The aim of this research is to analyze whether and when ratings are informative signals about the quality of movies. The ratings data of Netflix is used to fit a structural Bayesian learning model. This model links revealed experience utilities of raters, previous consumers, to the product choice of the future consumers of the same good. I postulate that movies are chosen based on the prior beliefs' and signals' precisions. The extent of signals' use depends on their informativeness, that is on how many consumers revealed their preferences before. The results demonstrate that consumers learn about the quality using ratings as signals. The signal produced by one rating is very noisy and might not be taken into account. The more people rate, the better are signals' quality. Consumers are not considerably dispersed in how they value quality.
{"title":"Are Ratings Informative Signals? The Analysis of the Netflix Data","authors":"Ivan Maryanchyk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1286307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1286307","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research is to analyze whether and when ratings are informative signals about the quality of movies. The ratings data of Netflix is used to fit a structural Bayesian learning model. This model links revealed experience utilities of raters, previous consumers, to the product choice of the future consumers of the same good. I postulate that movies are chosen based on the prior beliefs' and signals' precisions. The extent of signals' use depends on their informativeness, that is on how many consumers revealed their preferences before. The results demonstrate that consumers learn about the quality using ratings as signals. The signal produced by one rating is very noisy and might not be taken into account. The more people rate, the better are signals' quality. Consumers are not considerably dispersed in how they value quality.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125185057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy S. Simcoe, David M. Waguespack, L. Fleming
How much are we influenced by an author's identity? If identity matters, is it because we have a ``taste for status" or because it offers a useful shortcut --- a signal that is correlated with the likely importance of their ideas? This paper presents evidence from a natural experiment that took place at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) --- a community of engineers and computer scientists who develop the protocols used to run the Internet. The results suggest that IETF participants use authors' identity as a signal or filter, paying more attention to proposals from high-status authors, and this has a surprisingly large impact on publication outcomes. There is little evidence of a “taste" for status.
{"title":"What's in a (Missing) Name? Status and Signaling in Open Standards Development","authors":"Timothy S. Simcoe, David M. Waguespack, L. Fleming","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1287438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1287438","url":null,"abstract":"How much are we influenced by an author's identity? If identity matters, is it because we have a ``taste for status\" or because it offers a useful shortcut --- a signal that is correlated with the likely importance of their ideas? This paper presents evidence from a natural experiment that took place at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) --- a community of engineers and computer scientists who develop the protocols used to run the Internet. The results suggest that IETF participants use authors' identity as a signal or filter, paying more attention to proposals from high-status authors, and this has a surprisingly large impact on publication outcomes. There is little evidence of a “taste\" for status.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"2051 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134387405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reliability in electricity markets is, in many respects, a public good, in that one supplier's failure to meet its customers' demands can cause failure throughout the grid. This creates a blackout externality. One of the remedies for a blackout externality are reserve requirements, where load serving entities have capacity on hand to meet demand in case of unexpected surges in demand or unit failures. We model the magnitude of the externality as a positive function of use and negative function of capacity. Doing so reveals that a benefit of capacity requirements is that covering their costs imposes a tax on usage. After illustrating this possibility, a model looking at the sector as a whole, where spot markets can resolve individual but not overall shortfalls, illustrates that capacity requirements should be increased or decreased to exploit this usage tax effect.
