 208 users, we build an individual level model of choice (buy - no-buy) and quantity (how much money to spend). We estimate this model using Bayesian approach and MCMC method. Our results show that there are three distinct groups of users with very different behavior. The low-status group (48% of users) are not well connected, show limited interaction with other members and are unaffected by social pressure. The middle-status group (40% users) is moderately connected, show reasonable non-purchase activity on the site and have a strong and positive effect due to friends’ purchases. In other words, this group exhibits “keeping up with the Joneses” behavior. On average, their revenue increases by 5% due to this social influence. The high-status group (12% users) is well connected and very active on the site, and shows a significant negative effect due to friends’ purchases. In other words, this group differentiates itself from others by lowering their purchase and strongly pursuing non-purchase related activities. This social influence leads to almost 14% drop in the revenue of this group. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our results.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128483845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this fast paced modern world, it has become an utmost need to be dynamic at every point of time for every individual to run with the time. So always one needs to be mobile and fast. In this scenario the individual is left with the only solution of having at least a two-wheeler of his/her own.Of late, there has been a trend of increasing price of petrol/diesel that has left the consumers in a dilemma of whether to go for a two-wheeler or not. At this juncture, e-bike has become the most happening two-wheeler as it is run with the help of battery that gives immense opportunities to both the marketers and the consumers.This paper highlights the unique features of e-bikes in comparison to other two-wheelers run by petrol and its potential in future. Moreover it also highlights its merit to fight with the problem of global warming.
{"title":"E-Bike - Tomorrow's Choice","authors":"Mrinal Kanti Das, Swati Pal","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1342235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1342235","url":null,"abstract":"In this fast paced modern world, it has become an utmost need to be dynamic at every point of time for every individual to run with the time. So always one needs to be mobile and fast. In this scenario the individual is left with the only solution of having at least a two-wheeler of his/her own.Of late, there has been a trend of increasing price of petrol/diesel that has left the consumers in a dilemma of whether to go for a two-wheeler or not. At this juncture, e-bike has become the most happening two-wheeler as it is run with the help of battery that gives immense opportunities to both the marketers and the consumers.This paper highlights the unique features of e-bikes in comparison to other two-wheelers run by petrol and its potential in future. Moreover it also highlights its merit to fight with the problem of global warming.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116431254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Homophily, the tendency of linked agents to have similar characteristics, is an important feature of social networks. We present a new model of network formation that allows the linking process to depend on individuals types and study the impact of such a bias on the network structure. Our main results fall into three categories: (i) we compare the distributions of intra- and inter-group links in terms of stochastic dominance, (ii) we show how, at the group level, homophily depends on the groups size and the details of the formation process, and (iii) we understand precisely the determinants of local homophily at the individual level. Especially, we find that popular individuals have more diverse networks. Our results are supported empirically in the AddHealth data looking at networks of social connections between boys and girls.
{"title":"Diversity and Popularity in Social Networks","authors":"Y. Bramoullé, Brian W. Rogers","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1336634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1336634","url":null,"abstract":"Homophily, the tendency of linked agents to have similar characteristics, is an important feature of social networks. We present a new model of network formation that allows the linking process to depend on individuals types and study the impact of such a bias on the network structure. Our main results fall into three categories: (i) we compare the distributions of intra- and inter-group links in terms of stochastic dominance, (ii) we show how, at the group level, homophily depends on the groups size and the details of the formation process, and (iii) we understand precisely the determinants of local homophily at the individual level. Especially, we find that popular individuals have more diverse networks. Our results are supported empirically in the AddHealth data looking at networks of social connections between boys and girls.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125518895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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