{"title":"Is the Benefit of Reserve Requirements in the 'Reserve' or the 'Requirement'?","authors":"Timothy Brennan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1154101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1154101","url":null,"abstract":"Reliability in electricity markets is, in many respects, a public good, in that one supplier's failure to meet its customers' demands can cause failure throughout the grid. This creates a blackout externality. One of the remedies for a blackout externality are reserve requirements, where load serving entities have capacity on hand to meet demand in case of unexpected surges in demand or unit failures. We model the magnitude of the externality as a positive function of use and negative function of capacity. Doing so reveals that a benefit of capacity requirements is that covering their costs imposes a tax on usage. After illustrating this possibility, a model looking at the sector as a whole, where spot markets can resolve individual but not overall shortfalls, illustrates that capacity requirements should be increased or decreased to exploit this usage tax effect.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133827587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Globalization and localization seem to be opposite concepts - a thesis and its antithesis. Nonetheless, managers seem to be able to handle the paradox posed by these two contradicting tensions by enacting, via action, a synthesis that allows for the co-presence of a high level of global integration and local adaptation (instead of a compromise between both), which has been labeled glocalization. We discuss how the concept of improvisation allows this synthesis by developing the two poles that ground it, namely 'glocal' strategy and 'glocal' organization. Global advantage requires a dialectical capability that organizations rarely achieve, and the importance of which orthodox management theory rarely recognizes.
{"title":"Structuring for Globalization: The Minimal Network","authors":"João Vieira da Cunha, S. Clegg, M. Cunha","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1357324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1357324","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization and localization seem to be opposite concepts - a thesis and its antithesis. Nonetheless, managers seem to be able to handle the paradox posed by these two contradicting tensions by enacting, via action, a synthesis that allows for the co-presence of a high level of global integration and local adaptation (instead of a compromise between both), which has been labeled glocalization. We discuss how the concept of improvisation allows this synthesis by developing the two poles that ground it, namely 'glocal' strategy and 'glocal' organization. Global advantage requires a dialectical capability that organizations rarely achieve, and the importance of which orthodox management theory rarely recognizes.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"410 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131891580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discussion of the role of the Internet in government and research tends to be 'institution-centric' in that e-Government and e-Research initiatives are both anchored in top-down strategies to provide information resources to citizens or researchers by place-based institutions, including governments and universities. In both institutional arenas, the diffusion of these services has been limited to small albeit growing proportions of their target audiences. In contrast, individuals with access to the Internet have taken bottom-up initiatives to obtain information and services from the space of flows of the Internet in ways that reach beyond the boundaries of both governmental and research institutions, but in ways that could compete with but also enhance existing institutions, such as by making them more accountable to their respective constituencies. Institutional actors in government and research need to more explicitly recognize and strategically adapt to the practices and tools taken up by networked individuals, such as by creating e-infrastructures that - like the Internet - enable rather than constrain bottom-up innovation.
{"title":"The Tools of Networked Individuals: Parallel Patterns and Strategies for Governmental and Research Institutions","authors":"W. Dutton, R. Eynon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1264425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1264425","url":null,"abstract":"Discussion of the role of the Internet in government and research tends to be 'institution-centric' in that e-Government and e-Research initiatives are both anchored in top-down strategies to provide information resources to citizens or researchers by place-based institutions, including governments and universities. In both institutional arenas, the diffusion of these services has been limited to small albeit growing proportions of their target audiences. In contrast, individuals with access to the Internet have taken bottom-up initiatives to obtain information and services from the space of flows of the Internet in ways that reach beyond the boundaries of both governmental and research institutions, but in ways that could compete with but also enhance existing institutions, such as by making them more accountable to their respective constituencies. Institutional actors in government and research need to more explicitly recognize and strategically adapt to the practices and tools taken up by networked individuals, such as by creating e-infrastructures that - like the Internet - enable rather than constrain bottom-up innovation.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133870000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is aimed to provide an in-depth analysis of the European VAT regime applicable to electronically supplied services (e.s.s.), as regards, in particular, what kind of services can be considered as e.s.s. and where they are taxed, taking into account B2B and B2C transactions. Apart from the provisions applicable for the time being, an analysis of the regime introduced by Directive 2008/8/EC (in force from 2010-2015) will be provided.
{"title":"European VAT and Electronically Supplied Services","authors":"D. Parrilli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1261822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1261822","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is aimed to provide an in-depth analysis of the European VAT regime applicable to electronically supplied services (e.s.s.), as regards, in particular, what kind of services can be considered as e.s.s. and where they are taxed, taking into account B2B and B2C transactions. Apart from the provisions applicable for the time being, an analysis of the regime introduced by Directive 2008/8/EC (in force from 2010-2015) will be provided.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114201970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines how manager and firm characteristics relate to entry decisions in US local telephone markets. To do so, it develops a structural econometric model that allows managers to be heterogeneous in their ability to correctly conjecture competitor behavior. The model adapts Camerer, Ho, and Chong’s (2004) Cognitive Hierarchy model to a real-world setting. We observe the industry in 1998, shortly after the Telecommunications Act of 1996 opened up the market. We find that older firms with older, more experienced managers have higher estimated levels of strategic ability. Managers with degrees in economics or business, and managers with graduate degrees, also have higher estimated levels of strategic ability. We find no evidence that university quality is related to ability. We repeat this exercise using data from 2000, 2002, and 2004. While the core results do not change, the overall level of measured strategic ability increases substantially by 2004. The estimates of strategic ability are also correlated with survival: those firms with lower estimated levels of ability are more likely to exit the industry early.
本文考察了美国本地电话市场的经理和公司特征与进入决策之间的关系。为此，它开发了一种结构计量经济模型，允许管理者在正确推测竞争对手行为的能力上具有异质性。该模型将Camerer, Ho, and Chong(2004)的认知层次模型应用于现实世界。我们观察这个行业是在1998年，1996年《电信法》开放市场后不久。我们发现，拥有更年长、更有经验的管理者的老公司，其战略能力的估计水平更高。拥有经济学或商学学位的经理，以及拥有研究生学位的经理，对战略能力的估计水平也更高。我们没有发现大学质量与能力相关的证据。我们使用2000年、2002年和2004年的数据重复这个练习。虽然核心结果没有改变，但到2004年，衡量战略能力的总体水平大幅提高。对战略能力的估计也与生存相关:那些估计能力水平较低的公司更有可能提前退出行业。
{"title":"Who Thinks about the Competition? Managerial Ability and Strategic Entry in US Local Telephone Markets","authors":"Avi Goldfarb, Mo Xiao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1286240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1286240","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how manager and firm characteristics relate to entry decisions in US local telephone markets. To do so, it develops a structural econometric model that allows managers to be heterogeneous in their ability to correctly conjecture competitor behavior. The model adapts Camerer, Ho, and Chong’s (2004) Cognitive Hierarchy model to a real-world setting. We observe the industry in 1998, shortly after the Telecommunications Act of 1996 opened up the market. We find that older firms with older, more experienced managers have higher estimated levels of strategic ability. Managers with degrees in economics or business, and managers with graduate degrees, also have higher estimated levels of strategic ability. We find no evidence that university quality is related to ability. We repeat this exercise using data from 2000, 2002, and 2004. While the core results do not change, the overall level of measured strategic ability increases substantially by 2004. The estimates of strategic ability are also correlated with survival: those firms with lower estimated levels of ability are more likely to exit the industry early.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134122723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Lazer, Brian Rubineau, C. Chetkovich, N. Katz, Michael Neblo
How do political views and social affiliations co-evolve? A long stream of research has focused on the relationship between political views and social affiliations, however, it is typically difficult to discern the causal relationship between views and affiliations. Here we use longitudinal attitudinal and whole network data collected at critical times (notably, at the inception of the system) to pinpoint and specify the determinants of attitudes and affiliations. We find significant conformity tendencies: individuals shift their political views toward the political views of their associates. This conformity is driven by social ties rather than task ties. We also find that, while individuals tend to associate with similar others, political views are notably less a basis for associational choices than demographic and institutional factors.
{"title":"Networks and Political Attitudes: Structure, Influence, and Co-Evolution","authors":"D. Lazer, Brian Rubineau, C. Chetkovich, N. Katz, Michael Neblo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1280328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1280328","url":null,"abstract":"How do political views and social affiliations co-evolve? A long stream of research has focused on the relationship between political views and social affiliations, however, it is typically difficult to discern the causal relationship between views and affiliations. Here we use longitudinal attitudinal and whole network data collected at critical times (notably, at the inception of the system) to pinpoint and specify the determinants of attitudes and affiliations. We find significant conformity tendencies: individuals shift their political views toward the political views of their associates. This conformity is driven by social ties rather than task ties. We also find that, while individuals tend to associate with similar others, political views are notably less a basis for associational choices than demographic and institutional factors.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"240 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123261092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses phonebook records of music retailers in the United States for the years 1998 and 2002 to examine how Internet use, file sharing, and online sales of records have affected the entry and exit of brick and mortar music specialty retailers. By merging music store information with data on Internet activity and broadband connectedness at the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) level, with the number of broadband providers at the zip code level, and with a database of the location of universities, I analyze how online purchases, broadband, and Internet use affected the survival probability and the change in the number of music stores between 1998 and 2002. I further study whether the number of employees and chain membership affected the survival probability. I find that broadband connectedness increased the death rate of brick and mortar music stores and reduced their number. I also find that the presence of a university led to a reduction in the number of music specialty stores in the zip code.
{"title":"Online Sales, Internet Use, File Sharing, and the Decline of Retail Music Specialty Stores","authors":"Alejandro Zentner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.985115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.985115","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses phonebook records of music retailers in the United States for the years 1998 and 2002 to examine how Internet use, file sharing, and online sales of records have affected the entry and exit of brick and mortar music specialty retailers. By merging music store information with data on Internet activity and broadband connectedness at the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) level, with the number of broadband providers at the zip code level, and with a database of the location of universities, I analyze how online purchases, broadband, and Internet use affected the survival probability and the change in the number of music stores between 1998 and 2002. I further study whether the number of employees and chain membership affected the survival probability. I find that broadband connectedness increased the death rate of brick and mortar music stores and reduced their number. I also find that the presence of a university led to a reduction in the number of music specialty stores in the zip code.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128852240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to face the new competitive scenario, Apulian textile firms are involved in a process of change and are trying to adopt a networking approach in analysing the international propensity of SMEs. The case of the textile network in Apulia has been analysed using a semi-structured questionnaire submitted to a sample of family businesses in order to verify the influence of network on their internationalisation process. The contribution that the network can give to the single firm in its internationalisation process depends also on the level of cooperation in the network. In fact, relationships – at least dual vertical relationships – are the key to overcoming size limit and providing value to all the partners involved. The research attempted to offer a better academic understanding of the role of network in international competitive advantage. Future research should be based on cross countries analysis, in order to determine whether or not the set of internal determinants of internationalisation pensity remain stable from one country to another. The findings should also be useful to local governance for a better understanding of the network phenomenon in order to develop appropriate programmes for training and supporting SMEs in the global market. This paper provides a wide analysis of the network role in the internationalisation process in a low technology sector.
{"title":"Does Network Matter in International Expansion? Evidence from Italian SMEs","authors":"A. R. Gurrieri, L. Petruzzellis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1260170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1260170","url":null,"abstract":"In order to face the new competitive scenario, Apulian textile firms are involved in a process of change and are trying to adopt a networking approach in analysing the international propensity of SMEs. The case of the textile network in Apulia has been analysed using a semi-structured questionnaire submitted to a sample of family businesses in order to verify the influence of network on their internationalisation process. The contribution that the network can give to the single firm in its internationalisation process depends also on the level of cooperation in the network. In fact, relationships – at least dual vertical relationships – are the key to overcoming size limit and providing value to all the partners involved. The research attempted to offer a better academic understanding of the role of network in international competitive advantage. Future research should be based on cross countries analysis, in order to determine whether or not the set of internal determinants of internationalisation pensity remain stable from one country to another. The findings should also be useful to local governance for a better understanding of the network phenomenon in order to develop appropriate programmes for training and supporting SMEs in the global market. This paper provides a wide analysis of the network role in the internationalisation process in a low technology sector.","PeriodicalId":343564,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Networks","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116724956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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